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On the impact of state-based model-driven development on maintainability: a family of experiments using UniMod

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Abstract

Context: Model-driven approaches are well-known in the academia but one possible showstopper to a wider adoption in the industry is the limited empirical evidence for their claimed advantages and benefits, that could convince the decision makers. Objective: The aim of this work is gauging one of the claimed benefits of model-driven approaches, namely improvement in maintainability, with respect to a code-centric approach. Method: We conducted a family of five experiments involving 100 students that possessed different levels of education (64 Bachelor, 25 Master, and 11 PhD students; in groups sized 11 to 26 per individual experiment). In these experiments, UniMod – a State-based tool for Model-Driven Development using the Unified Modeling Language – is compared with Java-based code-centric programming, in a software maintenance scenario, with the goal of analyzing the effect on the time to perform the maintenance tasks, the correctness of the modified artifacts, and the efficiency. Results: The results show a reduction in time to accomplish the tasks and no impact on correctness. The adoption of the UniMod-MDD approach almost doubles the developers’efficiency, and in presence of a higher software engineering experience the efficiency is even three times higher. Conclusions: We found that the usage of the UniMod-MDD approach in a software maintenance scenario provides benefits over a pure code-centric approach. The benefits deriving from the UniMod-MDD approach are appreciable for all the categories of students, although with differences.

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Notes

  1. http://www.andromda.org/

  2. http://www.mentor.com/products/sm/model_development/

  3. http://www.mathworks.com/products/stateflow/

  4. http://is.ifmo.ru/unimod-projects-en/svetofor/

  5. Here, for space reasons we will describe more in detail Svetofor than Telepay.

  6. http://unimod.sourceforge.net/

  7. This odd naming convention (e.g., o1.z14) is a peculiarity of UniMod to reduce the diagrams size.

  8. The complete documentation of Svetofor is available at: http://is.ifmo.ru/unimod-projects-en/svetofor/

  9. In our study we have not measured if this capability has contributed, or not, to the obtained results.

  10. http://sepl.dibris.unige.it/UniModVSJava.php

  11. http://is.ifmo.ru/unimod-projects-en/

  12. https://www.mathworks.com/help/stateflow/examples/modeling-an-intersection-of-two-1-way-streets-using-stateflow.html

  13. http://is.ifmo.ru/unimod-projects-en/teleplay/

  14. The number of test cases is different for each maintenance task.

  15. TotalCorrectness is divided by 4 since a fully correct task is assigned a score of 4, while TotalTime is divided by 60 because we want to measure tasks per hour while the time is measured in minutes.

  16. For both projects, we used the original documentation available at: http://is.ifmo.ru/unimod-projects-en/

  17. This is a simplified structure, since the variables are nominal they will be represented by n − 1indicator variables, where n is the number of levels.

  18. In some experiments of the family, the number of participants is different between the two treatments since some of them took part in a laboratory session only.

  19. 0.05 divided by the number of comparisons, i.e., 7.

  20. http://portofino.manydesigns.com/en

  21. http://www.mathworks.com/products/stateflow/

  22. http://www.mathworks.com/products/simulink-coder/

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. DIBRIS, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy

    Filippo Ricca, Maurizio Leotta, Alessandro Tiso, Giovanna Guerrini & Gianna Reggio

  2. DAUIN, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy

    Marco Torchiano

Authors
  1. Filippo Ricca
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  2. Marco Torchiano
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  3. Maurizio Leotta
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  6. Gianna Reggio
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Maurizio Leotta.

Additional information

Communicated by: Michel R. V. Chaudron

Appendix

Appendix

This Appendix reports detailed analysis results. They are not essential to understand the paper, though they provide additional information and complement the results provided in the main body of the papers.

1.1 A.1 Detailed Hypotheses Testing

We report here the Heatmap graph concerning the hypotheses tested at the individual maintenance task (MT) level. In particular, Fig. 17 reports the p-values of the Mann-Whitney tests; Fig. 18 shows the Cliff’s delta values.

Fig. 17
figure 17

Heat map of MW p-values

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Fig. 18
figure 18

Heat map of Cliff d

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1.2 A.2 Influence of Lab Order

As mentioned in Section 5.3, we performed a set of two-way permutation tests to check the effect of Lab order on the dependent variables. The results of the tests are presented in Table 19 for TotalEfficiency, Table 20 for TotalTime, and Table 21 for TotalCorrectness.

Table 19 Permutation test of TotalEfficiency vs. Experiment and Lab order
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Table 20 Permutation test of TotalTime vs. Experiment and Lab order
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Table 21 Permutation test of TotalCorrectness vs. Experiment and Lab order
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The tests consistently show neither a main effect from the Lab order nor any interaction with the experiment.

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Ricca, F., Torchiano, M., Leotta, M. et al. On the impact of state-based model-driven development on maintainability: a family of experiments using UniMod. Empir Software Eng 23, 1743–1790 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-017-9563-8

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