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An Updated Infrageneric Classification of the Oaks: Review of Previous Taxonomic Schemes and Synthesis of Evolutionary Patterns

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Book cover Oaks Physiological Ecology. Exploring the Functional Diversity of Genus Quercus L.

Part of the book series: Tree Physiology ((TREE,volume 7))

Abstract

In this chapter, we review major classification schemes proposed for oaks by John Claudius Loudon , Anders Sandøe Ørsted , William Trelease , Otto Karl Anton Schwarz , Aimée Antoinette Camus , Yuri Leonárdovich Menitsky , and Kevin C. Nixon . Classifications of oaks (Fig. 2.1) have thus far been based entirely on morphological characters. They differed profoundly from each other because each taxonomist gave a different weight to distinguishing characters; often characters that are homoplastic in oaks. With the advent of molecular phylogenetics our view has considerably changed. One of the most profound changes has been the realisation that the traditional split between the East Asian subtropical to tropical subgenus Cyclobalanopsis and the subgenus Quercus that includes all other oaks is artificial. The traditional concept has been replaced by that of two major clades, each comprising three infrageneric groups: a Palearctic-Indomalayan clade including Group Ilex (Ilex oaks), Group Cerris (Cerris oaks) and Group Cyclobalanopsis (cycle-cup oaks), and a predominantly Nearctic clade including Group Protobalanus (intermediate or golden cup oaks), Group Lobatae (red oaks) and Group Quercus (white oaks, with most species in America and some 30 species in Eurasia ). In addition, recent phylogenetic studies identified two distinct clades within a wider group of white oaks: the Virentes oaks of North America and a clade with two disjunct endemic species in western Eurasia and western North America, Quercus pontica and Q. sadleriana. The main morphological feature characterising these phylogenetic lineages is pollen morphology, a character overlooked in traditional classifications. This realisation, along with the now available (molecular-)phylogenetic framework, opens new avenues for biogeographic, ecological and evolutionary studies and a re-appraisal of the fossil record . We provide an overview about recent advances in these fields and outline how the results of these studies contribute to the establishment of a unifying systematic scheme of oaks. Ultimately, we propose an updated classification of Quercus recognising two subgenera with eight sections. This classification considers morphological traits , molecular-phylogenetic relationships, and the evolutionary history of one of the most important temperate woody plant genera.

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Acknowledgements

We thank John McNeill for valuable comments. This work was supported by the Swedish Research Council (VR, grant to TD). GWG acknowledges financial support by the AMS Wien.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, 10405, Stockholm, Sweden

    Thomas Denk

  2. 45100, Orléans, France

    Guido W. Grimm

  3. Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA

    Paul S. Manos

  4. Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201602, Shanghai, China

    Min Deng

  5. The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL, 60532-1293, USA

    Andrew L. Hipp

  6. The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA

    Andrew L. Hipp

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  5. Andrew L. Hipp
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Correspondence to Thomas Denk .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Unit of Forest Resources, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre, Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain

    Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín

  2. Unit of Forest Resources, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre, Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain

    José Javier Peguero-Pina

  3. Unit of Forest Resources, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre, Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain

    Domingo Sancho-Knapik

Appendix 2.1

Appendix 2.1

At https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.5547622.v1, we provide an electronic appendix including the following information (which may be subject to future updates): (i) an overview of earlier systematic schemes for oaks (genera, subgenera, sections) in comparison to the new classification; (ii) diagnostic morphological traits reported by earlier taxonomists extracted from the original literature; (iii) a comprehensive list of formerly and currently accepted species of oaks, compiled from the cited oak monographs and complemented by further data sources.

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Denk, T., Grimm, G.W., Manos, P.S., Deng, M., Hipp, A.L. (2017). An Updated Infrageneric Classification of the Oaks: Review of Previous Taxonomic Schemes and Synthesis of Evolutionary Patterns. In: Gil-Pelegrín, E., Peguero-Pina, J., Sancho-Knapik, D. (eds) Oaks Physiological Ecology. Exploring the Functional Diversity of Genus Quercus L.. Tree Physiology, vol 7. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69099-5_2

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