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{{Legal status of persons}}
'''Citizenship''' is
Generally citizenships have no expiration and allow persons to [[Right of abode|work]], [[Permanent residency|reside]] and [[Suffrage|vote]] in the polity, as well as identify with the polity, possibly acquiring a [[passport]]. Though through [[discrimination|discriminatory]] laws, like [[disfranchisement]] and outright [[Crime of apartheid|apartheid]] citizens have been made [[second-class citizen]]s. Historically, [[population]]s of states were mostly [[commoner|subject]]s,<ref name="Leydet 2006 w138"/> while citizenship was a particular status which originated in the rights of urban populations, like the rights of the male [[public]] of [[city|cities]] and [[republic]]s, particularly [[Polis|ancient city-states]], giving rise to a [[civitas]] and the [[social class]] of the [[Burgher (social class)|burgher]] or [[bourgeoisie]]. Since then states have expanded the status of citizenship to
▲Historically [[population]]s of states were mostly [[commoner|subject]]s,<ref name="Leydet 2006 w138"/> while citizenship was a particular status which originated in the rights of urban populations, like the rights of the male [[public]] of [[city|cities]] and [[republic]]s, particularly [[Polis|ancient city-states]], giving rise to a [[civitas]] and the [[social class]] of the [[Burgher (social class)|burgher]] or [[bourgeoisie]]. Since then states have expanded the status of citizenship to all of their national [[people]], while the [[naturalization|access to different citizenships]] and the [[Citizen rights|extend of citizen rights]] remain contested.
==Definition==
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==Determining factors==
{{More citations needed section|date=November 2019}}
A person can be recognized as a citizen on a number of bases.
* Nationality. Nationality and citizenship are generally indissociable, citizenship being in most cases a consequence of nationality.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Koubi |first=Geneviève |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LIxYDwAAQBAJ |title=De la citoyenneté |date=1994-12-31 |publisher=FeniXX réédition numérique |isbn=978-2-402-10208-7 |language=fr}}</ref>
* Place of residence. In some countries, foreign residents have citizenship rights and [[Non-citizen suffrage|can vote]].<ref name=":1" />
* Citizenship by [[Honorary citizenship|honorary conferment]]. This type of citizenship is conferred to an individual as a sign of honour.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=keypoint |date=2022-09-14 |title=TYPES OF CITIZENSHIP — Civic Keypoint |url=https://keypoint.ng/types-of-citizenship-2/ |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=keypoint |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Excluded categories. In most countries, minors are not considered as full citizens. In the past, there have been exclusions on entitlement to citizenship on grounds such as skin color, ethnicity, sex, land ownership status, and free status (not being a [[slave]]). Most of these exclusions no longer apply in most places. Modern examples include some [[Gulf countries]] which rarely grant citizenship to non-Muslims, e.g. [[Qatar]] is known for granting citizenship to foreign athletes, but they all have to profess the [[Islamic]] faith in order to receive citizenship. The United States grants citizenship to those born as a result of reproductive technologies, and internationally adopted children born after February 27, 1983. Some exclusions still persist for internationally adopted children born before February 27, 1983, even though their parents meet citizenship criteria.
=== Responsibilities of a citizen ===
Every citizen has obligations that are required by law and some responsibilities that benefit the community. Obeying the laws of a country and paying taxes are some of the obligations required of citizens by law. Voting and community services form part of responsibilities of a citizen that benefits the community.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ROLES, RIGHTS & RESPONSIBILITIES OF CITIZENS |url=https://ympacademy.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Civics-EOC-Review-CATEGORY-2-ROLES-RIGHTS-AND-RESPONSIBILITIES-OF-CITIZENS.pdf |access-date=10 May 2023}}</ref>
The [[Constitution of Ghana]] (1992), Article 41, obligates citizens to promote the prestige and good name of Ghana and respect the symbols of Ghana. Examples of national symbols includes the Ghanaian flag, coat of arms, money, and state sword. These national symbols must be treated with respect and high esteem by citizens since they best represent Ghanaians.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2021 |title=Know your duties as a citizen of Ghana |url=https://www.nccegh.org/news/know-your-duties-as-a-citizen-of-ghana |access-date=10 May 2023 |website=National Commission for Civic Education}}</ref>
Apart from responsibilities, citizens also have rights. Some of the rights are the right to pursue life, liberty and happiness, the right to worship, right to run for elected office and right to express oneself.
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[[File:Arte greca, pietra tombale di donna con la sua assistente, 100 ac. circa.JPG|thumb|right|Geoffrey Hosking suggests that fear of being enslaved was a central motivating force for the development of the Greek sense of citizenship. Sculpture: a Greek woman being served by a slave-child.]]
Slavery permitted slave-owners to have substantial free time and enabled participation in public life.<ref name=twsfjiui/> Polis citizenship was marked by exclusivity. Inequality of status was widespread; citizens (πολίτης ''politēs'' < πόλις 'city') had a higher status than non-citizens, such as women, slaves, and resident foreigners ([[metic]]s).<ref name=tws2Y16/>{{sfn|Pocock|1998|p=33}} The first form of citizenship was based on the way people lived in the [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] times, in small-scale organic communities of the polis.
===Roman ideas===
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How citizenship is understood depends on the person making the determination. The relation of citizenship has never been fixed or static, but constantly changes within each society. While citizenship has varied considerably throughout history, and within societies over time, there are some common elements but they vary considerably as well. As a bond, citizenship extends beyond basic kinship ties to unite people of different genetic backgrounds. It usually signifies membership in a political body. It is often based on or was a result of, some form of military service or expectation of future service. It usually involves some form of political participation, but this can vary from token acts to active service in government.
| last = Gross
| first = Feliks
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* [[Citizen's dividend]]
* [[Citizenship Studies]]
* [[Civic virtue]]
* [[Credit score]]
* [[Honorary citizenship]]
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* [[Transnational citizenship]]
==
{{Notelist}}
==References==
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| url = https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofci00dere
}}
*{{Cite book
| last1 = Howard-Hassmann
| first1 = Rhoda E.
| author-link = Rhoda Howard-Hassmann
| last2 = Walton-Roberts
| first2 = Margaret
| title = The Human Right to Citizenship: A Slippery Concept
| publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press
| series = Pennsylvania Studies in Human Rights Series
| year = 2015
| isbn = 9780812247176
}}▼
* {{Cite book
| last =Kymlicka
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| publisher = United States Office of Personnel Management Investigations Service
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060404042127/http://www.opm.gov/extra/investigate/IS-01.pdf
| archive-date = 2006-04-04 }}
▲}}
{{Social class}}
{{Political philosophy}}
{{Authority control}}
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