Content deleted Content added
Saku sisukas (talk | contribs) Link |
HeyElliott (talk | contribs) |
||
| (26 intermediate revisions by 7 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{Short description|One of five Nobel Prizes established by Alfred Nobel}}
{{Redirect|Nobel Peace|the film|Nobel Peace (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox award
| caption = [[Jimmy Carter]]'s 2002 Nobel Peace Prize
| holder = [[Narges Mohammadi]] [[2023 Nobel Peace Prize|(2023)]]<ref>{{cite web|title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2022|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2022/summary/|publisher=The Nobel Prize|date=7 October 2022|access-date=29 March 2024|archive-date=7 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007092351/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2022/summary/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| previous = [[2022 Nobel Peace Prize|2022]]▼
}}
{{Quote box
| quote = "We who have fought against you, the Palestinians, we say to you today, in a loud and a clear voice; Enough of blood and tears. Enough!"
| source = — [[Yitzhak Rabin|Rabin]], who was given the award in 1994, said on behalf of the Israeli people<ref>{{cite book|first=Yitzhak|last=Rabin|title=The Rabin Memoirs, Expanded Edition with Recent Speeches, New Photographs, and an Afterword|date=17 November 1996|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20766-0|page=401|quote=Let me say to you, the Palestinians: We are destined to live together, on the same soil in the same land. We, the soldiers who have returned from battle stained with blood, we who have seen our relatives and friends killed before our eyes, we who have attended their funerals and cannot look into the eyes of parents and orphans, we who have come from a land where parents bury their children, we who have fought against you, the Palestinians – we say to you today in a loud and clear voice; Enough of blood and tears. Enough.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gb8sjKSTvFwC&q=We+say+to+you+today+in+a+loud+and+clear+voice%3A+Enough+of+blood+and+tears.+Enough.&pg=PA401}}</ref><ref name=DicusUPI1993>{{cite web |author=Dicus, Howard |year=1993 |title=1993 Year in Review: Israeli-Palestinian Peace Treaty |url=http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1993/Israeli-Palestinian-Peace-Treaty/12315348902747-2/ |publisher=United Press International |access-date=16 September 2012}}</ref> after the historical handshake with [[Yasser Arafat]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/20-years-on-rabins-right-hand-man-regrets-arguments-won-and-lost/|title=20 years on, Rabin's right-hand man regrets arguments won, and lost|newspaper=The Times of Israel|access-date=28 November 2016}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 22em
| bgcolor = lightyellow
}}
The '''Nobel Peace Prize''' ([[Swedish language|Swedish]] and {{lang-no|Nobels fredspris}}) is one of the five [[Nobel Prize]]s established by the will of Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments (military weapons and equipment) manufacturer [[Alfred Nobel]], along with the prizes in [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]], [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]], [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]], and [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]. Since March 1901,<ref>{{cite web |date=1972 |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1901 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1901/address.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102153041/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1901/address.html |archive-date=2 January 2007 |access-date=19 March 2016 |work=[[Nobel Foundation]]}}</ref> it has been awarded annually (with some exceptions) to
In accordance with Alfred Nobel's will, the recipient is selected by the [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]], a five-member committee appointed by the [[Parliament of Norway]]. Since 2020 the prize is awarded in the [[University of Oslo Faculty of Law|Atrium]] of the [[University of Oslo]], where it was also awarded 1947–1989; the [[Abel Prize]] is also awarded in the building.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uniforum.uio.no/nyheter/2020/09/nobels-fredspris-i-aulaen.html|title=I år skal Nobels fredspris utdeles på UiO - Uniforum|website=www.uniforum.uio.no|access-date=29 March 2024|archive-date=12 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212003308/https://www.uniforum.uio.no/nyheter/2020/09/nobels-fredspris-i-aulaen.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The prize was previously awarded in [[Oslo City Hall]] (1990–2019), the [[Norwegian Nobel Institute]] (1905–1946), and the [[Storting building|Parliament]] (1901–1904).
Due to its political nature, the Nobel Peace Prize has, for most of its history, been the [[Nobel Prize controversies#Peace|subject of numerous controversies]]. The [[2023 Nobel Peace Prize|most recent prize]] was awarded to women's rights advocate [[Narges Mohammadi]] from Iran for her work in "fighting against the oppression of women in Iran
==Background==
[[File:AlfredNobel adjusted.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|[[Alfred Nobel]]]]
According to Nobel's will, the Peace Prize shall be awarded to the person who in the preceding year "shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses".<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/will/will-full.html | access-date = 31 March 2008 | title = Excerpt from the Will of Alfred Nobel | publisher = [[Nobel Foundation]] | archive-date = 15 August 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180815060015/https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/will/will-full.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Alfred Nobel's will further specified that the prize be awarded by a committee of five people chosen by the Norwegian Parliament.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nordlinger |first=Jay |url=https://archive.org/details/peacetheysayhist0000nord |title=Peace, They Say: A History of the Nobel Peace Prize, the Most Famous and Controversial Prize in the World |date=20 March 2012 |publisher=Encounter Books |isbn=9781594035999 |page=[https://archive.org/details/peacetheysayhist0000nord/page/24 24] |language=en |quote= |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2015/12/alfred-nobels-will-a-legal-document-that-might-have-changed-the-world-and-a-mans-legacy/|title=Alfred Nobel's Will: A Legal Document that Might Have Changed the World and a Man's Legacy {{!}} In Custodia Legis: Law Librarians of Congress|last=Levush|first=Ruth|date=7 December 2015|website=blogs.loc.gov|access-date=12 March 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327195227/https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2015/12/alfred-nobels-will-a-legal-document-that-might-have-changed-the-world-and-a-mans-legacy/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Nobel died in 1896 and he did not leave an explanation for choosing [[peace]] as a prize category. As he was a trained chemical engineer, the categories for [[chemistry]] and [[physics]] were obvious choices. The reasoning behind the peace prize is less clear. According to the Norwegian Nobel Committee, his friendship with [[Bertha von Suttner]], a peace activist and later recipient of the prize, profoundly influenced his decision to include peace as a category.<ref name="Why Norway?">{{cite web
Line 34 ⟶ 42:
| publisher = The Norwegian Nobel Committee
| url = https://www.nobelpeaceprize.org/History/Why-Norway
| access-date = 11 October 2009
| access-date = 11 October 2009}}</ref> Some Nobel scholars suggest it was Nobel's way to compensate for developing destructive forces. His inventions included [[dynamite]] and [[ballistite]], both of which were used violently during his lifetime. Ballistite was used in war<ref>Altman, L. (2006). [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/26/health/26docs.html?pagewanted=1&ei=5070&en=919b88628e82140e&ex=1160884800 Alfred Nobel and the prize that almost didn't happen]. ''New York Times''. Retrieved 14 October 2006.</ref> and the [[Irish Republican Brotherhood]], an Irish nationalist organization, carried out dynamite attacks in the 1880s.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/easterrising/profiles/po17.shtml BBC History – 1916 Easter Rising – Profiles – The Irish Republican Brotherhood] ''BBC''</ref> Nobel was also instrumental in turning [[Bofors]] from an iron and steel producer into an armaments company.▼
| archive-date = 5 November 2018
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181105210706/https://www.nobelpeaceprize.org/History/Why-Norway
| url-status = live
▲
It is unclear why Nobel wished the Peace Prize to be administered in Norway, which was [[personal union|ruled]] in [[Union between Sweden and Norway|union with Sweden]] at the time of Nobel's death. The Norwegian Nobel Committee speculates that Nobel may have considered Norway better suited to awarding the prize, as it did not have the same militaristic traditions as [[Sweden]]. It also notes that at the end of the 19th century, the [[Norwegian parliament]] had become closely involved in the [[Inter-Parliamentary Union]]'s efforts to resolve conflicts through mediation and arbitration.<ref name="Why Norway?"/>
Line 55 ⟶ 67:
* Former permanent advisers to the [[Norwegian Nobel Institute]]
The working language of the Norwegian Nobel Committee is Norwegian; in addition to Norwegian the committee has traditionally received nominations in French, German, and English, but today most nominations are submitted in either Norwegian or English. Nominations must usually be submitted to the committee by the beginning of February in the award year. Nominations by committee members can be submitted up to the date of the first Committee meeting after this deadline.<ref name="nomination"/>
In 2009, a record 205 nominations were received,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/eu_nobel_peace |title=President Barack Obama wins Nobel Peace Prize |publisher=Associated Press on yahoo.com |access-date=9 October 2009 |archive-date=12 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012065130/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/eu_nobel_peace |url-status=live }}</ref> but the record was broken again in 2010 with 237 nominations; in 2011, the record was broken once again with 241 nominations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelpeaceprize.org/en_GB/nomination_committee/nomination-2011/|title=Nominations for the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize|publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|access-date=7 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011080517/http://nobelpeaceprize.org/en_GB/nomination_committee/nomination-2011/|archive-date=11 October 2011}}</ref> The statutes of the Nobel Foundation do not allow information about nominations, considerations, or investigations relating to awarding the prize to be made public for at least 50 years after a prize has been awarded.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelpeaceprize.org/Nomination/Confidentiality|title=Confidentiality|publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|access-date=7 October 2020|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101133/https://www.nobelpeaceprize.org/Nomination/Confidentiality|url-status=live}}</ref> Over time, many individuals have become known as "Nobel Peace Prize Nominees", but this designation has no official standing, and means only that one of the thousands of eligible nominators suggested the person's name for consideration.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/nomination/#nominators|title=Who may submit nominations – Nobels fredspris
===Selection===
Nominations are considered by the Nobel Committee at a meeting where a shortlist of candidates for further review is created. This shortlist is then considered by permanent advisers to the Nobel institute, which consists of the institute's Director and
==Awarding the prize==
Line 79 ⟶ 91:
[[File:Friedensnobelpreis 2001 Vereinte Nationen.jpg|thumb|right|View of a diploma – Nobel Peace Prize 2001, [[United Nations]]]]
{{As of|2022|October}}, the Peace Prize has been awarded to 110 individuals and 27 organizations. 18 women have won the Nobel Peace Prize, more than any other Nobel Prize. Only two recipients have won multiple Prizes: the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] has won three times (1917, 1944, and 1963) and the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] has won twice (1954 and 1981).<ref name="Nobel facts22">{{Cite web |title=Facts on the Nobel Peace Prize |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/facts-on-the-nobel-peace-prize/ |access-date=9 October 2022 |website=[[Nobel Foundation]] |archive-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430064031/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/facts-on-the-nobel-peace-prize/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lê Đức Thọ]] is the only person who refused to accept the Nobel Peace Prize.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://time.com/4061794/nobel-peace-prize-winner-history/ |title = Why a Nobel Peace Prize Was Once Rejected |last = Rothman |first = Lily |website = TIME.com |date = 9 October 2015 |access-date = 16 October 2016 |archive-date = 21 October 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161021021921/http://time.com/4061794/nobel-peace-prize-winner-history/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
==
{{unbalanced section|date=May 2024}}
Some commentators have suggested that the Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded in politically motivated ways for more recent or immediate achievements,<ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nobel-peace-usa-sb-idUKTRE5983AM20091009|title=Obama Peace Prize win has some Americans asking why?|date=9 October 2009|newspaper=Reuters|last1=Nichols|first1=Michelle|access-date=29 March 2024|archive-date=10 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510083841/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-nobel-peace-usa-sb-idUKTRE5983AM20091009|url-status=live}}</ref> or with the intention of encouraging future achievements.<ref name="reuters.com"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Taylor |first=Adam |date=17 September 2015 |title=Obama's peace prize didn't have the desired effect, former Nobel official reveals |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |agency= |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/09/17/obamas-nobel-peace-prize-didnt-have-the-desired-effect-former-nobel-official-reveals/ |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=13 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213121919/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/09/17/obamas-nobel-peace-prize-didnt-have-the-desired-effect-former-nobel-official-reveals/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Some commentators have suggested that to award a peace prize on the basis of
In 2011, a feature story in the Norwegian newspaper {{lang|no|[[Aftenposten]]}} contended that major criticisms of the award were that the [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]] ought to recruit members from professional and international backgrounds, rather than retired members of parliament; that there is too little openness about the criteria that the committee uses when they choose a recipient of the prize; and that the adherence to Nobel's will should be more strict. In the article, Norwegian historian Øivind Stenersen argues that Norway has been able to use the prize as an instrument for nation-building and furthering Norway's foreign policy and economic interests.<ref name=Aftenposten20111004>{{cite news|last=Aspøy, Arild|author-link=Arild Aspøy|title=Fredsprisens gråsoner|newspaper=Aftenposten|date=4 October 2011|page=4|language=no|quote=Nobelkomiteen bør ta inn medlemmer med faglig og internasjonal bakgrunn... som gjøre en like god jobb som pensjonerte stortingsrepresentanter.}}</ref>
In another 2011 ''Aftenposten'' opinion article, the grandson of one of Nobel's two brothers, Michael Nobel, also criticised what he believed to be the politicisation of the award, claiming that the Nobel Committee has not always acted in accordance with Nobel's will.<ref>{{cite news | last = Nobel | first = Michael | title = I strid med Nobels vilje | newspaper = Aftenposten | location = Oslo, Norway | language = no | date = 9 December 2011 | url = http://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/I-strid-med-Nobels-vilje-6717623.html | access-date = 12 December 2011 | archive-date = 7 January 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120107214919/http://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/I-strid-med-Nobels-vilje-6717623.html | url-status = live }}</ref>
===Acclamation===
{{expand section|date=May 2024}}
<blockquote>Military cemeteries in every corner of the world are silent testimony to the failure of national leaders to sanctify human life.
:— [[Yitzhak Rabin]], 1994 Nobel Peace Prize lecture<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1994/rabin-lecture.html 1994 Nobel Peace Prize lecture] (10 December 1994)</ref></blockquote>
===Criticism of individual conferments===
Line 92 ⟶ 111:
[[File:Jagland and Obama.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Barack Obama with Thorbjørn Jagland|[[Barack Obama]] with [[Thorbjørn Jagland]] at the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize ceremony]]
Nobel Peace Prize controversies often reach beyond the academic community. Criticisms that have been
| last = Said | first = Edward| title = Peace and Its Discontents: Essays on Palestine in the Middle East Peace Process| publisher = Vintage| year = 1996| isbn = 0-679-76725-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Gotlieb|first=Michael|title=Arafat tarnishes the Nobel trophy|newspaper=The San Diego Union – Tribune|page=B7|date=24 October 1994}}</ref> [[Lê Đức Thọ]], [[Henry Kissinger]],<ref name="1973Times">{{cite news
===Notable omissions===
''[[Foreign Policy]]'' has listed [[Corazon Aquino]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], [[U Thant]], [[Václav Havel]], [[Ken Saro-Wiwa]], and [[Fazle Hasan Abed]] as people who "never won the prize, but should have
| last = James
| first = Frank
Line 102 ⟶ 121:
| newspaper = NPR
| date = 9 October 2009
| url = https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2009/10/nobel_peace_prizes_notable_omi.html
| access-date = 12 December 2011
| archive-date = 31 March 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150331054215/http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2009/10/nobel_peace_prizes_notable_omi.html
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
The omission of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] has been particularly widely discussed, including in public statements by various members of the Nobel Committee.<ref name="gandhi">{{cite web |last=Tønnesson |first=Øyvind |date=7 July 2022 |title=Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureate |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/mahatma-gandhi-the-missing-laureate |access-date=8 July 2022 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]] |archive-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920235427/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/mahatma-gandhi-the-missing-laureate/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Your Questions About the Nobel Peace Prize! |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prize_announcements/peace/ask_questions.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323125008/http://nobelprize.org/prize_announcements/peace/ask_questions.html |archive-date=23 March 2007 |website=[[Nobel Foundation]]}}</ref> The committee has confirmed that Gandhi was nominated in 1937, 1938, 1939, 1947, and, finally, a few days before his assassination in January 1948.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nomination Database for the Nobel Peace Prize, 1901–1956: Gandhi |url=http://nobelprize.org/nomination/peace/nomination.php?key1=candname&log1=LIKE&string1=gandhi&action=advsearch&log10=OR&key2=candname&log2=LIKE&string2=&log11=OR&key3=candname&log3=LIKE&string3=&startyear=&endyear=&order1=year&order2=nomname&order3=cand1name&submit2.x=0&submit2.y=0&submit2=Go |access-date=13 October 2008 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]] |archive-date=7 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207012955/http://nobelprize.org/nomination/peace/nomination.php?key1=candname&log1=LIKE&string1=gandhi&action=advsearch&log10=OR&key2=candname&log2=LIKE&string2=&log11=OR&key3=candname&log3=LIKE&string3=&startyear=&endyear=&order1=year&order2=nomname&order3=cand1name&submit2.x=0&submit2.y=0&submit2=Go |url-status=live }}</ref> The omission has been publicly regretted by later members of the Nobel Committee.<ref name="gandhi"/> [[Geir Lundestad]], Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee in 2006 said, "The greatest omission in our 106-year history is undoubtedly that Mahatma Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace Prize. Gandhi could do without the Nobel Peace prize, whether Nobel committee can do without Gandhi is the question
==References==
<references>
<ref name=Fortune>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]|title=Nobel Peace Prize winners actually get a lot of money.
</references>
| |||