Κογκρέσο τ ω ν Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών
Κογκρέσο United States Congress | |
---|---|
118 | |
Είδος | |
Τύπος | Διθάλαμο |
Σώματα | Γερουσία Βουλή |
Ηγεσία | |
Πρόεδρος της Γερουσίας | |
Πρόεδρος της Βουλής |
|
Αναπληρώτρια Πρόεδρος της Γερουσίας | |
Δομή | |
Γερουσία πολιτικές ομάδες | Δημοκρατικό (51) Ρεπουμπλικανικό (49) |
Βουλή πολιτικές ομάδες | Ρεπουμπλικανικό (222) Δημοκρατικό (212) κενές (1) |
Εκλογές | |
Γερουσία τελευταία εκλογή | 8 Νοεμβρίου 2022 |
Βουλή | 8 Νοεμβρίου 2022 |
Τόπος συνεδριάσεων | |
Καπιτώλιο Ουάσινγκτον, | |
Ιστοσελίδα | |
Senate House of Representatives |
Αμφότεροι
Επισκόπηση
[Επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
Τ ο Κογκρέσο μας αντανακλάσ ε όλες τις δυνάμεις μαςκ α ι όλες τις αδυναμίες μας. Αντικατοπτρίζει τις περιφερειακές μας ιδιοσυγκρασίες,τ η ν εθνολογική, θρησκευτική,κ α ι φυλετική μας ποικιλομορφία,τ ο πλήθοςτ ω ν επαγγελμάτων μας,κ α ι τις τάσειςτ ω ν απόψεών μαςσ ε οτιδήποτε, απότ η ν αξίατ ο υ πολέμου έωςτ ο ν πόλεμοτ ω ν αξιών.Τ ο Κογκρέσο είναιτ ο πλέον αντιπροσωπευτικό σώμα της κυβέρνησης ...Τ ο Κογκρέσο είναι απαραιτήτως επιφορτισμένομ ε τ η συμφιλίωσητ ω ν διαφόρων οπτικών μας γωνιών πάνωσ τ α μεγάλα θέματατ ω ν δημοσίων πολιτικών της ημέρας. — Smith, Roberts, and Wielen[5]
Ιστορία
[Επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]Η διαμορφωτική περίοδος (δεκαετία 1780–δεκαετία 1820)
[Επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]Η κομματική περίοδος (δεκαετία 1830–δεκαετία 1900)
[Επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]Αυτή
Η περίοδος τ ω ν επιτροπών (δεκαετία 1910–δεκαετία 1960)
[Επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]Ένας σύστημα πρεσβύτητας —
Η σύγχρονη περίοδος (δεκαετία 1970–σήμερα)
[Επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]Δείτε ακόμη
[Επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]- Γερουσία (
Η Π Α ) - Βουλή
τ ω ν Αντιπροσώπων (Η Π Α ) - Κατάλογος τρεχόντων Γερουσιαστών
τ ω ν Η Π Α - Κατάλογος τρεχόντων Μελών της Βουλής
τ ω ν Αντιπροσώπωντ ω ν Η Π Α - Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες
- Ομοσπονδιακή Κυβέρνηση
τ ω ν Η Π Α
Παραπομπές
[Επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]- ↑ Perry Bacon Jr. (August 31, 2009). «Post Politics Hour: Weekend Review and a Look Ahead». The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2009/08/27/DI2009082703265.html. Ανακτήθηκε στις September 20, 2009.
- Huckabee, David C. (2003). Reelection Rates of Incumbents. Hauppauge, New York: Novinka Books, an imprint of Nova Science Publishers.
σ ε λ . 21. ISBN 1-59033-509-0. - David C. Huckabee – Analyst in American National Government – Government Division (March 8, 1995) (PDF). Reelection rate of House Incumbents 1790–1990 Summary (page 2). Congressional Research Service – The Library of Congress. Αρχειοθετήθηκε από
τ ο πρωτότυπο στις 2013-01-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20130115173810/http://www.policyarchive.org/handle/10207/bitstreams/265.pdf. Ανακτήθηκε στις September 20, 2009. - Janice Francis-Smith (October 22, 2008). «Waging campaigns against incumbents in Oklahoma». The Oklahoma City Journal Record. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4182/is_20081022/ai_n30925232/. Ανακτήθηκε στις September 20, 2009.
- «How To Clean Up The Mess From Inside The System, A Plea—And A Plan—To Reform Campaign Finance Before It's Too». NEWSWEEK. October 28, 1996. http://www.newsweek.com/id/103143. Ανακτήθηκε στις September 20, 2009.
- Huckabee, David C. (2003). Reelection Rates of Incumbents. Hauppauge, New York: Novinka Books, an imprint of Nova Science Publishers.
- ↑ Wall Street Journal, Approval of Congress Matches All-Time Low, Accessed June 13, 2013
- ↑ Carrie Dann, NBC News, Americans' faith in Congress lower than all major institutions – ever, Accessed 13-6-2013
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 John V. Sullivan (July 24, 2007). «How Our Laws Are Made». The Library of Congress. Αρχειοθετήθηκε από
τ ο πρωτότυπο στις 2015-10-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20151016045756/http://thomas.loc.gov/home/lawsmade.bysec/congress.html. Ανακτήθηκε στις September 11, 2010. - ↑ 5,0 5,1 Lee H. Hamilton (2004). «How Congress works and why you should care». Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34425-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=bmFSp3b8J_oC&dq=How+Congress+Works+and+Why+You+Should+Care&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false. Ανακτήθηκε στις September 11, 2010.
- ↑ Steven S. Smith, Jason M. Roberts, Ryan J. Vander Wielen (2006). «The American Congress (Fourth Edition)». Cambridge University Press,
σ ε λ . 23. http://books.google.com/books?id=fWpE_HxuxVEC&dq=Smith,+Steven+S.,+Jason+M.+Roberts,+and+Ryan+Vander+Wielen+%282007%29.+The+American+Congress&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false. Ανακτήθηκε στις September 11, 2010. - ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 Julian E. Zelizer (editor) Joanne Barrie Freeman, Jack N. Rakove, Alan Taylor, and others (2004). «The American Congress: The Building of Democracy». Houghton Mifflin Company,
σ ε λ . xiii–xiv. ISBN 0-618-17906-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=_MGEIIwT5pUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Zelizer+Julian+2004+American+Congress+The+Building+of+Democracy#v=onepage&q=Zelizer%20Julian%202004%20American%20Congress%20The%20Building%20of%20Democracy&f=false. Ανακτήθηκε στις September 11, 2010. - ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 Steven S. Smith, Jason M. Roberts, Ryan J. Vander Wielen (2006). «The American Congress (Fourth Edition)». Cambridge University Press. http://books.google.com/books?id=fWpE_HxuxVEC&dq=Smith,+Steven+S.,+Jason+M.+Roberts,+and+Ryan+Vander+Wielen+%282007%29.+The+American+Congress&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false. Ανακτήθηκε στις September 11, 2010.
- ↑ Kramnick, Isaac (ed); Thomas Paine (1982). Common Sense. Penguin Classics.
σ ε λ . 21. - ↑ «References about weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation».
- Pauline Maier (book reviewer) (November 18, 2007). «HISTORY – The Framers' Real Motives (book review) UNRULY AMERICANS AND THE ORIGINS OF THE CONSTITUTION book by Woody Holton». The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/15/AR2007111502145.html. Ανακτήθηκε στις October 10, 2009.
- «The Constitution and the Idea of Compromise». PBS. 10 Οκτωβρίου 2009. Ανακτήθηκε στις 10 Οκτωβρίου 2009.
- Alexander Hamilton (1788). «FEDERALIST No. 15 – The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union». FoundingFathers.info. http://www.foundingfathers.info/federalistpapers/fed15.htm. Ανακτήθηκε στις October 10, 2009.
- ↑ English (2003), pp. 5–6
- ↑ Collier (1986), p. 5
- ↑ James Madison (1787). «James Madison and the Federal Constitutional Convention of 1787 – Engendering a National Government». The Library of Congress – American memory. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/madison_papers/mjmconst.html. Ανακτήθηκε στις October 10, 2009.
- ↑ «The Founding Fathers: New Jersey». The Charters of Freedom. October 10, 2009. http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_new_jersey.html. Ανακτήθηκε στις October 10, 2009.
- ↑ «THE PRESIDENCY: Vetoes». Time Magazine. March 9, 1931. Αρχειοθετήθηκε από
τ ο πρωτότυπο στις 2008-12-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20081215034704/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,741166,00.html. Ανακτήθηκε στις September 11, 2010. - ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 David E. Kyvig, author, Julian E. Zelizer (editor) (2004). «The American Congress: The Building of Democracy». Houghton Mifflin Company,
σ ε λ . 362. ISBN 0-618-17906-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=_MGEIIwT5pUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Zelizer+Julian+2004+American+Congress+The+Building+of+Democracy#v=onepage&q=Zelizer%20Julian%202004%20American%20Congress%20The%20Building%20of%20Democracy&f=false. Ανακτήθηκε στις September 11, 2010. - ↑ By David B. Rivkin Jr. and Lee A. Casey (August 22, 2009). «Illegal Health Reform». Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/21/AR2009082103033.html. Ανακτήθηκε στις October 10, 2009.
- ↑ Founding Fathers via FindLaw (1787). «U.S. Constitution: Article I (section 8 paragraph 3) – Article Text – Annotations». FindLaw. Ανακτήθηκε στις 10 Οκτωβρίου 2009.
- ↑ English (2003), p. 7
- ↑ 20,0 20,1 John V. Sullivan (July 24, 2007). «How Our Laws Are Made». The Library of Congress. Αρχειοθετήθηκε από
τ ο πρωτότυπο στις 2010-10-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20101007093920/http://thomas.loc.gov/home/lawsmade.bysec/foreword.html. Ανακτήθηκε στις September 11, 2010. - ↑ English (2003), p. 8
- ↑ «The Convention Timeline». U.S. Constitution Online. 10 Οκτωβρίου 2009. Ανακτήθηκε στις 10 Οκτωβρίου 2009.
- ↑ Eric Patashnik, author, Julian E. Zelizer (editor) (2004). «The American Congress: The Building of Democracy». Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-17906-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=_MGEIIwT5pUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Zelizer+Julian+2004+American+Congress+The+Building+of+Democracy#v=onepage&q=Zelizer%20Julian%202004%20American%20Congress%20The%20Building%20of%20Democracy&f=false. Ανακτήθηκε στις September 11, 2010.
- ↑ Margaret S. Thompson, The "Spider Web": Congress and Lobbying in the Age of Grant (1985)
- ↑ Elisabeth S. Clemens (1997), The People's Lobby: Organizational Innovation and the Rise of Interest-Group Politics in the United States, 1890–1925.
- ↑ David B. Rivkin Jr. and Lee A. Casey (August 22, 2009). «Illegal Health Reform». The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/21/AR2009082103033.html. Ανακτήθηκε στις September 28, 2009.
- ↑ Steven S. Smith, Jason M. Roberts, Ryan J. Vander Wielen (2006). «The American Congress (Fourth Edition)». Cambridge University Press,
σ ε λ . 38. http://books.google.com/books?id=fWpE_HxuxVEC&dq=Smith,+Steven+S.,+Jason+M.+Roberts,+and+Ryan+Vander+Wielen+%282007%29.+The+American+Congress&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false. Ανακτήθηκε στις September 11, 2010. - ↑ «THE CONGRESS: 72nd Made». TIME. November 17, 1930. Αρχειοθετήθηκε από
τ ο πρωτότυπο στις 2011-01-30. https://web.archive.org/web/20110130045455/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,740692,00.html. Ανακτήθηκε στις October 5, 2010. - ↑ English (2003), p. 14
- ↑ «THE CONGRESS: Democratic Senate». Time. November 14, 1932. Αρχειοθετήθηκε από
τ ο πρωτότυπο στις 2010-10-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20101027073231/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,847065,00.html. Ανακτήθηκε στις October 10, 2010. - ↑ «POLITICAL NOTES: Democratic Drift». Time. November 16, 1936. Αρχειοθετήθηκε από
τ ο πρωτότυπο στις 2010-11-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20101121163233/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,756879,00.html. Ανακτήθηκε στις October 10, 2010. - ↑ 32,0 32,1 «THE CONGRESS: The 76th». Time. November 21, 1938. Αρχειοθετήθηκε από
τ ο πρωτότυπο στις 2010-08-26. https://web.archive.org/web/20100826092956/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,760301,00.html. Ανακτήθηκε στις October 10, 2010. - ↑ «THE VICE PRESIDENCY: Undeclared War». Time. March 20, 1939. Αρχειοθετήθηκε από
τ ο πρωτότυπο στις 2011-04-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20110429014527/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,789486-2,00.html. Ανακτήθηκε στις October 10, 2010. - ↑ «CONGRESS: New Houses». Time. November 11, 1940. Αρχειοθετήθηκε από
τ ο πρωτότυπο στις 2010-10-14. https://web.archive.org/web/20101014092712/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,849318,00.html. Ανακτήθηκε στις October 10, 2010. - ↑ «Before the G.O.P. Lay a Forked Road». Time. November 16, 1942. Αρχειοθετήθηκε από
τ ο πρωτότυπο στις 2010-10-14. https://web.archive.org/web/20101014141814/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,932828,00.html. Ανακτήθηκε στις October 10, 2010. - ↑ «Business & Finance: Turn of the Tide». Time. November 16, 1942. Αρχειοθετήθηκε από
τ ο πρωτότυπο στις 2010-10-14. https://web.archive.org/web/20101014142602/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,932900,00.html. Ανακτήθηκε στις October 10, 2010. - ↑ 37,0 37,1 «The Congress: Effort toward Efficiency». Time Magazine. May 21, 1965. Αρχειοθετήθηκε από
τ ο πρωτότυπο στις 2010-07-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20100715111548/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901685,00.html. Ανακτήθηκε στις September 11, 2010. - ↑ «National Affairs: JUDGMENTS & PROPHECIES». Time. November 15, 1954. Αρχειοθετήθηκε από
τ ο πρωτότυπο στις 2011-05-01. https://web.archive.org/web/20110501130122/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,820388-2,00.html. Ανακτήθηκε στις October 10, 2010. - ↑ «THE CONGRESS: Ahead of the Wind». Time. November 17, 1958. Αρχειοθετήθηκε από
τ ο πρωτότυπο στις 2011-01-31. https://web.archive.org/web/20110131165211/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,810635,00.html. Ανακτήθηκε στις October 10, 2010.
Αναφορές
[Επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]- Bacon, Donald C.; Davidson, Roger H.; Keller, Morton, editors (1995). Encyclopedia of the United States Congress (4 vols.). Simon & Schuster.
- Collier, Christopher and Collier, James Lincoln (1986). Decision in Philadelphia: The Constitutional Convention of 1787. Ballantine Books. ISBN 0394523466.
- Davidson, Roger H., and Walter J. Oleszek (2006). Congress and Its Members (10th έκδοση). Congressional Quarterly (CQ) Press. ISBN 0871873257. (Legislative procedure, informal practices, and other information)
- English, Ross M. (2003). The United States Congress. Manchester University Press. ISBN 0719063094.
- Herrnson, Paul S. (2004). Congressional Elections: Campaigning at Home and in Washington. CQ Press. ISBN 1568028261.
- Oleszek, Walter J. (2004). Congressional Procedures and the Policy Process. CQ Press. ISBN 0871874776.
- Polsby, Nelson W. (2004). How Congress Evolves: Social Bases of Institutional Change. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195161955.
- Price, David E. (2000). The Congressional Experience. Westview Press. ISBN 0813311578.
- Struble, Robert, Jr. (2007). chapter seven, Treatise on Twelve Lights. TeLL. Αρχειοθετήθηκε από
τ ο πρωτότυπο στις 14 Απριλίου 2016. Ανακτήθηκε στις 27 Σεπτεμβρίου 2019. - Zelizer, Julian E. (2004). The American Congress: The Building of Democracy. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0618179062.
Περαιτέρω ανάγνωση
[Επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]- Baker, Ross K. (2000). House and Senate, 3rd ed. New York: W. W. Norton. (Procedural, historical, and other information about both houses)
- Barone, Michael and Richard E. Cohen. The Almanac of American Politics, 2006 (2005), elaborate detail on every district and member; 1920 pages
- Berg-Andersson, Richard E. (2001). Explanation of the types of Sessions of Congress (Term of Congress)
- Berman, Daniel M. (1964). In Congress Assembled: The Legislative Process in the National Government. London: The Macmillan Company. (Legislative procedure)
- Bianco, William T. (2000) Congress on Display, Congress at Work, University of Michigan Press.
- Hamilton, Lee H. (2004) How Congress Works and Why You Should Care, Indiana University Press.
- Herrick, Rebekah (2001). «Gender effects on job satisfaction in the House of Representatives». Women and Politics 23 (4): 85–98. doi: .
- Hunt, Richard (1998). «Using the Records of Congress in the Classroom». OAH Magazine of History 12 (Summer): 34–37.
- Imbornoni, Ann-Marie, David Johnson, and Elissa Haney. (2005). "Famous Firsts by American Women." Infoplease.
- Lee, Frances and Bruce Oppenheimer. (1999). Sizing Up the Senate: The Unequal Consequences of Equal Representation. University of Chicago Press: Chicago. (Equal representation in the Senate)
- Rimmerman, Craig A. (1990). "Teaching Legislative Politics and Policy Making." Political Science Teacher, 3 (Winter): 16–18.
- Ritchie, Donald A. (2010). The U.S. Congress: A Very Short Introduction. (History, representation, and legislative procedure)
- Smith, Steven S., Jason M. Roberts, and Ryan Vander Wielen (2007). The American Congress (5th έκδοση). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 052119704X. (Legislative procedure, informal practices, and other information)
- Story, Joseph. (1891). Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States. (2 vols). Boston: Brown & Little. (History, constitution, and general legislative procedure)
- Tarr, David R. and Ann O'Connor. Congress A to Z (CQ Congressional Quarterly) (4th 2003) 605pp
- Wilson, Woodrow. (1885). Congressional Government. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
- Some information in this article has been provided by the Senate Historical Office.
Εξωτερικοί σύνδεσμοι
[Επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]- U.S. House of Representatives
- U.S. Senate
- Women in Congress, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives
- Black Americans in Congress, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives
- Congress and Legislation from UCB Libraries GovPubs
- How Laws Are Made, via U.S. Government Printing Office
- Selected Congressional Research Service Reports on Congress and Its Procedures, via Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C.
- Sessions of Congress with Corresponding Debate Record Volume Numbers, via Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C.
- Thomas Legislative Information Αρχειοθετήθηκε 2015-08-30
σ τ ο Wayback Machine. via Library of Congress - Teaching about the U.S. Congress via U.S. Department of Education
- Open Congress—open-source database of congressional legislation, voting records, and news coverage.
- Bill Hammons' American Politics Guide - Members of Congress by State, by Committee, and by House District with District Map and Partisan Voting Index