The hardening of CuO–(K,Na)NbO<sub>3</sub> via post annealing with argon

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<jats:p>Copper-doped potassium sodium niobate CuO–(K<jats:sub>0.48</jats:sub>Na<jats:sub>0.52</jats:sub>)NbO<jats:sub>3</jats:sub> (CuO–KNN) ceramics was fabricated via a hydrothermal method. An extra post-annealing process with argon atmosphere was adopted after the sintering procedure to increase the quality factor (<jats:italic>Q<jats:sub>m</jats:sub> </jats:italic>). The results show that the annealing process with argon can significantly increase the <jats:italic>Q<jats:sub>m</jats:sub> </jats:italic> from 880 to approximately 1500. In CuO–KNN ceramics, Cu<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> substitutes Nb<jats:sup>5+</jats:sup> as an acceptor type dopant, which would constitute charge dipoles. These charge dipoles are inclined to be relatively stable around the domain boundaries and generate a pinning effect. The pinning effect can be so strong that the domain walls become more difficult to move, even under applied electric field. Thus, the annealing procedure can increase the amount of oxygen vacancies, which influences the stability of the domain structures. The increase of oxygen vacancies strengthens the suppression of domain wall movement and thus enlarges the <jats:italic>Q<jats:sub>m</jats:sub> </jats:italic> value.</jats:p>

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