Emperor Seiwa
Emperor Seiwa | |||||
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Emperor of Japan | |||||
Reign | October 7, 858 – December 18, 876 | ||||
Coronation | December 15, 858 | ||||
Predecessor | Montoku | ||||
Successor | Yōzei | ||||
Born | May 10, 850 Heian Kyō (Kyōto) | ||||
Died | January 7, 881 Heian Kyō (Kyōto) | (aged 30)||||
Burial | Minooyama no misasagi ( | ||||
Issue Among others... | Emperor Yōzei | ||||
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House | Yamato | ||||
Father | Emperor Montoku | ||||
Mother | Fujiwara no Akirakeiko |
Emperor Seiwa (
Seiwa's reign spanned the years from 858 through 876.[3]
Traditional narrative[edit]
Seiwa was the fourth son of Emperor Montoku. His mother was Empress Dowager Fujiwara no Akirakeiko (
Imina[edit]
Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (his imina)[5] was Korehito (
He was also known as emperor as Mizunoo-no-mikado[4] or Minoo-tei.[7]
Events of Seiwa's life[edit]
Originally under the guardianship of his maternal grandfather Fujiwara no Yoshifusa, he displaced Imperial Prince Koretaka (
- 7 October 858 (Ten'an 2, 27th day of the 8th month): In the 8th year of Montoku-tennō's reign (
文徳 天皇 8年 ), the emperor died;[6] and the succession (senso) was received by his son. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Seiwa is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).[8] - 15 December 858 (Ten'an 2, 7th day of the 11th month): The emperor's official announcement of his enthronement at age 9 was accompanied by the appointment of his grandfather as regent (sesshō). This is the first time that this high honor has been accorded to a member of the Fujiwara family, and it is also the first example in Japan of the accession of an heir who is too young to be emperor. The proclamation of the beginning of Seiwa's reign was made at the Kotaijingu at Ise Province and at all the tombs of the imperial family.[9]
- 859 (Jōgan 1, 1st month): All New Year's festivities were suspended because of the period of national mourning for the death of Emperor Montoku.[10]
- 859 (Jōgan 1): Construction began on the Iwashimizu Shrine near Heian-kyō. This shrine honors Hachiman, the Shinto war god.[11]
- 869 (Jōgan 10): Yōzei was born, and he was named Seiwa's heir in the following year.[12]
- 876 (Jōgan 17, 11th month): In the 18th year of Seiwa-tennō"'s reign (
清和 天皇 18年 ), the emperor ceded his throne to his five-year-old son, which meant that the young child received the succession (senso). Shortly thereafter, Emperor Yōzei formally acceded to the throne (sokui).[13] - 878 (Gangyō 2): Seiwa became a Buddhist priest. His new priestly name was Soshin (
素 真 ).[11] - 7 January 881 (Gangyō 4, 4th day of the 12th month): Former-Emperor Seiwa died at age 30.[14]
Mausoleum[edit]
The actual site of Seiwa's grave is known.[1] The emperor is traditionally venerated at the misasagi memorial shrine in the Ukyō-ku ward of Kyoto. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Seiwa's mausoleum. It is formally named the Minooyama no Misasagi (
Kugyō[edit]
Kugyō (
In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Seiwa's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included:
- Sesshō, Fujiwara no Yoshifusa, 804–872.[11]
- Daijō-daijin, Fujiwara no Yoshifusa.[11]
- Sadaijin, Minamoto no Makoto (
源信 ). - Sadaijin, Minamoto no Tooru (
源 融 ).[21] - Udaijin, Fujiwara no Yoshimi (
藤原 良相 ), 817–867.[22] - Udaijin, Fujiwara no Ujimune (
藤原 氏 宗 ). - Udaijin, Fujiwara no Mototsune, 836–891.[23]
- Naidaijin
- Dainagon, Fujiwara no Mototsune.[21]
Eras of Seiwa's reign[edit]
The years of Seiwa's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō.[6]
Consorts and children[edit]
- Consort (Nyōgo) later Kōtaigō: Fujiwara no Takako (
藤原 高子 ; 842–910) later Nijo-kisaki (二 条 后 ), Fujiwara no Nagara's daughter- First Son: Imperial Prince Sadaakira (
貞明 親王 ) later Emperor Yōzei - Fourth Son: Imperial Prince Sadayasu (
貞 保 親王 ; 870–924) - Third/Fifth daughter: Imperial Princess Atsuko (
敦子 内親王 ; d. 930), 7th Saiin in Kamo Shrine 877–880
- First Son: Imperial Prince Sadaakira (
- Consort (Nyōgo): Fujiwara no Tamiko (
藤原 多美子 ; d. 886), Fujiwara no Yoshimi's daughter - Consort (Nyōgo): Taira no Kanshi (
平 寛子 ) - Consort (Nyōgo): Princess Kashi (
嘉子 女王 ) - Consort (Nyōgo): Minamoto no Sadako (
源 貞子 ; d. 873) - Consort (Nyōgo): Princess Ryūshi (
隆子 女王 ) - Consort (Nyōgo): Princess Kenshi (
兼子 女王 ) - Consort (Nyōgo): Princess Chūshi/Tadako (
忠子 女王 ; 854–904), Emperor Kōkō's daughter - Consort (Nyōgo): Fujiwara no Yoriko (
藤原 頼子 ; d. 936), Fujiwara no Mototsune's daughter - Consort (Nyōgo): Fujiwara no Kazuko (
藤原 佳 珠子 ; b. 856), Fujiwara no Mototsune's daughter- Seventh Son: Imperial Prince Sadatoki (
貞 辰 親王 ; 874–929)
- Seventh Son: Imperial Prince Sadatoki (
- Consort (Nyōgo): Minamoto no Takeko/Izuko (
源 厳 子 ; d. 879), Minamoto no Yoshiari's daughter - Consort (Nyōgo): Minamoto no Seishi (
源 済 子 ), Emperor Montoku's daughter - Consort (Nyōgo): Minamoto no Kenshi/Atsuko (
源 喧 子 ) - Consort (Nyōgo): Minamoto no Gishi/Yoshiko (
源 宜子 ), Minamoto no Okimoto's daughter - Court Attendant (Koui): Ariwara no Fumiko (
在原 文子 ), Ariwara no Yukihira's daughter- Eighth Son: Imperial Prince Sadakazu (
貞 数 親王 ; 875–916) - Imperial Princess Kaneko (
包子 内親王 ; d. 889)
- Eighth Son: Imperial Prince Sadakazu (
- Court Attendant (Koui): Fujiwara no Yoshichika's daughter
- Imperial Prince Sadahira (
貞 平 親王 ; d. 914) - Imperial Princess Shikiko (識子
内親王 ; 874–906), 21st Saiō (Imperial Princess serving at Ise Grand Shrine) 877–880
- Imperial Prince Sadahira (
- Court Attendant (Koui): Tachibana no Yasukage's daughter (d. 924)
- Imperial Prince Sadakata (
貞 固 親王 ; 868–930)
- Imperial Prince Sadakata (
- Court Attendant (Koui): Fujiwara no Nakamune's daughter
- third Son: Imperial Prince Sadamoto (
貞元 親王 ; 870–910)
- third Son: Imperial Prince Sadamoto (
- Court Attendant (Koui): Prince Munesada's daughter
- Sixth Son: Imperial Prince Sadasumi (
貞 純 親王 ; 873–916) – father of Minamoto no Tsunemoto, founder of the Seiwa Genji, from whom the Kamakura shogunate, Ashikaga shogunate and the Tokugawa shogunate descend.
- Sixth Son: Imperial Prince Sadasumi (
- Court Attendant (Koui): Fujiwara no Sadamune's daughter
- Imperial Prince Sadayori (
貞 頼 親王 ; 876–922)
- Imperial Prince Sadayori (
- Court Attendant (Koui): Fujiwara no Morofuji's daughter
- Imperial Prince Sadazane (
貞 真 親王 ; 876–932)
- Imperial Prince Sadazane (
- Court Attendant (Koui): Fujiwara no Morokazu's daughter
- Imperial Princess Mōshi (
孟子 内親王 ; d. 901)
- Imperial Princess Mōshi (
- Court Attendant (Koui): Saeki no Sanefusa's daughter
- Minamoto no Nagami (
源 長 鑒) - Minamoto no Nagayori (
源 長 頼 ; b. 875)
- Minamoto no Nagami (
- Court Attendant (Koui): Ben-no-miyasundokoro (
弁 の御息所 ), Ōe no Otondo's daughter - Court lady: Kamo no Mineo's daughter
- Minamoto no Naganori (
源 長 猷; d. 918) - Minamoto no Saishi/Noriko (
源 載 子 )
- Minamoto no Naganori (
- Court lady: Ōno no Takatori's daughter
- Minamoto no Nagafuchi (
源 長淵 )
- Minamoto no Nagafuchi (
Ancestry[edit]
Ancestors of Emperor Seiwa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Notes[edit]
- ^ a b Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō):
清和 天皇 (56) - ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 66.
- ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, pp. 115–121., p. 115, at Google Books; Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, pp. 286–288; Varley, H. Paul. Jinnō Shōtōki, pp. 166–17.
- ^ a b Varley, p. 166.
- ^ Brown, pp. 264; prior to Emperor Jomei, the personal names of the emperors (their imina) were very long and people did not generally use them. The number of characters in each name diminished after Jomei's reign.
- ^ a b c Titsingh, p. 115., p. 115, at Google Books
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 8.
- ^ Brown, pp. 286; Varley, p. 44; a distinct act of senso is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except Jitō, Yōzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have senso and sokui in the same year until the reign of Emperor Go-Murakami.
- ^ Titsingh, p. 115., p. 115, at Google Books; Brown, p. 286.
- ^ Titsingh, p. 116., p. 116, at Google Books
- ^ a b c d Brown, p. 288.
- ^ Titsingh, p. 122., p. 122, at Google Books
- ^ Titsingh, p. 122., p. 122, at Google Books; Varley, p. 44.
- ^ Brown, p. 289; Varley, p. 170.
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 421.
- ^ "Seiwa Tennō Ryō (
清和 天皇陵 )". Nihon Rekishi Chimei Taikei (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2012-05-18. - ^ "Seiwa Tennō". Nihon Daihyakka Zensho (Nipponika) (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2012-05-18.
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 128.
- ^ "Seiwatennō-sha (
清和 天皇 社 )". Nihon Rekishi Chimei Taikei (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2012-05-18. - ^ Furugosho: Kugyō of Seiwa-tennō
- ^ a b Titsingh, p. 119., p. 119, at Google Books
- ^ Brown, p. 287.
- ^ Brown, p. 287; Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Fujiwara no Mototsune" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 206, p. 206, at Google Books.
- ^ "Genealogy". Reichsarchiv (in Japanese). 30 April 2010. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
References[edit]
- Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03460-0; OCLC 251325323
- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887
- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
- Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-04940-5; OCLC 59145842
See also[edit]
- Emperor of Japan
- List of Emperors of Japan
- Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku Corresponding to three reign of Emperor Seiwa, Yōzei, and Kōkō.
- Gion Matsuri Said to have originated during the reign of Emperor Seiwa (r. 858–876).
- Imperial cult
- Emperor Go-Mizunoo