縄shéng文wén時shí代daìのブタ飼sì育yùについて

これまで，一yī般bān的deに縄shéng文wén時shí代daìの家jiā畜chùはイヌのみであり，ブタなどの家jiā畜chùはいないと言yánわれてきた。しかし，イノシシ形xíng土tŭ製zhì品pĭnやイノシシの埋maí葬zàng，離lí島daŏでのイノシシ出chū土tŭ例lìから縄shéng文wén時shí代daìのイノシシ飼sì育yùが議yì論lùnされてきた。イノシシ飼sì育yùの主zhŭ張zhāngでもっとも大dàきな問wèn題tí点diănは，縄shéng文wén時shí代daìのイノシシ骨gŭに家jiā畜chù化huà現xiàn象xiàngが見jiànられなかったことである。ところが縄shéng文wén時shí代daìのイノシシ骨gŭの中zhōngにも家jiā畜chù化huà現xiàn象xiàngと疑yíわれる例lìがあることが分fēnかった。また，イノシシがヒトやイヌと共gòngに埋maí葬zàngされている例lìが知zhīられるようになり，改gaĭめてイノシシについてヒトやイヌとの共gòng通tōng性xìngを議yì論lùnする必bì要yaòが出chūてきた。そこで，本běn論lùnでは千qiān葉xié県xiàn茂maò原yuán市shì下xià太taì田tián貝beì塚zhŏng出chū土tŭ資zī料liaòを紹shaò介jièするとともに，イノシシ形xíng土tŭ製zhì品pĭn・イノシシ埋maí葬zàng・離lí島daŏのイノシシ・骨gŭ格géの家jiā畜chù化huà現xiàn象xiàngの４項xiàng目mùについて再zaì検jiăn討taŏした。その結jié果guŏ，文wén化huà的de要yaò素sùからみれば，縄shéng文wén時shí代daì中zhōng期qī以yĭ降jiàngにブタが飼sì育yùされていたことはほぼ確què実shíである。また，離lí島daŏへの持chíち込みという文wén化huà的de項xiàng目mùと骨gŭ格géの家jiā畜chù化huà現xiàn象xiàngの点diănから見jiànると，縄shéng文wén前qián期qīからすでにブタが飼sì育yùされていた可kě能néng性xìngが大dàきいことが分fēnかった。しかし，縄shéng文wén時shí代daìのブタは，骨gŭ格gé的de変biàn化huàが小xiaŏさいことから，野yě生shēngイノシシと家jiā畜chùのブタが交jiaō雑zá可kě能néngな程chéng度dùのかなり粗cū放fàng的deな飼sì育yùであったと推tuī測cèされた。ブタの存cún在zaìがほぼ確què実shíになったことは，縄shéng文wén時shí代daìが単dān純chúnな狩shoù猟liè・漁yú労laó・採caĭ集jí経jīng済jìではなく，イヌとブタを飼sì育yùし，ある程chéng度dùの栽zaī培peí植zhí物wùを利lì用yòngする新xīn石shí器qì文wén化huàであったことを意yì味weìするものである。

Until now, it has been said that in general during the Jomon period dogs were the only domesticated animals and that other animals such as pigs had not been domesticated. However, examples of earthen articles shaped like boars, the burial of boars, and the excavation of boars on outlying islands have aroused debate on the domestication of boars during the Jomon period. The biggest point of contention concerning claims of boar domestication has been the absence of the detection of domestication-related effects in boar bones dating from the Jomon period. However, we now know of one example where it is suspected that domestication-related effects exist among boar bones dating from the Jomon period. Given the fact that examples of boars being buried together with people and dogs have also come to light, it has become necessary to debate the points that boars have in common with people and dogs once again.It is in this context that this paper introduces materials excavated from the Shimooda shell mound in Mobara City, Chiba Prefecture, and also re-examines earthen boar-shaped articles, boar burials, boars on outlying islands, and domestication-related effects in boar bones. As a result, when viewed in terms of cultural elements, we can be virtually certain that pigs were domesticated from around the Middle Jomon period. Furthermore, when viewed from the culturally significant fact that they were taken to outlying islands and from the standpoint of the discovery of domestication-related effects in their skeletons, we learn that there is a strong possibility that pigs were already being domesticated in the Early Jomon period. However, because of little skeletal change in pigs from the Jomon period, it is believed that they were raised in a rather rough manner whereby this somewhat slipshod manner of raising pigs allowed for cross breeding between wild boars and domesticated pigs. The implication of the virtual certainty of the existence of pigs is that the Jomon period was not a time when there was a simple hunting, gathering and fishing economy, but that it was a New Stone Age culture in which dogs and pigs were raised and cultivation of vegetation was used to some degree.

source:https://www.rekihaku.ac.jp/outline/publication/ronbun/ronbun5/index.html#no108