The International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA) was founded in 1978 and was the first institution in Italy to promote post-graduate courses leading to a Doctor Philosophiae (or PhD) degree. A centre of excellence among Italian and international universities, the school has around 65 teachers, 100 post docs and 245 PhD students, and is located in Trieste, in a campus of more than 10 hectares with wonderful views over the Gulf of Trieste.
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Commissioning of the vacuum system of the KATRIN Main Spectrometer
M. Arenz1, M. Babutzka2, M. Bahr3, J.P. Barrett4, S. Bauer5, M. Beck6, A. Beglarian7, J. Behrens5, T. Bergmann7, U. Besserer8, J. Blümer9, L.I. Bodine10, K. Bokeloh5, J. Bonn6,9, B. Bornschein8, L. Bornschein9, S. Büsch11, T.H. Burritt10, S. Chilingaryan7, T.J. Corona12, L. De Viveiros3, P.J. Doe10, O. Dragoun13, G. Drexlin2, S. Dyba5, S. Ebenhöch9, K. Eitel9, E. Ellinger14, S. Enomoto10, M. Erhard2, D. Eversheim1, M. Fedkevych5, A. Felden9, S. Fischer8, J.A. Formaggio4, F. Fränkle9,12, D. Furse4, M. Ghilea3, W. Gil9, F. Glück9, A. Gonzalez Ureña15, S. Görhardt9, S. Groh2, S. Grohmann8, R. Grössle8, R. Gumbsheimer9, M. Hackenjos8, V. Hannen5, F. Harms2, N. Haußmann14, F. Heizmann2, K. Helbing14, W. Herz8, S. Hickford14, D. Hilk2, B. Hillen5, T. Höhn9, B. Holzapfel8, M. Hötzel2, M.A. Howe12, A. Huber9, A. Jansen9, N. Kernert9, L. Kippenbrock10, M. Kleesiek2, M. Klein2, A. Kopmann7, A. Kosmider9, A. Kovalík13, B. Krasch8, M. Kraus2, H. Krause9, M. Krause2, L. Kuckert2, B. Kuffner9, L. La Cascio2, O. Lebeda13, B. Leiber9, J. Letnev17, V.M. Lobashev18, A. Lokhov18, E. Malcherek9, M. Mark9, E.L. Martin10, S. Mertens9,19, S. Mirz8, B. Monreal3, K. Müller9, M. Neuberger11, H. Neumann8, S. Niemes8, M. Noe8, N.S. Oblath4, A. Off8, H.-W. Ortjohann5, A. Osipowicz17, E. Otten6, D.S. Parno10, P. Plischke9, A.W.P. Poon19, M. Prall5, F. Priester8, P.C.-O. Ranitzsch5, J. Reich9, O. Rest5, R.G.H. Robertson10, M. Röllig8, S. Rosendahl5, S. Rupp8, M. Ryšavý13, K. Schlösser9, M. Schlösser8,15, K. Schönung8, M. Schrank9, J. Schwarz9, W. Seiler17, H. Seitz-Moskaliuk2, J. Sentkerestiová13, A. Skasyrskaya18, M. Slezák13, A. Špalek13, M. Steidl9, N. Steinbrink5, M. Sturm8, M. Suesser8, H.H. Telle15,16, T. Thümmler9, N. Titov18, I. Tkachev18, N. Trost9, A. Unru17, K. Valerius9, D. Vénos13, R. Vianden1, S. Vöcking5,9, B.L. Wall10, N. Wandkowsky9, M. Weber7, C. Weinheimer5, C. Weiss11, S. Welte8, J. Wendel8, K.L. Wierman12, J.F. Wilkerson12, D. Winzen5, J. Wolf2, S. Wüstling7, M. Zacher5, S. Zadoroghny18 and M. Zbořil5,13
6 Institut für Physik, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
7 Institute for Data Processing and Electronics (IPE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann- von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
8 Institute for Technical Physics (ITeP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann- von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
9 Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
10 Center for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, and Dept. of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, U.S.A.
11 Project, Process, and Quality Management (PPQ), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann- von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
12 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, U.S.A.
13 Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, v. v. i., CZ-250 68 \vRež, Czech Republic
14 Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics und Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gauss-Str. 20, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
15 Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Paseo Juan XXIII, n. 1, 28040 - Madrid, Spain
16 Department of Physics, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
17 University of Applied Sciences (FH) Fulda, Leipziger Str. 123, 36037 Fulda, Germany
18 Academy of Sciences of Russia, Institute for Nuclear Research, 60th October Anniversary, Prospect 7a, 117312 Moscow, Russia
19 Institute for Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics and Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A.
The KATRIN experiment will probe the neutrino mass by measuring the β-electron energy spectrum near the endpoint of tritium β-decay. An integral energy analysis will be performed by an electro-static spectrometer (``Main Spectrometer''), an ultra-high vacuum vessel with a length of 23.2 m, a volume of 1240 m3, and a complex inner electrode system with about 120 000 individual parts. The strong magnetic field that guides the β-electrons is provided by super-conducting solenoids at both ends of the spectrometer. Its influence on turbo-molecular pumps and vacuum gauges had to be considered. A system consisting of 6 turbo-molecular pumps and 3 km of non-evaporable getter strips has been deployed and was tested during the commissioning of the spectrometer. In this paper the configuration, the commissioning with bake-out at 300 °C, and the performance of this system are presented in detail. The vacuum system has to maintain a pressure in the 10−11 mbar range. It is demonstrated that the performance of the system is already close to these stringent functional requirements for the KATRIN experiment, which will start at the end of 2016.
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