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'''Blood vessel disorder''' generally refers to the narrowing, hardening or enlargement of [[arteries]] and [[veins]]. It is often due to the build-up of fatty deposits in the [[Lumen (anatomy)|lumen]] of blood vessels or infection of the vessel wall. This can occur in various locations such as coronary blood vessels, peripheral arteries and veins. The narrowed arteries would block the blood supply to different organs and tissues.<ref name=pmid11001066>{{cite journal |last1=Lusis |first1=Aldons J. |title=Atherosclerosis |journal=Nature |date=September 2000 |volume=407 |issue=6801 |pages=233–241 |doi=10.1038/35025203 |pmid=11001066 |pmc=2826222 }}</ref> In severe conditions, it may develop into more critical health problems like [[myocardial infarction]], [[stroke]] or [[heart failure]], which are some of the major reasons of death.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death|title=The top 10 causes of death|website=www.who.int|access-date=2019-03-14}}</ref>
There are many causes contributing to blood vessel disorder including high blood [[cholesterol]] and calcium levels, blood clot formation and inflammation of arteries. It is found that age, sedentary lifestyle, diets rich in lipids, smoking, [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes]] and family history of [[cardiovascular disease]]s are common risk factors.<ref name=pmid17308214>{{cite journal |last1=Pinto |first1=E. |title=Blood pressure and ageing |journal=Postgraduate Medical Journal |date=1 February 2007 |volume=83 |issue=976 |pages=109–114 |doi=10.1136/pgmj.2006.048371 |pmid=17308214 |pmc=2805932 }}</ref> A mild degree of blood vessel disorder may be asymptomatic.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|last=Høyer|first=Christian|title=Diagnosis of Peripheral Arterial Disease Based on Distal Limb Pressures|volume=1|date=2014|pages=1–129|publisher=River Publisher|isbn=9788793102781|doi=10.13052/rp-oa9788793102781|doi-access=free}}</ref> Blood tests on cholesterol and calcium level can be performed to monitor the risk of having the disorder. Additionally, techniques such as [[angiography]] and [[ultrasound]] imaging are useful tools for diagnosis.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Espinola-Klein |first1=C. |s2cid=23977808 |title=Periphere arterielle Verschlusskrankheit |trans-title=Peripheral arterial disease |language=German |journal=Der Internist |date=2 April 2011 |volume=52 |issue=5 |pages=549–561 |doi=10.1007/s00108-011-2814-7 |pmid=21455686 }}</ref> It can be treated by both medication or surgery, depending on the type of blood vessel disorder.{{cn|date=August 2022}}
== Types of Blood Vessel Disorder ==
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=== Raynaud’s Disease ===
[[Raynaud syndrome|Raynaud’s disease]] is a rare peripheral vascular syndrome that narrows blood vessels, generally in the hands and feet, due to cold or stressful emotion.<ref name=pmid16444858>{{cite journal |last1=Cooke |first1=John P |last2=Marshall |first2=Janice M |s2cid=25171699 |title=Mechanisms of Raynaud's disease |journal=Vascular Medicine |date=3 September 2016 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=293–307 |doi=10.1191/1358863x05vm639ra |pmid=16444858 |doi-access=free }}</ref> It is recognized by the reduction of blood flow to fingers and toes with periodic spasm and results in a drastic color change to white or blue.<ref name=pmid16444858/><ref name=pmid21704575>{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Youn Hwan |last2=Ng |first2=Siew-Weng |last3=Seo |first3=Heung Seok |last4=Chang Ahn |first4=Hee |title=Classification of Raynaud's disease based on angiographic features |journal=Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery |date=November 2011 |volume=64 |issue=11 |pages=1503–1511 |doi=10.1016/j.bjps.2011.05.017 |pmid=21704575 }}</ref> The disease may further develop into ischaemic pain and [[necrosis]] of fingers or toes.<ref name=pmid21704575/> The pathology of Raynaud's disease starts with the activation of sympathetic nervous system triggered by cold or the feeling of stress.<ref name=pmid16444858/>
[[File:Erythromelalgia.jpg|thumb|Symptoms of erythromelalgia]]
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=== Vascular ultrasound ===
Vascular ultrasound is a non-invasive imaging method to examine the circulation inside blood vessels. Sound waves are transmitted through the tissues of the targeted area and they reflect on the blood cells moving within blood vessels.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Peripheral vascular ultrasound : how, why, and when |first=Abigail |last=Thrush |date=2006 |publisher=Elsevier Churchill Livingstone |isbn=978-0-443-07283-3 |oclc=475766794 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/peripheralvascul0000thru }}{{pn|date=June 2019}}</ref> The waves recorded are displayed as an image of the blood vessel and the speed of waves detected can be used to calculate the speed of blood flow inside the vessel.<ref name=pmid17288128>{{cite journal |last1=Roman |first1=Mary J |last2=Naqvi |first2=Tasneem Z |last3=Gardin |first3=Julius M |last4=Gerhard-Herman |first4=Marie |last5=Jaff |first5=Michael |last6=Mohler |first6=Emile |author7=American Society of Echocardiography |author8=Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology |title=American Society of Echocardiography Report |journal=Vascular Medicine |date=29 June 2016 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=201–211 |doi=10.1177/1358863x06070511 |pmid=17288128 |citeseerx=10.1.1.309.4913 |s2cid=19777173 |url=http://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Clinical-App-of-Noninvasive-Vasc-US-in-CV-Risk-Stratification.pdf }}</ref> When the rate of blood flow is too low, there may be a blockage of vessel. By evaluating blood flow in vessels, the severity and specific location of blood vessel disorder can be determined.<ref name=pmid17288128/>
== Treatments ==
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=== Medications ===
[[Beta blocker]]s are medications that inhibit the sympathetic nervous system by blocking the beta [[adrenergic receptor]]s. They can be used to slow down heart rate and decrease blood pressure by inhibiting beta receptors in the heart.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wiysonge |first1=Charles S |last2=Bradley |first2=Hazel A |last3=Volmink |first3=Jimmy |last4=Mayosi |first4=Bongani M |last5=Opie |first5=Lionel H |title=Beta-blockers for hypertension |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=1 |pages=CD002003 |date=20 January 2017 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002003.pub5 |pmid=28107561 |pmc=5369873 }}</ref> These medications also induce vasodilation by relaxing smooth muscle in blood vessels. Examples of beta blockers include [[carvedilol]], [[metoprolol]], and [[bisoprolol]]. {{citation needed|date=September 2020}}
[[Calcium channel blocker]]s are medications that prevent the movement of calcium ions across calcium channels. They can be used to relieve hypertension by causing vascular smooth muscle relaxation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mason |first1=R.P. |last2=Marche |first2=P. |last3=Hintze |first3=T.H. |title=Novel Vascular Biology of Third-Generation L-Type Calcium Channel Antagonists |journal=Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology |date=December 2003 |volume=23 |issue=12 |pages=2155–2163 |doi=10.1161/01.ATV.0000097770.66965.2A |pmid=14512371 |doi-access=free }}</ref> They also reduce the heart rate and contractility to lower the cardiac output, which in turn lower blood pressure. [[Amlodipine]], [[hydralazine]] and [[dihydropyridine]] are examples of calcium channel blockers.{{cn|date=November 2021}}
Other medications such as [[angiotensin-converting enzyme]] (ACE) inhibitors and diuretics can be used to relieve hypertension.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Flather |first1=Marcus D |last2=Yusuf |first2=Salim |last3=Køber |first3=Lars |last4=Pfeffer |first4=Marc |last5=Hall |first5=Alistair |last6=Murray |first6=Gordon |last7=Torp-Pedersen |first7=Christian |last8=Ball |first8=Stephen |last9=Pogue |first9=Janice |last10=Moyé |first10=Lemuel |last11=Braunwald |first11=Eugene |title=Long-term ACE-inhibitor therapy in patients with heart failure or left-ventricular dysfunction: a systematic overview of data from individual patients |journal=The Lancet |date=May 2000 |volume=355 |issue=9215 |pages=1575–1581 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02212-1 |pmid=10821360 |s2cid=25380490 }}</ref> [[Statin]]s and [[fibrate]]s can also be prescribed to lower blood cholesterol level and hence reducing the risk of plaque formation in blood vessels.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes |journal=Obstetrics & Gynecology |date=July 2004 |volume=104 |issue=1 |pages=188 |doi=10.1097/01.aog.0000133105.83326.47 |s2cid=20967469 }}</ref> Anti-platelet medications e.g. [[aspirin]] help reducing blood clot formation in vessels as well.
== References ==
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