I

' Google

ADVA-NCED GEOGRAPHY

CALIFORNIA 5TATF, 5LRIF_5

ADVANCED GLOGRAPHY

TARR AND McMURRY

IiRVISP:D BY THE TEXT BOOK COMMITTKK AND API'ROVKD BY THE STATE BOAKD OK EDUCATION

A Nf.tivr .... " BleMingf on thee, ItlUc to.ni. * - *

W, \V. Shannon, Superintendknt of State Printint;

SACRAMENTO

Digitized by Google

COPTfttOHT, 1909, Br THE PBOPtB OF THE STATE OF CAUFORyiA.

OoPYRKiHT, Wm, mt, 1902, 1907,

Bv TliK MAGUlLI>A2j COMPANY.

175300

In the corapllation of this work certain matter from the Afh-anced Geography hy Hatph S. Tarr and Frank M. McMurry has been used. All such uiaiter in protected by the copyright entries noted above.

Diyitized by LiOOgle

PREFACE

In the plan of this volume the authors have left the beaten track to such an extent that some words of explanation seem in place.

General Geography. — Probably the most difficult part of the geography for Grammar School grades is that dealing with seasons, winds, rainfall, temperature, ete. It ordinarily occupies a con- siderable number of pages at the beginning of the larger book, and follows immediately upon Primary Geography.

This arrangement requires pupils to spring from a meager study of simple, concrete facts to the highest abstractions In the entire subject; and, what makes the matter worse, these broad abstractions are usually only very briefly stated.

The authors of this volume have followed a different plan. Only three chapters, at the beginning of the book, precede the in- tensive treatment of the United States. The first is a physiographic history of the continent, showing how its principal mountain ranges and valleys came into existence; bow its coal beds were formed; what were the effects of the great Ice Age; and what have been the more recent changes in the coast line, with their results. Then comes a chapter on the Plants, Animals, and Peoples of North America; and following that is a treatment of Latitude ftnd Longitude.

Only so much is presented before taking up the United States, because that is all that seems really necessary. Whatever further facts have been needed for North America In regard to seasonal changes, winds, etc., have been plainly stated, when needed, just as other concrete facts have been. After our continent is finished and a fair nunibor of concrete data, bearing on these matters, has been collected, these topics themselves arc treated in much detail. By this arrangement, the study of these difficult subjects lias been postponed one year, and they are then a})])roaohed somewhat indue- ti vely. The authors regard tliis as one of the most important among their proposed changes in method.

The general principles in regard to industries, tlistribution of inhabitants, mutual relation of city and country, and dependence of

V Diyitized by Google

vi

PREFACE

various sections upon one another, form another subject which, con- trary to custom, is treated in the middle and latter parts of the volume. One reason for this is that these broad truths approach abstractions in their nature, and are, consequently, too difficult to be earlier appreciated by children. They are, moreovert to a large extent, a summary ol what has preceded, and, therefore, naturally come last. A more inductiTe approach is, therefore, again highly de^rable. Their great importanoe, also, has caused more than the usual amount of space to be given to them.

Pbysiographk Basis and Causal Sequence. — The authors believe that rational geogiaphy must rest upon a physiographic foundation. It is physiogmphic conditions which most often furnish the reasons for the location of human industries, the development of transporta- tion routes, the situation of cities, etc. In other words, when the physiographic facts about a given region are clearly gnisped, most of the other geographic facts easily arrange themselves as links in a causal chain. Thus the many details touching a certain locality are taught in relation with one another, so that they approach the form of a narrative, rather than that of a mere list of statements.

Physiography has, therefore, been introduced freely; but not too freely, provided each physical fact is shown really to function in man*s relation to the earth. Physiography that is clearly shown to have a real bearing upon man greatly enriches the subject of geog- raphy; it is the unuud physical geography that is a stumbling-block in the grades, and this we have tried to avoid.

Review of Vorih America. — A common defect in the teaching of geography is that the facta previously learned about the United States fade from the pupil's memory wliile other countries are being studied. Yet the relation between North America and the other oon- tinents is so marked that this defect is unnecessary. P^or example, most of the industries and important principles of pliysiography and climate have received the attention of a child wlien he has completed a general study of the United Stntes. Foreign lands illustrate the same great ideas under slightly different conditions. This means that the comprehension of foreign countries may best be gained by our children if they use their previous knowledge of the United States as a basis of comparison. If, then, tliis old related knowledge is carefully called to mind when the physiography, climate, and industries of a foreign land are approached, our pupils will not only secure a fuller appreciation of that region, but will also keep

Digiiizeu by GoOgle

PSEFACB

fresh their knowledge of the United States by bringing it into

use.

The above has been a controlling idea in preparing this volume. Accordingly in approaching the physiography of South America (p. 285), the physiography and climate of Europe (pp. 317-*B28}, grazing in Argentina (p. 297), etc., we have reproduced the cor- responding situation in our own country at some length. Besides thiK, we have included in the text scores of brief comparisonB with the United States. By this means incidental reviews are continually provided, which are especially attractive to both teachers and pupils because they contain more of motive than the ordinary " review for review's sake."

To supplement this kind of review several sets of questions, which call for still different comparisons with the United Stales, are included in the book, one series being found at the close of the treat- ment of each contin(!nt. These are likewise rieii in motive, inas- much as they recall leading facts in regard to llic raited States froiii varying points of view. It should be kept in uuiid also tiiat each set at the same time reviews another continent from a uew point of view.

Many of the facts in regard to the Uuiled States which these questions call fur are not presented in tlie text which treats of tlie various euatiueuts. and answers for a few of tlieni are not indicated in the maps. Also pupils ma}' have forgotten souje of the impor- tant information about the United States. Tor these reasons Section XIII, covering eighteen pages, is an organized review of North America alone. It includes the }n incii>al facts about our continent which every pupil should know on completing the grades.

The title of the last section, "The United States compared with Other Countries," indicates provision for still further review. It has seemed to the authors an anti-climax to close scvinal years' study of geography with tlie Islawh of the Pacifii\ lands failhost away from us and of least interest to us. On the othei- liand, it has been deemed higliLy important that, after all the countries of the world have i)een treated, the closing chapter should sunuuarize the situa- tion and show the rank of our own land and its relation to others. This secures a final reconsideration of the principal facts in our geography, while at the same time it brings them into proper re- lation and perspective.

On the whole, we are of the opinion that reviews should occupy

DiyuizLo by GoOglc

viii

FItKFACE

a larp^e jmix oi ilie time ol instruction; and by the plan followeti we hope that pupils will have a fairly comph^e knowledij^e of the L'liittMl States and the rest of the world in their poasettttioii, not only when they tini.sh the grades, but iu years to foilow*.

Types. — Another cliaracteristic of tliis volume is that it deals with many of the fundamental idejw? oi p-eog^iaphy at Honie length. As was suggested in the Preface of tlie Primary Book, the biii>al units for the study of geography, alih constantly in use, are seldom adequately presented in the text-books. This applies strikingly, for example, to such topics ns farm, cattle ranch, irrigation, lumber camp, and factory. In order to remedy tliis defect as far as possible, each subject of such a kind is presented in tliese books with as mucli de- tail as space permits, and in connection with that section of country in which it seems most prominent.

For example, lumbering, fishing, and the manufacture of cloth, boots, and slioes receive their most detailed treatment in ct)nnectiuu with New England; the mining of coal and iron arc and tlie manu- facture of iron goods are discussed in connection with the Middle AilanLic States; and gold mining, irrigation, aiid grazing are natu- rally included under the Western States.

The industries and objects thus describt d, being fairly typical of industries and objects found elsewhere, arc on that account worthy of being called ti/pes. Through the careful presentation of such types, vivid pictures and an appreciation on the part of the pupils are assured.

The study of the United States has, as suggested above, fur- nished occasion for detailed treatment of most geograpl)ic tyjjes. Some important features and oeeui»atif>ns, however, arc not found in the United States, and to these we have endeavored to give the same careful consideration. For instance, so far as s])iice permits, the Brazilian (orest is presented as a type of tropical forests (p. 294). Other illustrations may be found iu the treatment of the linen industry on page 386, and of the silk industry on page 359. The object is to continue to acquaint tlie learuer properly with the basal units of geography.

Relatlye Worth of Facts. — Good judgment is nothing more than proi)er appreciation of the relative worth of knowledge. Cer- tainly geography should be utilized for the development of this quality. The study of any subject by types tends in this direction, because types themselves are the topics of special value. The fre- quent comparisons provided for at the close of many of the chapters

Digitized by Google

PREFACE

ix

accomplish the same purpose, for they lift the more important thoughts into prominence while neglecting non-essentials. Similarly the two review chapters, one a Review and Comparison of our states, the other a Comparison of the United States with other countries, distinguish in a marked way the leading from tlie minor facts. But, above all, throughout this volume the subject-matter in cacli chapter is presented under few headings, so that the learner is likely to be impressed with tlie simplicity of tlie sitiuition. The authors, at least, cherish the hope that the pupil will see the outline clearly even in the midst of the necessary mass of details. Certainly it is one duty of a text to tea( h a child to separate major from minor points and to carry the outline in mind.

Tht need of more attention to this matter (jT perspective is most cl» Il ly sliown in the study of the United States by individual states. To be sure, there is a call for a knowledge of our own country by states, and an endeavor has been made to meet it by several sets of questions which require a careful state review. But when the geog- raphy of the United States is presented primarily by states, the child is oppressed and confused by the great number of individual facts which have apparentlj* tfie same rank. Even an adult cann ot eiisily escape a feeling of confubiun on reading a few pa^esfrom any modern geography that divides the subject ijito sucii bumll units. The remedy, therefore, is to proceed by much larger divisions, i.e. by groups of states.

Thus farming b} irrigation is only one topic, and only once treated, for the entire western division of states. Several pages are devoted to a discussion of the subject, including the manner in which irrigation ia planned, its influence on the value of land, the localities most noted tor irrigation, and the cities in the different states that are largely indebted to it for their growth. These many details are associated as parts of one story. By this meflns the ohildren^s minds may be led to dwell long enough upon one topic to insure interest in it; and as there are only a few such topics in the entire chapter on the Western States, each indicated, too, by special type, it is not difficult to keep in mind the leading points.

Similar provision for relative values in the study of foreign countries is clearly illustrated in the chapter on the British Isles.

Political Maps. — Since it is necessaiy to represent more places and present more details, the political maps in this volume are for the most part larger than in the Primary Book; but they are of the

Diyitizeci by Google

PBSFACM

same quality. An important feature is the grading of cities according to population — the more important the city, the larger the type used. The principal features of relief are placed upon the map, though without interfering witli the clearness of the political divisions. In the color arrangement care has been used to gain an artistic effect, and at the same time to preserve the distinctuess neoessary in such maps.

No attempt has been made to preserve the same scale for the different maps. One of the objects of the study of geography is to teach the meaning and use of maps. To do this, one of the first and most fundamental {)onits is to teach the pupil to understand the meaning and importance of the system of j)ropor- tion, or of "scale." In one book are mai)s of various scales; in the first atlas, or in the lirst wall maj) whicii the pupil sees, there are still different scales. The pupils must be prepared to expect and to understand these dififerences, and it is the teacher's duty to see that they are so prepared. By tlie insertion of Pennsylvania as a key, and by some of our map questions, we have attempted to aid in this training of the sense of proportion.

Other Illustrations. — Besides the relief indicated on the political maps there are individual relief maps made especially for tiiis series. The relief maps of the continents ai'e pronounced by experts to be the best tiuis far made.

The city maps are intended to serve to illustrate the surround- ings which determine the growth of the large cities, including, of course, the transportation facilities by water and by rail. Attention is also called to the maps show ing tlie distribution of the important industries and to the diagrams that accompany them. These are all placed in the snnimarifs with which they are most closely related; but the teacher will naturally find occasion to use them and icfer to them in connection with the study of the earlier sections. A series of maps is also introduced which gives a graphic view of the density of population of the continents. All the railway lines of eaeli of tiie continents excepting Kurojie are also shown either on the political niai)s or else by special majis. The colonies of some of the leading nati(Uis are given in two full-])age illustrations; and the great commercial routes of the world ari; represented by a single-page niap. It is believe<l that this large number of maps, each devoted tu a specific object, will be found of great value.

Digitized by Google

PliSFAiJL

Besides the maps and diagrams there are many half-tones of photographs selected to supplement tl^e text. Tbej are not intro- dnced merely as pictures, but as part of the fund of information <^ered. For this purpose the half-tone is the best^adapted; there is reason for confidence in the accuracy of such views.

Atknowlsdgments. — The political and many of the black maps are made by the Matthews-Northrup Company, of Buffalo; the relief maps, by E. £. Howell, of Washington. The world maps showing the distribution of products are in part based upon maps kindly furnished to us by the Philadelphia Commercial Museum, and a few of them are actual reproductions of the museum maps. Our photo- graphs have been selected from various sources, but the larger number have been purchased from William H. Bau, of Philadelphia. Through the kindness of Commander Webster we have obtained per- mission to use the photographs reproduced in Figures 406, 432, 438, and 434; and Figures 278, 289, 290, 447, 469, 473, and 477 are borrowed from BatzeFs *^ History of Mankind.'* A number of European views were loaned by Dr. Heinrich Bies, of Cornell University, and the wash drawings were made by Mr. C. W. Furlong, also of Cornell.

We are indebted to Mr. Philip Emerson, of the Gobbet School, Lynn, MaAiachusetts, for his suggestive criticism of the manuscript and for further aid in the preparation of the section on Australia. Valuable assistance in the preparation of the statistical tables has been rendered by Mr. R. H. Whitbeck, of Cornell University. While we have dniwn upon many sources for the information upon which the text in this volume is based, the extensive use that has been made of Mill's International Geography" and the "States- man's Yearbook" — books which every geography teacher should have at liand — calls for special acknowled^inent.

The Stuto Text-book Cuuiniittee is indebted to the following for assistance in fnrni.s1itnL^ iufoi mation and photograplis: The Postal Telegraph Cable Co., California Promotion Connnittee, Figs. 101, 170, 525, 528, 549, 618; Southern Pacilic Co., A, B, C\ 1), N, P, K, S, W, 6. 125 A, 125B, 133, 514, 515, 536, 538, 540, 543, 544, 546, 552, 555, 550, 557, 558, 564, 567, 560, 570, 571, 572, 573, 585, 601, 604, 607, 619, 623 629 3 ; Salt Lake R. R., 144 ; Northern Pacific Uy., 15!, K : Santa Kr Ry., L; Pacific Coant S. Co., 14, F. 177, T, 272; Pillsbury Picture ( n . J, M, O, 17, 158, 160; Pacific Tank Co., 137; Holt Co., 141; Union Iron Works, 148,535; South Africa Britii>h

Digitized by Google

FBEFACS

Co., BB, CG, EE ; Edison Electric Co., 550 ; Putnam and Valen- tine, 665; Petiiluma Incubator Co., 581; F. A. Shipley Co., 589; Turrill & Miller, 595, Glu, ti^O, 025-6; Sylmar Olive Association, 605; James & Dorman, 615; iStaudard Oil Co., 616; Port Costa Milling Co., 617; Chambers of Commerce of: Siskiyou County, 136; Los Angeles, 574 ; Petaluma, 580 ; Napa, 603; Sacramento, 602; King's County Promotion Association, 546; Sacramento Val- ley Development Association, 621; Booker T. Washington, Pros. Chicago University, 124 A ; Pres. Korthwestem University, 124 B; Supt J. G. O'NeiU, 188; J. B. Brown, 139, 140, 143; Supt. Duncan Mackinnon, 142; Job Wood, Jr., 146; Supt. C. L. McLane, 145, 628-4 ; Supt. Mark Keppel, 15S, 154 ; Supt. James A. Barr, 577, 625-4 ; Supt. De Witt Montgomery, 600, 611 ; Supt. Mis. Minnie Abrams, 613; Supt. J. W. McOlymonds, 625^; J. H. Francis, 625-2; Supt. H. A. Adrian, 626-1; Le Roy Smith, 627; Warring Wilkinson, 628; Pres. Benjamin Ide Wheeler, 629-1; Pres. David Starr Jordan, 629-2; T. J. Phillips, 630-8; Supt. A. L. Hamilton, 575 ; Congressman S. 0. Smith, 680-1 ; W. H. Weeks, 625-1 ; S. G. Schofield, 625-8 ; Mrs. F. J. Slfford, 622 ; M. E. Dittmar, 614; C. C. Teague, 598, 599; George P. Robinson, 596; John Whioher, 598 ; Hemet Land and Water Co., 592 ; J. A. Driffill, 590; J. C. Brewster, 586, 587, 606; F. H. Atwater, 562; L. E. Chenoweth, 578 ; C. W. Nelson, 559, 560 ; George A. Bald, 554'; A. M. Seymour, 551 ; Mare Island Navy Yard, 583 ; A. H. Slade, 584, 624; H. R. Fitch, 522, 529, 626-2, 626-8; George E. Knox, 520; P. H. Kerrigan, 518; Charles L. Owens, 278, FF, 628-1, 630-2; State Forester Lull, 152, 608, 609; Lewis E. Anbury, 612.516; Lou G. Hare, 631 ; Supt. D. L. Thombury, 532; Leroy Anderson, 679; Mrs. H. M. Sitton, 539 ; Oakland Chamber of Commerce, cuts opposite page 557.

Digitized by Google

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART T. ^ORTir AMKRTCA

PAOB

Rkption I. Phvsioc.rai'Hy oh- XoHTii Amkbk a ■ . . . . . 1

Tub Ohowth ot> thk Coxtixknt, 1. Thk Coai. Pehiop, 2. Tub Mopw-

TAtNX AM> PlATKACS, 4. VttM'AXOKa, 6. TlIK TltOtT.H HKTWKKN TUB

Two MotTXTAix Sv.'«TEMs, 9. TnK Grkat Ick Apr, 12. The roAST Link. 16. Sizk. Shape, axp Positidn, 17. Si mmaiiv, 18.

SeCTIOX II. Pl.ANTi*. AXIMALS, AXI> PK01'I.K!» 20

FlaXTH ok TlIK XOUTII, 20. AXIMALS OF TlIK NoKTH, 21. PlaXT8 XSV

AmMAI> IV WksTKUN NoHTll .\mKK1( V, 22. Pl.AXT» AXII Asi.MAIvS Of

THE TKoru AL ZoxE. 25. Plaxth axu AXIMAI..H IS THK Tkmpkbatb Pabt OF North AMEtticA, 26. People*. Eskimos, 30. IxinAxa, 30. The SrANiAnns. 32. The Fhkxcii, 33. Thk Kxiii.iHU. 34. Westward Mi'iKAiiox. ijQ. Slavkkt, ;W. Im\uc.kaxt9 to Amekioa, 37.

Sectiox III. Latiti he, LoxoiTroK, axi> Standard Time ■• . . .39 Latitude and Longitude. Ni:i;i> of v Mkans kou mx atimi I'l.vt i>, 3i». The Strkkts ok a City, 30. Distaxck North axd Socth ok thb Egi AToit (Latiti-de), 40. Ea««t axd West Dihtaxcei^ ox the Earth (LoM.iTrpE), 41. atandard Time, 44.

Skctiox IV. ITxiTED Stateh . . , . . . . , i . 41

Syrrtox V. Xicw Kxot.AWn , . . , . , 4fl

Phtsiogkaphy axd Climate, 49. The Foreeta. Ctrmyo the Timukr. 60.

Fl-«>ATIN(. THK L«H.S TO TIIK Mll.l.S, ") 1 . S A U M 1 1. !.•< A X t) PaI'KK M|I.I>, 62.

The Rocks. Gbamte. 53. Marble, 54. Slate, G6. FiahinK. Mack- KBEL, 56. Halibit ASP CoDFisH, 66. Othkb Ockaw Foopa, 67. Agri- culture, 57. Manulactnring. Cottox Maxufactlriwo, 60. Wool Maxckactitrixo, 60. Leatheb Maxufacturixo, 61. Metal Mawufac- TrRix«i, 61. Largest Cities and Chief Shipping RouteB. The Labob

CiTIKH, 62. BOSTOX AND VlCIKlTY, 62. SUMMBR RE»OnT8, 68.

Ski TION VI. MiDDI.K AtI.ASTU- StaTKS 07

l'iiv*io<i){Arii V, G7. Ci.iMATB, 71. FOBK.ST8, 72. Fish anh r>vHTEit«, 72. Agriculture Daiktixi., 73. ToBAcro, 74. Fri its axd VK(.KTAnt.Ks, 74. Mining. Sakt, 76. Coai., It). Oir. axd Gas. 7H. Iro.v Okk. 70. Irox am> Iron Gooim, 80. (tKAj***. Pottkrv, BnicK.H, ktc, 6-^. Largest C?itieB and Chief Shipping Routes. LorAxinx of New York City, 83. Erif. Canai, 84. HAit.WAY>< OF Nkw York, 86. Ne^v York City, 87. Phii.ahki.phia axd ith Chief .SHiPiMxii Routes, 92. Baltimoke, 93. DisTHK t or Columbia, 94. Tin hmoxd axd Norfolk, 94.

ziii

xiv

TAIiLK OF coy TEXTS

rA<;R

Skction VII SnrTiiKHV Stvtks. . , . , , . . , ,

I'liYHHmuArii V. '.18. Ci.imatk. *■>'■). F«mi-:si>. KKt. Agriculture. Cotton. 102. Hick, 104. SrtiAU Cask ami Srr.AUえーゆー, 104. l-'m it;*, lOti. Othkk Crops,

107. (iUA/.ixi., 107. Mineral ProdactB. Cqai. am> Ihqx, 108. Stqnb,

108. Goi.n AM) ruKcioi s Stqxk^, 108. I'hqhimiatki*, 108. Salt axi> Oil. 108. Mangftictiiring, 108. Leading Citieg and Shipping Hoot—. >>K\v OklkaN", 111. Mkmi'iii?< ami Atlanta. Nasiivillk, 113. Tkxas riTii>. in. Oklahoma, 114.

Sectiox VIII. CivNTitAL Statks . .. , , .. . , . . , HQ

PiiYsnmuAi'H V am> Climatk, 11'.'. Slttllvikxt ok tiik Mi!^sis.hu-i'i Vallky, lin. Agriculture. A Vahm is Ckxtral Ohio. 121. Fm iTs, Fink Skm k in Kkvti « ky. 12:1. Cavkhxs. l2o. CoRX. 124.

WkKAT, 12'>. OTIIKU (iKAINS. 12<'». CaTTLK UaXCHIXC, 120. Ll MltKR-

ix<;, UtO. Mineral Producta. Hi n.niMi Stonk, 1»^1. I'ktrolki m

AM' N\Tii!ti. (tA^. l-»2. (-!'»>,, 1.12. ln"\ Out:. ]'.VI. Cnvi'i-K, KU.

I.i Ai'. Zis< , t:T« ., Ci xv-^, l.!.'>. Principal CitieB and Shipping

Routea, MO. The Lake Citiea. I)i i.i th am» Si i-kuiok, i:>fi. Cm- rxi.tt, i;i7. Sto< K Y AUi's OK Ciiu \<.o. l:.7. Mam fa< ti uin«. inChk a«jO, 130. Othlu F.\« ts Aitoi t Ciih ahq. l.'tO. Otiiku Citiks alox«; tmk ]..AKK.«>. l.']i>. The River Cities. Cuii.'* Ai.oN<i tiik .Mississhti. 140. Citiks alom; tin. .Mts-.m ui, 1 IJ. Citii > in thi: Okiq Vallky, 143.

Skctiox IX. Tiik Wk-tkkn St ri k< . , , . , , , , , 141

KaUI.Y St.TTI LMKVTS, 147. 1' 11 YS h Hi 1! A I'll V , 11'.'. ClIMATK, 150. MiNKRAL

]*Roi>i < TS, l.'>2. Li >iiiLi;i\<., iri.'>. A«.i{ii I i.Ti UK, l-')7. 1{an< iiin<;, 101. TKRRiTomi>, 1('»'?. Scenery 'I'm Vkli.qwstun i 1'vi.k, 104. Colo- rado Cawon, Ki.'i. VoM MiiK V VI. I KY, Kt'.t. The Cities Citiks ix

TIIK InTKIUOH, 100. Cllll> ON Till 1'ai UH Sl.OI'K, 17H.

Si:«-Ttov X. 'rKinmoKiK" anu Dki-knkkni n.s ok tiik I'mtkh States . . 177 Alaaka. ( iimatk am> rii\>io«.iiArin . 177. 1'i>iiin .. 17>^. Wrivi iM., lis. Skai.in*., 17H. Mi\iN<;. 170. Cuba and Porto Rico. I'immo'^-

RAI'IIY AM' (^1 IMATK. IHO. FoicK-TS AM» MlNKKM.S. IHl. A<;Ulrl LTI RK,

181. Tin: Imiauitants, 182. Citii>, 182. The Hawaiian lalands.

'I'll K Vol.* VNOK-, 184. ClIMlTK. 184. I N I>1 HTIt I KS, IH."). TlIK HAWAIIAN

Isi.ANns AS A CoAi.iN*; Statiov, iM.'i. Quam and Samoa. 18(5. The Philippine lalanda. I'm mo«.h vnn , IWJ. Climatk, 187. Rksoi k< ks

ANI» IXKI sTl{ll>, 188. ClIIKS, 100.

SF.rTiox XI. Coi NTiMi' NoitTii or TIIK I'mtki' Stiti^ . . . . liii

Canada and Newfoundland. IIistouy. 102. PnYsMK.RAriiY axu Cli- matk, 103. 1.1 MltKllIN*.. 104. F|Sll|N<i, 106. SKAI.lNIi, VM. Ai.l!l<TI.-

Ti KK AM> l?\v« iiiv'.. 107. Minim.. 100. Th»i>k Hot ti - am- ( rrrKs, LiiiL lalanda Noith of North Ameiica. 20.^.

SKt TfON XIT. CorxTRiKs SorTii op tiik TwrTHf Statks 200

Mexico. I'll YSMM.KAI-IIY AM» Cl.lMATK, 20<'). Hl>TOHY. 207. AtiRICTL-

ti hk ani> Rani hini;. 208. Soi tiikrx Mf.xuo, 210. Tiik Minks, 210. Thk Citiks, 21 1. Central America. Tiik UEiTnLirs, 212. Tnr. Panama Canal, 214. The West Indies. .Tamah a. 215. Haiti. 21o. Lesskk AxTiLLKs. 216. TuK Haiiam \>. 210. The Bermudaa, 217.

TAltLE OF C(>yTE.\TS XV

PAOR

Se< tiok XIII. Rkvikw in Xohth Amkhh a . . . . . , . 21S.

Physical GKooKArnv. 219. Pui'ilatu>x. 220. City akp CotrsTRV. 221.

COUKTRY, 222. CiTIKt*. 220. DKI'BXItEXCE OF DiyrKKEWT SkcTIOXB tIPOM OXE AXOTIIKH, 231. ReLATIOV to OfR TkHKITOHIKS AXI) DKfKNOF.XCIKB.

231. Othkk roi XTKiKx or North America. 2«32. OirR Rki.atiox to OniBR Coi'XTHiKs, 232. Tkax)*ih>rtatiox Hoitkx, 2AS. Ixyi.i KxrK

OF Steam am> Ei.K< TRiriTV. 2:»4. Ixfi.i kxi k of Moi>kk\ Ixvextioxs ox

Moi>E OF Life. 234. Ixfm exce of oi r Si:rroi xi)|x»h ox Edi catiox

AXI» GoVEItXMEXT, 2.">0.

PART TT. ORXKRAL riKOaRAPHY

Sf-< Tt<>V T. Thk F.ARTtfN MnVKMKNT* . 231i

I'oHM AMI Si/.t., 'Z''V.K Daii.v .MnTKix, 239. Ybabi.y MoTfox, 240. Tilt: Atthactiox of GitAViTATiox, 241. Lkxwth of Day and NmiiT, liti. The Zoxks. 242.

Skctiox II. Wixm AXi> Raix , . . , . . . . . 2iA

WlndB. Hkvie>v, '2U. Kffeit of a .*^Tov^:, 244. Wim'^ «>i thk. Kahth. 245. Effe* T OF KoTATiox, 240. Wixn Bei-tx, 24<>. Belt of Calms ant> Relth «>f Hohsk T^ATiTt I'Ks. 247. Kfkk< t ok RF.voT.fTiox. 24K. Rain. Cvr^tEs fqu lUiv, 248. Hain Hkits iv Nuhth Ameiuiw, 2')1. Othkk Uaiw am> Akid REtiioxw of Xorthebx IIkmisfiikhk. 252. Soi th OF THK F.Qt ATOH. 253. Belt of Calmh. 253. Milh^tiox of Rain I^klts, 254. EA-*TKit\ I'mtkh Statk** avh Caxai>a, 254. Wkatmkk Maps, 'J.'iS. Cycloxu' Storms ix Ki u<h'i:, 2aH. Sea axi» Lanu Ukklzk^ ; M«»x- SOOX9, 259.

SEf-TlON 111. OrKAX Mo^EMF.XTX A Nit DtSTBinrTlOX OF Tf-mferatire . . 202

wind Wavea. 202. Tldea. What the Tidf.h Are. 262. Hbioiit of THE TiUAL Wave, 262. Ocean Currents. Cai'se t»F 0< eax Ctrrexth, 203. Thk Xohth Atlaxtic Ennv, 263. The Gi lf Stream, 264. The

LaURAOOR CfRRKN-T, 2^15. ThE CritHEXTS IX THE NoRTH PACIFIC OrEAX.

266. Kdoiks <'k thk Soi thkhn (>< »uxb. 266. Kfff.« tw of Ockax Ci r- UKNTs IX NoHiH Amki;ica : 1!K^ IK^^. 2C<*'>. Eni.n-' t)N OrUhH Hk>.ioN.s. 268. Dlatribution of Temperatiue. 208.

Sectiox IV. Peoflk.1 . , . . . , . . . . . 2Ifl

l)n tsioNs OF Maxkixu, 276. DisTitmr nox of Racr«», 27H, Disthihi th>\ of Religiow. 278.

PART IIT. SOITTK AMERinA

PiiTHioc.RArHY, 2^5. rt.iwATf:. 287. Pt axt awt> Avimai, Ltfk, 288. Tne Peoi'Le, 29n. Brazil. 1'hisio«.i(ai'hv Axn Cmmatk, 2'.>2. Tub Th(h-i- OAL FoHtsT, 21*4. Pkoductb of thk FoKKjiT, 204. lU niiKH. 296. Copfre RAimwo, 295. Other IxprsTRiEs ix Brazil. 296. Citie«. 296. Argentina. PMY-HiofiitArnY AMI CLtMATK. 2^W. Catti.k Raii»iv<;, 207. Fahminc. 207. MAscFACTtKisu AXD COMMERCE. 2t>8. CiTiEs, 298. Uruguay and

xvi TABLE OF COyTEXTS

rACR

Paragnay. UKtKii AY, 21W. l*AR»«{rAY, 300. The Qulanaa and Vene- auela. Thk Gitianah, 300. VKNKgfKi.A. 801. Tropical Andesm Coun- trieg. ToiNTs UF Hk^kmblanck, 302. Panama, 304. CoMnmiA, :](}4, Kci AimH, 306. Pent', 306. Bolivia, 808. Chile. rHVHiooRAPHY axi» Cmmatk, 8U». Minkkal Wkalth, 310. Aoriculti rk, MAM^yACTi Rixn. ANt» (iKVKKAt. Dkvki.oi'mknt, 310. CiTiEs. 311. Islands near the Continent. ;>11.

T>AKT TV. KHROVE

SkOTION T. I'llVHIOtiRAfHY, ClIMATK, AMI* PEOPI.K ...... 317

PhygiogTaphy. IIiuui.ashs axi> Lowlanos, 317. Coai. Beih*, 3H). Thk (ittt-AT IcK SitEKT, 319. TuK CoAST LivE, 311). Climate. Tyn.nKXCK

OK LATlTtrUB. 32i>. It KHKMIU. AXOE TO WksTKHX NoKTII AMtKICA, 821.

iNFi.rKNC'E OF Cvri.<>.\K: SroRim, .321. Kfkkct ok Moi xtain Kaxheh, 32'2. 1m.v\i> Skas, '.V2'.l. People, 32.^. Ivki.uexck of the Dis<ovkrv OF Amerh a. 824.

Section II. Thk RRirmii Ui.k% . . . , , . -

1'<)<ITII)N, Sl/K, AND ImIOUTAXI'K, .^20. InU A HtTA XT!^, 32<>. PnYSlOORArUY AND ClWM VTf,, 327. At.HK TI Tl ltK, 328. FiSHIM., .'j21>. MiXIM;. liSQ.

Heapoxs i uu Devli.oi'.mkn r or M i a( rimsti, 331. Wqqi.en axi» Cotton MAXt'FACTrRKs, 333. litox axi> Steel Manufacturiwq, 83^1 Irelaxi>, 334. Ia>catiox of Principal Cities, 830. Ixtxpox. 387. Otmkk Kxoi.ish Citieh, 340. Cities of Scotlawp, 341. Cities of Ikki.am>, 3i2. Frti.h K KKA^oxa for the Grbatness. ok thk Hritish Emi'iuk. 342. GovEKvMKxr, 3t4.

Skctiox in. Tub Nktherlaxi>8 am* Belgii m . , , , . . 3M

The Netherlands (Holland). 1'iivsi(w;i{ai-hv, 34<1. PKori-K and Gov- krwmewt, 847. AoHU'iTLTiiRE, 347. Maniifaothrimo. 348. Commerce, 849. CoLoxiEg, 849. Cities, 850. Belgium. Phv.'^uh.haphy, .350. People and Goverkmbkt, 851. Aohk i i.tl ke. 352. Mixixo axi> MAXUFACTUKHto, 362. Commerce. 863. Cities, .354.

SgrTtow IV. France . , . , , , . , . , , 3M

I'kople awi> Goverwment, .355. PiiYSio<tRAPHY AXi> Climate, 355. Ac.ri- cucTi he, 35<i. Minkrai.h, 3/j7. M am i a* Ti niX(i, 3.">T. Wool and Cottok Mawufactcrks. 367. Sii k ^Iawufacturikq, 858. Other Maxi facti rks, SoU. Pahis. 3n0. {l.ornlton, 3(K) ; fan.i q.t nn Art Center, 361 ; Manufaciures of Parig, 302 ; Commerce of Paris, 302.) Other Cities, .162. Commerce of France, 802. Colonies, 863.

Section V. Spain am» Porti cai. . . , , . , . . . 364

I'eopi.e axi> Gqvkknment, 304. Pii Ysi(»iHArn v AM> Cmmatl, 3)>0. Aori-

CIH.TI'HK AN!) GkaZIXO, '.Wi. MlNIN<;, 3'i". M AM" KACTI HI N<;. 3«i7.

Principal Cities of Spain, 867. Colonies of Spain, 369. Principal CiTihs ANi> Colonies of Poktcoal, 369.

Section \l. Norway, Sweden, axu Df.nmahk . .373

People. 878. Puybiooraphy aki> ('limatk, 373. Auricultural Districts.

TAIiLE OF CONTENTS XVll

374. IxprsTRiKs axi> Cities or Nohwav, 375. Scexkrv ox thk West- ers Coast, 877. IxurwTRiKH am> riitK-* of Swkhkx, lMU ?iTniKa ASP CiTiKS OF Dbwmark, 379. CoLowiBB OF Dexmahk, 380.

StcTiox Vn. Ri wsia ■ . . , , . , . : , , . 382

SizB AKi* Po9iTio!«, 882. PnYHHMiRAFHV, 382. Cmmatk, 383. Pkoplk AXi> Govkrxmext. 384. LuMnERiso. 885. Farmint. asp Grazixu, 380. MivKRAL Wkalth, .38<). MAXi-FACTt-Rixo, 38<i. Pilnclpal Citleg and their Commerce. Mo<*r«>w ani> Nijki Nov«iOR<ii>. .'^M. St. l'KTt:K.s- Hi K'i, 'SHS. (MiKs^A, .^W. Waksan. and Loii^. MH8.

SF.nTiox VTH r.nRMAV F.mimbit . , . . , . 39tt

KxTKST Axn Position, .390. Pkofle awi> Goverwmkxt^ 3flO. Dbfeksk, 3}>2. Physiograhiiy, Si^S. Ci.imatk, 304. Forests, SO.*). Aorici lti rk

AND GHAZlNfl. 305. MiKlX'i. H^¥\. M A N f FA« Tl" RI VO. 3f>»l. OkRMANY'i^

Ravh> AnvAXCK, 307. ('oi.qxik^ ash Emh^kaxt?', 3t'8. Principal <;*iha* ftn<t their Commerce. Bkrhx. 300. Interior Cities xear Berlin, 400. Seapobts, 401. Cities At-oxti thk Uhixe, 401.

Sf.ctiox IX. SwiTZKRLAxn . . . . . . . . . . iSm

Physiografhy and Climate, 405. People ani> Government, 40<]. Farm- INO, 407. MANCFACTfRiNo. 407. LBADixr. Cities, 407. ScENEur and TorRisTs, 400.

Section X. Italy 411

Extent and Position, 411. People and Government, 411. Phybioo- RAPiiY AND Climate. 412. AtiRici i.Ti re, 412. Mixing and Fisiiixci, 413. Mavi KA( Ti ni\o, 414. Principal riTiK"*, 411, (X'liths mid Vicinitu, 414 : Aurii^nt and Mmlern liomt, 41Ci ; (H/ti r luUinn L'Uies, 417.)

Section XI. ArsTRiA-Ht-NOARr . . . , . , , , . , 421

pHYSIOtiRAPHY AND ClIMATE, 421. PkOPLE AND GOVERNMENT, 422. NaTI -

RAi. l{t st)i ){i i>, 4'24. Mam K vcTi H iM. anh Cum >n,H< k, 42o. Phinch-ai. Cities, 42<t. Small Cointrieb, 42<t.

Section XIl. Thk Balkan Pexixsi la . 428

rilVSKM.HA I'll V AM> CllMATK, 428. PeOPLE. 4'-'V>. M ON T K N Kt; HO. 42*.t. SkH- VIA, 42U. HUUMAMA AM> UtLOARIA, 430. TlHKKY IN Et HOPE, 431.

Greece, 432. Islands near Greece. 4;M.

PART V. ASIA, AFRICA, AUSTRALIA AND ISLAND Section I. Asia . . . . , , . . . . . iSQ.

StZF. ANI> Paj»lT10N, 4.'}'.). PnYSMHtRAPHV AM) Cl.l.MATK, 4.'tlt. I'l.ANTS AM*

Ammai.h. 441. 1'koi'lk, 44.'j. 'I'l itki^H on Ottoman Emi-ihk. 444. (CoHditioun ill thf Kmpire, 444 ; Thf Ili^hj Lnml, 44.j ; Mes^npolamin, 44(S.) Arabia, 447. Persia, 448. AF<iHANi9TAN, 440. Rdssia in Asia, 440. India, 451. {Phyniotirnphy and Climate, 451; Farming, 452; Forests and Wild AnitnaU, 463 ; Mining and Manufacturing, 463 ; Famines

a— A Q

xviii

TABLE OF COyTENTS

and Plftftuen, 454 ; Qovfrnment, 455 ; Jiahichistan and Jtitrmn, 466 ; Bttiie

of Himalgijas, 45ii ; Principal Cities, 467.) C>:vi.«>n, 4.'>8. Inuo-Chinv AM' Till. Malay Pkmnsi i.a, -toS. ( Siniii, i'y^^ . Fn'urli lii<l<)-('liiii-i.. 459; Straits SeUlrmfntu^ 459.) Chixksk Kmi iri., 4M. (Aren and Populatiint, 400; Climate, 400; People and Civilizddi'ti, ; Xntii,n>il Itefourcfit, 403; Government, ; PriticipuJ Cidcii, Mb. ) Kinn.x.MM. Jai'ax, 4(;o. {Physiography and Climate, 4^ ; People and Govrrinncnt, 407; liercnt Advance, 408; Pesources, 400; Principal Cities, 400.)

Skctiox II. Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Physiooraphy, 472. Climate, 470. Plants asv Aximai.s, 477. 'I'mk PEoin.K, 478. Exi'i.oftATinv and Sktti.emknt, 478. Worthern Africa. PoLincAL Div..'>n)X!^, 471>. Tut; Sahaha, 480. K<.vfi and iiti. Nt.tt.H- BORixG BHITI8H Tbrritory, 481. {The Nile, 481 ; Ayrimltiirf, 484 ; The r>'n]>li\ 4H4 ; Surz C'xnnh 18-') ; Cities, 4m.) Thk Hakhary States, 487. Bouthern AJrica. Comparisox with Xqrthkrx Afric a. 488. Thk Pkoplk, 488. AoKiciiLTiRE Axn GBAzivr;. 4<K). Mixeral Wkai.th, 401. Commerce axi> Citieh, 402. Central Africa. The Riykr?*, 40.3. Tub People, 403. Divisioxs of Central Africa, 405. Neeh of Railwayk, 407. lalands near Africa. 408.

SkCTIOV Til. AlTSTRAf.IA AND Twi AXD flROtTl'H . . , , . ,

Australia. Physiooraphy. 500. Climate. 501. Plaxts, 502. History, 602. Sheep Raising, 504. Animal PRont cts, r>or). AnRin r.TrRK, 505. MixiXG,50<t. Maxtfacti RiN'i, o'X''. CiTiK-';, ."jO'i. Island Qroup». Xew Zealand, 508. The East Iwdieb, 500. Islands of the Pacific, 512.

The ITxitkd States compared with Other Coi xtries , . . , . iil5

Area and Popi latiox, 616. Leading Raw Prodi:ct9, 510. Maxi-fap- tcrixg and Commerce, 620. DKPRxnExcE i pox Other Nations, 522. Exports and Impokts. 624. Reasons for the Rakk of tih: United Statf.8. o'25.

TsDKT . . . . . , . . . . . . . ■ 527

PART VI. CALIFORNIA SUPPLEMENT

Aside to Teacher, 545. Note to Teacher, 640. Lists of References, 648. ftKXKRAL View of Statk, 551. Coast RRGtox. i^54. Great Vam.f.v Kkgion, ■V)'). Sikhran Hkoiok. 570. Soi'tiikhn Cat.ikokxia, 5HJ. pAiuYiNf;. .">89. AiiRH'i LTi HK, 5!>2. Fiti iT G R()^^ iNn, .*)'■)',>. FoR- f.stb awd Lumber. 008. Mineral PRonccTs. 012. MAxtFACTirRiyo, 018. Transportation. 020. EARTHQtrAKKS, 028. History, 024. Eiu - CATiON. e27. Government, 032. Citifj, 634. Last of All, 035. Gen- f.ral Qi estions, 0.30. Summarv of Vali es. I'dim lation of

California, 039. Height op Mountains, 040. Coi:wtirs of Califor- WIA, 041. nKo<-.i{Aniir*i. Xamks, 642.

Index . . . . . . 645

Appewdh. Tables or Akba, Popplatiow, axe j

r ' >d by Google

LIST OF MAPS COLORED POLITICAL MAPS

ruivux

42. North America.

44. Unit. d Stales.

47. K«w EngUnd.

02. Middle AtUnlic States.

87. Soutliern States.

IW. Central Sfates.

131. WeNlern States.

157. Alaska.

163. Went Indies, witli ^^a|> of Cuba and PorJo Ricn.

172. United Stat«» Dependencieii in ih« Paciftc.

178. IMminion of Canada and Newfoundland.

104. Mexico and Oentnl America,

281. South A'rnerica.

:n3. Tlio Briti.sli Islea.

337. Western Europe.

35S. Europe.

li'o. Central Kmope.

410. llul> Land. 448. Africa. 407. Anstnlia.

511. Mercator Chart of World. 612. Thf» Hprnispheres.

617. California. Northern Section.

618. Califoniia. Sonthem Section. 626. San Francisco and Vicinity.

637. Los Angeles, San Diego, Santa Barbara and Vicinity.

RELIEF MAPS

9. Tbe Continental Ice Sheet.

10. North America.

43. rbyaiographic Map of the United Staler (with names). 46. United States.

46. NewBn^aad.

6.1. Middle Atlantic StatM.

86. Southern States.

xix

Digitized by Google

XX

LIST OF MAPS

103. Central States.

130. Western Statea.

882. South Amertoa.

804. EnnpOt

40-2 Asia.

444. Africa.

408. AustralU.

610. Ctllfonila.

CITT MAPS

48. Boston and Vfrinitv.

77. Buffalo aiid Vicmity.

81. New TorkCi^ and Vicinity.

82. Baltimore and Wadiington.

88. New Orleans, Memphis, Pi rmingliam, and Atlanta.

105.' Cliicajio and Qreai L.akcs.

188. 8aa Franeiaeo, Portland, Taooma, and Seattle*

179. Montreal and Quebec.

822. London and Liverpool.

388. Parle and its Vicinity.

874. Berlin and its Vicinity.

SSA. Conaiaiiiinople and ite Vicinity.

45L The Lower Nile.

MAPS ILLUSTRATING CLIMATB

S47, Shifting of Wind and Rain Belta.

248. Shifting of Wind and Rain Belts.

'249 Wind Belts of Uie Earth.

260. Kamfali of the World.

S51. WInda and Balnlall of Sonth America.

262. Winds and Rainfall of We»t«m United States.

25.'^. Winds and Rainfall of Africa.

264. Winds and Rainfall of Australia.

866. Summer Winds and Bainfall In Sonthem Hanlqih6r&

866. Winter Winds and Bainfalt in Southern Hemlsphete.

259. Weather Map.

260. Weather Map.

261. Cyclonic Storm in Europe. 808. Summer Monsoons, fodia. 868. Winter Monsoons, India.

864. Currrnfp; of the North Atlantic.

267. Ocean Currents of the World.

268. Isothermal Chart of the World for July. 808. IsothsnnalChartof the World fbrJanitaty.

270. Isothermal Chart of the United Sutes for January 871. Isothermal Chart of the United Stalee for July.

Diyitized by Google

LIST OF MAP8

zzi

nom

810. Rainfall of Europe.

814. RftiiiiiaMa.pof(lieBrilUhIalei.

SIT. Coal Fielda of Great Britain.

329. The Netherlands (showing relation to aea level).

445. Vegetation Zones of Africa. 663. RAlnialt in CalifomU.

PRODUCT MAPS

a09. Pitoeipal Gom-ndiing R^on of the t'nited States.

211. Principal Wheat-raiwing Region of ihe Unitt-d Suites.

213. Principal Cotton-raising Region of the United SUtes.

216. Principal Tobacco-raising Region of the United Statee.

m Coal Fields of the United BtatM.

228. Iron, Copper, oa, and G«8-pNdvcing Diatricts of the United StatMi.

284. Principal Gold and Silver Regions of the United States.

2.31 Principal Forest Regions of the United States.

232. Fishing Grounds near North AmerUau

284. ManttfsctuTfng Regions of the United Statan

305. Coal Fields of Enrdpe.

484. World Map for Corn.

486. World Map for Wheat.

487. World Map for Cotton.

489. World Map lor Sheep. 491. World Map for Coal. 493. World Map for Iron. 496. World Map for Silver. 49T. World Map for Gold.

490. Manufacturing Districts €i the World. 504. World Map for Coffee.

600. World Map for Cane and Beet Sugar.

609. World Map for Bice.

668. National Forests in California. 612. Mineral Map of CaUfomia.

DENSITY OF POPULATION MAPS

89. North America.

207. United States.

208. United Sutos (center of population). 288. South America.

808. Europe.

446. Africa. 472. Australia.

482. Density of Population Comparison (diagram).

OTHKli MAPS

30. Political Map of Xnrfli Ann rii ri in IT'lO. Si. Settled Part of tite United States, 1790.

Diyitized by Google

xxii

LIST OF MAPS

riovn

38. Standard Time Belts of United States.

69. Map showing the Fall Line.

60. The Erie Canal.

227. Railroads of the United States.

237. Railroads of Eastern United States.

238. Navigable Rivers of the United Sutes. 240. Growth of the United States.

244. Map of the Zones.

275. Races of Mankind.

277. Distribution uf Religions.

306. Ice Sheet of Eur(»i)e.

312. The British Empire.

354. Colonies of United States. Germany, France, and the Netherlands.

610. Transportation Routes and iVk-graph Lines.

616. Comparative Size of California.

531. Monterey Bay and Vicinity.

632. Humboldt Bay and Vicinity.

Fui. 15

** Tlie breaking wavt's dash hiKh ..." at Point t'onfcptioti, <.'alifornia.

I

I

I

Digitized by Google J