閩

See also: 闽

閩 U+95A9, 閩 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-95A9 ← 閨ねや [U+95A8] CJK Unified Ideographs 閪 → [U+95AA]

Translingual

Han character

閩 (Kangxi radical 169, 門もん+6, 14 strokes, cangjie input 日にち弓ゆみ中ちゅう一いち戈ほこ (ANLMI), four-corner 7713₆, composition ⿵門もん虫むし)

Derived characters

• 𤁝

Related characters

• 闽 (Simplified Chinese)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1335, character 7
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41315
• Dae Jaweon: page 1841, character 4
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4295, character 9
• Unihan data for U+95A9

Chinese

trad.		閩
simp.		闽
alternative forms		𨷷

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (門もん) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
蔄	*roːs, *mruːns
闅	*min, *mrɯn, *mɯn
閩	*mrɯn, *mɯn
蕄	*mɯːŋ, *mrɯːŋ
門もん	*mɯːn
捫	*mɯːn
悶もだえ	*mɯːns
聞	*mɯn, *mɯns
閿	*mɯn
問とい	*mɯns

Phono-semantic compound (形聲けいせい／形声けいせい, OC *mrɯn, *mɯn) : phonetic 門もん (OC *mɯːn) + semantic 虫むし (“snake”). The 虫むし radical was a common component of the names of barbarians (Schuessler, 2007), probably reflecting the Min people's worship of snakes (Li, 2017).

Etymology

Matisoff (2003) relates it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-b/m-ruːl (“snake”), but this comparison is no longer held in STEDT.

In most modern Min dialects and some other southern dialects (including Hakka and Xiang), it is read with a level tone (平聲ひょうしょう), which is the expected reflex based on rime dictionaries. In Mandarin and the remaining southern dialects, it is read with a rising tone (上聲じょうせい), probably due to analogy with the phonetic component of 閔 (MC minX) (Li, 2017).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): mǐn, mín

  (Zhuyin): ㄇㄧㄣˇ, ㄇㄧㄣˊ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): min³

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): man⁵ / man⁴

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): man³

• Gan (Wiktionary): min³
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): mén

  (Meixian, Guangdong): men²

• Jin (Wiktionary): ming²
• Northern Min (KCR): mâing
• Eastern Min (BUC): mìng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): bân / bîn

  (Teochew, Peng'im): mang⁵

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶min
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): min²

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: mǐn
    • Zhuyin: ㄇㄧㄣˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: mǐn
    • Wade–Giles: min³
    • Yale: mǐn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: miin
    • Palladius: минь (minʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /min²¹⁴/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, variant)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: mín
    • Zhuyin: ㄇㄧㄣˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: mín
    • Wade–Giles: min²
    • Yale: mín
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: min
    • Palladius: минь (minʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /min³⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: min³
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: min
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /min⁵³/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: man⁵ / man⁴
    • Yale: máhn / màhn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: man⁵ / man⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: men⁵ / men⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɐn¹³/, /mɐn²¹/

Note: man4 - uncommon.

• • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: man³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ᵐban²²/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: min³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /min²¹³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mén
    • Hakka Romanization System: men^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: men³
    • Sinological IPA: /men³¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: men²
    • Sinological IPA: /mən¹¹/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: ming²
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /mĩŋ⁵³/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: mâing
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /maiŋ³³/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: mìng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /miŋ⁵³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bân
    • Tâi-lô: bân
    • Phofsit Daibuun: baan
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ban²³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei): /ban²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ban¹³/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bîn
    • Tâi-lô: bîn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: biin
    • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /bin²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /bin¹³/

Note:

• bân - vernacular;
• bîn - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: mang⁵
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: mâng
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /maŋ⁵⁵/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶min
    • MiniDict: min^去さ
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³min
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /min²³/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: min²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /min¹³/

---

• Middle Chinese: min, mjun

Rime
Character	閩	閩
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲こえ)	明あきら (4)	明あきら (4)
Final (韻いん)	眞しん (44)	文ぶん (59)
Tone (調しらべ)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開ひらき合あい)	Open	Closed
Division (等ひとし)	III	III
Fanqie	武たけ巾はば切きり	無む分ぶん切きり
Baxter	min	mjun
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/mˠiɪn/	/mɨun/
Pan Wuyun	/mᵚin/	/miun/
Shao Rongfen	/mien/	/miuən/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/mjin/	/mun/
Li Rong	/mjĕn/	/miuən/
Wang Li	/mǐĕn/	/mĭuən/
Bernard Karlgren	/mi̯ĕn/	/mi̯uən/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	mín	wén
Expected Cantonese Reflex	man4	man4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*mrə[n]/

  (Zhengzhang): /*mrɯn/, /*mɯn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	閩
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	mǐn
Middle Chinese	‹ min ›
Old Chinese	/*mrə[n]/
English	southern tribes
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	閩	閩
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	8956	8966
Phonetic component	門もん	門もん
Rime group	文ぶん	文ぶん
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	珉	文ぶん
Old Chinese	/*mrɯn/	/*mɯn/

Definitions

閩

1. (historical) Min people (ancient ethnic group)
2. (～江え) Min River (a river in Fujian, China)
3. Fujian

   閩南みなみ／闽南みなみ  ―  mǐnnán  ―  southern Fujian

   閩西にし／闽西にし  ―  mǐnxī  ―  western Fujian

   閩菜さい／闽菜さい  ―  mǐncài  ―  Fujian cuisine

4. (～語ご, ～方言ほうげん) Min languages
5. a surname

Compounds

• 七なな閩／七なな闽 (Qīmǐn)
• 八はち閩／八はち闽 (Bāmǐn)
• 洛らく閩／洛らく闽
• 洛らく閩之學がく／洛らく闽之学がく
• 濂洛關せき閩／濂洛关闽
• 閩中／闽中
• 閩中十じゅう子し／闽中十じゅう子し
• 閩中話ばなし／闽中话
• 閩中語ご／闽中语 (mǐnzhōngyǔ)
• 閩侯／闽侯 (Mǐnhòu)
• 閩劇／闽剧 (mǐnjù)
• 閩北／闽北 (Mǐnběi)
• 閩北話ばなし／闽北话
• 閩北語ご／闽北语 (mǐnběiyǔ)
• 閩南／闽南 (Mǐnnán)
• 閩南話ばなし／闽南话 (mǐnnánhuà)
• 閩南語ご／闽南语 (mǐnnányǔ)
• 閩學／闽学
• 閩寧／闽宁 (Mǐnníng)
• 閩嶠／闽峤
• 閩嶺／闽岭
• 閩川／闽川
• 閩徼／闽徼
• 閩本／闽本
• 閩東／闽东 (Mǐndōng)
• 閩東話ばなし／闽东话
• 閩東語ご／闽东语 (mǐndōngyǔ)
• 閩江／闽江 (Mǐn Jiāng)
• 閩派／闽派
• 閩洛／闽洛
• 閩海／闽海
• 閩清／闽清 (Mǐnqīng)
• 閩粵／闽粤
• 閩荒／闽荒
• 閩虻／闽虻
• 閩蚋／闽蚋
• 閩西／闽西 (Mǐnxī)
• 閩語／闽语 (mǐnyǔ)
• 閩越／闽越 (Mǐnyuè)
• 閩都／闽都
• 閩關／闽关
• 閩隸／闽隶

 

See also

• 蠻／蛮 (mán)

Japanese

Kanji

閩

(Hyōgai kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• Go-on: まん (man)、みん (min)、もん (mon)
• Kan-on: ばん (ban)、びん (bin)、ぶん (bun)

Compounds

Compounds

• 閩越(びんえつ) (Bin'etsu): Minyue
• 閩江(びんこう) (Binkō)
• 閩南語ご(びんなんご) (Binnango): Southern Min
• 洛らく閩(らくびん)の学がく(がく) (rakubin no gaku)
• 濂洛関せき閩(れんらくかんびん)の学がく(がく) (renrakukanbin no gaku)

Proper noun

Kanji in this term
閩
びん Hyōgai
kan'on

閩(びん) • (Bin) 

1. Min, one of the w:Ten Kingdoms of China

Korean

Hanja

閩 • (min) (hangeul 민, revised min, McCune–Reischauer min, Yale min)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

閩: Hán Nôm readings: mân

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.