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{{short description|Higher frame rates than typical prior practice}}
In motion picture technology—either [[film]] or [[video]]—'''high frame rate''' ('''HFR''') refers to higher [[frame rate]]s than typical prior practice.
The frame rate for motion picture film cameras was typically 24 frames per second (fps) with multiple flashes on each frame during projection to prevent flicker. Analog television and video employed [[interlaced video|interlacing]] where only half of the image (known as a [[video field]]) was recorded and played back/refreshed at once but at twice the rate of what would be allowed for progressive video of the same bandwidth, resulting in smoother playback, as opposed to [[progressive scan|progressive video]] which is more similar to how celluloid works. The field rate of analog television and video systems was typically 50 or 60 fields per second. Usage of frame rates higher than 24
==History of frame rates in cinema==
In early cinema history, there was no standard [[frame rate]] established. [[Thomas Edison]]'s early films were shot at 40 fps, while the [[Auguste and Louis Lumière|Lumière Brothers]] used 16 fps. This had to do with a combination of the use of a hand crank rather than a motor, which created variable frame rates because of the inconsistency of the cranking of the film through the camera. After the introduction of [[sound film|synch sound]] recording, 24 fps became the industry standard frame rate for capture and projection of motion pictures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinemaweb.com/silentfilm/bookshelf/18_kb_2.htm |title=Silent Films: What Was the Right Speed? |
A few film formats have experimented with frame rates higher than the 24 fps standard. The original 3-strip [[Cinerama]] features of the 1950s ran at 26 fps.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.widescreenmuseum.com/widescreen/wingcr1.htm |title=The Cinerama Wing |publisher=Widescreen Museum |access-date
The [[IMAX HD]]
The proposed [[Maxivision
[[Digital Cinema Initiatives]] has published a document outlining recommended practice for high frame rate digital cinema.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dcimovies.com/Recommended_Practice/ |title=High Frame Rates Digital Cinema Recommended Practice |publisher=Dcimovies.com |access-date
In the case of cinema shot on film, as opposed to (whether analog or digital) video, HFR offers an additional benefit beyond temporal smoothness and motion blur. Especially for stationary subject matter, when shot with sufficiently [[film speed|fast stock]], the physically random repositioning of [[film grain]]s in each frame at higher rates effectively [[oversampling|oversamples]] the image's spatial resolution beyond the minimum fineness of individual grains when viewed.
==Usage in the film industry==
{{See also|List of films with high frame rates}}
[[Peter Jackson]]'s [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' film series]], beginning with ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'' in December 2012, used a shooting and projection frame rate of 48 frames per second, becoming the first feature film with a [[wide release]] to do so.<ref>{{cite news|author=Carolyn Giardina | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/showeast-2012-major-exhibitors-sign-387289|title=Showeast 2012: Major Exhibitors Sign for High Frame-Rate 'Hobbit' Despite Format Challenges| work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=November 7, 2012|
In 2016, [[Ang Lee]] released ''[[Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk (film)|Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk]]''. Unlike ''The Hobbit'' trilogy, which used 48 frames per second, the picture shot and projected selected scenes in 120 frames per second, which is five times faster than the 24 frames per second standard used in Hollywood.<ref>{{cite news|author=Adam Chitwood | url=https://collider.com/ang-lee-billy-lynns-long-halftime-walk-movie-120-fps-4k/|title=Ang Lee to Unveil
Other filmmakers who intend to use the high frame rate format include [[James Cameron]] in his [[Avatar (2009 film)#Sequels|''Avatar'' sequels]]<ref>{{cite news|author=Carolyn Giardina | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/james-cameron-fully-intends-make-172916|title=James Cameron 'Fully Intends' to Make 'Avatar 2 and 3' at Higher Frame Rates| work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=March 30, 2011|
▲In 2016, [[Ang Lee]] released ''[[Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk (film)|Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk]]''. Unlike ''The Hobbit'' trilogy, which used 48 frames per second, the picture shot and projected selected scenes in 120 frames per second, which is five times faster than the 24 frames per second standard used in Hollywood.<ref>{{cite news|author=Adam Chitwood | url=https://collider.com/ang-lee-billy-lynns-long-halftime-walk-movie-120-fps-4k/|title=Ang Lee to Unveil ‘Billy Lynn’s Long Halftime Walk’ in 120 Frames-Per-Second 4K 3D| website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |date=March 7, 2016|accessdate=January 19, 2019}}</ref> Lee's 2019 ''[[Gemini Man (film)|Gemini Man]]'' was also shot and distributed in 120 frames per second.<ref>{{cite new|author=Boxoffice Staff | url=https://www.boxofficepro.com/gemini-man-to-premiere-in-120-fps-high-frame-rate-at-tcl-chinese-theatre/|title=Gemini Man to Premiere in 120 fps High Frame Rate at TCL Chinese Theatre| website=boxofficepro |date=October 3, 2019|accessdate=October 12, 2019}}</ref>
In early 2022, Cameron announced that HFR conversions for his previous films, ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'' and ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]'', were in the works.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/avatar-and-titanic-to-be-remastered-with-truecut-motion-301588450.html|title=AVATAR AND TITANIC TO BE REMASTERED WITH TRUECUT MOTION|date=19 July 2022|publisher=PR Newswire|language=en|access-date=21 August 2022}}</ref>
''[[Avatar: The Way of Water]]'' released on December 16, 2022 with a dynamic frame rate. Some scenes are displayed up to 48 fps, while others are displayed in a more traditional, slower rate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=James Cameron thinks his Avatar sequel cracks high frame rate technology |url=https://uk.movies.yahoo.com/james-cameron-avatar-way-of-water-3d-high-frame-rate-104938634.html |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=uk.movies.yahoo.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
▲Other filmmakers who intend to use the high frame rate format include [[James Cameron]] in his [[Avatar (2009 film)#Sequels|''Avatar'' sequels]]<ref>{{cite news|author=Carolyn Giardina | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/james-cameron-fully-intends-make-172916|title=James Cameron 'Fully Intends' to Make 'Avatar 2 and 3' at Higher Frame Rates| work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=March 30, 2011|accessdate=November 8, 2012}}</ref> and [[Andy Serkis]] in his adaptation of [[George Orwell]]'s ''[[Animal Farm]]''.<ref>{{cite news|author=Carolyn Giardina | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/andy-serkis-animal-farm-381314|title=Andy Serkis to Direct Adaptation of 'Animal Farm'| work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=October 19, 2012|accessdate=November 8, 2012}}</ref>
==Out of the cinema==
Some media players are capable of showing
Filmmakers may originate their projects at 120, 240 or 300 fps so that it may be evenly pulled down to various multiple differing frame rates for distribution, such as 25, 30, 50, and 60 fps for video and 24, 48 or 60 fps for cinematic theater. The same is also done when creating [[slow motion]] sequences and is sometimes referred to as "overcranking."<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 11, 2019 |title=Intro to Slow Motion Video |url=https://support.red.com/hc/en-us/articles/360037280473-Intro-to-Slow-Motion-Video |website=RED Support}}</ref>
{{anchor|Video encoding methods}}
== Video file recording methods ==
Usually, cameras (including those in mobile phones) historically had two ways of encoding high framerate (or slow motion) video into the video file:
▲{{main|Slow motion#Video file recording methods}}.
==See also==
* [[High-motion]]
* [[Motion interpolation]]
* [[Variable refresh rate]]
==References==
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