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m →Signs and symptoms: ce, improving wording, adding why H5N1 tends to cause pneumonia in humans with reference (lower respiratory tract (where alpha-2,3 sialic acid receptors are more plentiful in humans)) |
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As of January 2023, fifteen species of wild and captive mammals had become infected with H5N1 throughout the United States.<ref name="USDA APHIS Mammals">{{cite web |title=2022-2023 Detections of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Mammals |url=https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-2022/2022-hpai-mammals |website=Avian Influenza |publisher=USDA APHIS |access-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130195517/https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-2022/2022-hpai-mammals |archive-date=30 January 2023}}</ref> A mass [[Caspian seal]] die-off in December 2022, with 700 infected seals found dead along the Caspian Sea coastline of Russia's [[Dagestan]] [[Republics of Russia |republic]], worried researchers regarding the possibility that wild mammal-to-mammal spread had begun.<ref name="Caspian seal">{{cite news |last1=Merrick |first1=Jane |title=Mass death of seals raises fears bird flu is jumping between mammals, threatening new pandemic |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/mass-death-of-seals-raises-fears-bird-flu-is-jumping-between-mammals-threatening-new-pandemic-2121376 |access-date=15 February 2023 |publisher=The i newspaper |date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203230815/https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/mass-death-of-seals-raises-fears-bird-flu-is-jumping-between-mammals-threatening-new-pandemic-2121376 |archive-date=3 February 2023}}</ref> A similar mass die-off of 95% of [[southern elephant seal]] pups in 2023 also raised concerns of mammal-to-mammal spread, as nursing pups would have had less exposure to birds.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kwan |first1=Jacklin |title=Bird flu wipes out over 95% of southern elephant seal pups in 'catastrophic' mass death |url=https://www.livescience.com/animals/seals/bird-flu-wipes-out-over-95-of-southern-elephant-seal-pups-in-catastrophic-mass-death |access-date=23 January 2024 |work=livescience.com |date=22 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
In April 2024, spread of H5N1 amongst dairy cow herds in nine states of the USA strongly indicated the presence of cow-to-cow transmission.<ref>{{Cite
===Human infections===
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