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{{Short description|none}}
<!-- Short description should be deliberately left blank, see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{EngvarB|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
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| image = Indonesia (orthographic projection).svg
| caption = [[Indonesia]]
| legal_status =
| penalty =
| gender_identity_expression =
| recognition_of_relationships = [[Recognition of same-sex unions in Indonesia|No recognition of same-sex couples]]
| recognition_of_relationships_restrictions = <!--laws restricting marriage to man/woman or banning civil unions, etc.-->
| adoption = Adoption by single LGBT people recognized, but adoptions by same sex couples are banned
| military = Not explicitly prohibited by Law (de jure), Illegal (de facto)
| discrimination_protections =
}}
In July 2015, the [[Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia)|Minister of Religious Affairs]] stated that it is difficult for Indonesia to legalize same-sex marriage because deep-seated religious norms speak strongly against it.<ref name="JP Gay Marriage">{{cite news | title = Difficult for Indonesia to legalize gay marriage: Minister | location = Jakarta | date = 2 July 2015 | newspaper = The Jakarta Post | url = http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/07/02/difficult-indonesia-legalize-gay-marriage-minister.html | access-date = 17 March 2016 | archive-date = 17 November 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181117073932/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/07/02/difficult-indonesia-legalize-gay-marriage-minister.html | url-status = live }}</ref> The importance in Indonesia for social harmony leads to an emphasis on duties over rights, meaning that [[human rights]] broadly, including [[LGBT rights]], are very fragile.<ref name=Offord>{{Cite journal| last = Offord| first = Baden|author2=Cantrell, Leon| title = Homosexual Rights as Human Rights in Indonesia and Australia| journal = Journal of Homosexuality| volume = 40| issue = 3&4| pages = 233–252| publisher = Routledge| date = May 2001| issn = 0091-8369| doi = 10.1300/J082v40n03_12| pmid = 11386335| s2cid = 26743310}}</ref> Despite this, the LGBT community in Indonesia has steadily become more visible and politically active.<ref name=Offord/>
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Despite Indonesia's reputation as a relatively moderate Muslim country, in the 21st century sharia-supporting fundamentalist Muslim groups have gained increasing support.<ref name="radical"/> As a result, LGBT people have faced growing hostility and intolerance, including attacks and discrimination.<ref name="NYT-1">{{cite news | title = Anti-Gay Actions in Indonesia Threaten a Fragile Population | author = Jeffrey Hutton | date = 15 February 2016 | newspaper = The New York Times | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/16/world/asia/indonesia-antigay-sentiment.html?_r=0 | access-date = 2 March 2017 | archive-date = 21 September 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180921103512/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/16/world/asia/indonesia-antigay-sentiment.html?_r=0 | url-status = live }}</ref> In early 2016, LGBT people and activists in Indonesia faced fierce opposition, [[Homophobia|homophobic attacks]] and [[hate speech]], even launched by Indonesian authorities.<ref name="Reuters">{{cite news | work = Reuters | date = 8 March 2016 | title = Under attack, Indonesian LGBT groups set up safehouses, live in fear | author = Alisa Tang | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-indonesia-gay-rights-idUSKCN0WB02Z | access-date = 1 July 2017 | archive-date = 28 July 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180728035648/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-indonesia-gay-rights-idUSKCN0WB02Z | url-status = live }}</ref> In February 2016, [[Human Rights Watch]] urged the Indonesian government to defend the rights of LGBT people and publicly condemn officials' discriminatory remarks.<ref name="HRW-1">{{cite web | date = 11 February 2016 | title = Indonesia: Flurry of Anti-Gay Statements by Officials, Condemn Bias; Pledge to Protect LGBT Groups | website = Human Rights Watch | url = https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/02/11/indonesia-flurry-anti-gay-statements-officials | access-date = 18 March 2016 | archive-date = 25 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190125212804/https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/02/11/indonesia-flurry-anti-gay-statements-officials | url-status = live }}</ref>
In 2017, two young [[gay men]] (aged 20 and 23) were sentenced to being [[Caning|caned]] in front of the public in the Aceh province.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news|title=Indonesia's Aceh: Two gay men sentenced to 85 lashes|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-39945651|date=17 May 2017|work=[[BBC News Online]]|access-date=21 July 2018|archive-date=23 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823035156/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-39945651|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Two Men Publicly Caned in Indonesia for Having Gay Sex|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/two-men-publicly-caned-indonesia-having-gay-sex-n763511|date=23 May 2017|access-date=23 May 2017|publisher=[[NBC News]]|agency=[[Reuters]]|archive-date=28 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428055142/https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/two-men-publicly-caned-indonesia-having-gay-sex-n763511|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, police launched multiple raids on [[gay sauna]]s under the pretext of pornography-related offences. In May 2017, 141 men were arrested for a "gay sex party" in the capital [[Jakarta]]
The SCMP opinioned in a 2024 article that LGBTQ rights were diminishing in Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-25 |title=Indonesians in Australia rue diminishing LGBTQ rights back home |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/people/article/3253037/amid-mardi-gras-buzz-indonesians-australia-rue-diminishing-lgbtq-rights-back-home |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref>
==Legality of same-sex sexual activity==
In December 2022, the Indonesian House of Representatives has passed a bill that outlaws sex outside of marriage between heterosexuals.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/06/indonesia-passes-legislation-banning-sex-outside-marriage | title=Indonesia passes legislation banning sex outside marriage | website=[[TheGuardian.com]] | date=6 December 2022 }}</ref> The spokesperson for the draft bill stated that, the draft bill will not criminalize private same-sex sexual acts of LGBT persons.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://news.detik.com/berita/d-6441884/segera-disahkan-rkuhp-penjarakan-zina-kumpul-kebo-lgbt-tidak/amp|title= Segera Disahkan: RKUHP Penjarakan Zina-Kumpul Kebo, LGBT Tidak}}</ref> At present, the current Criminal Code which does not criminalize extramarital relations are still in force.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/25029/uu-no-1-tahun-1946|title=Peraturan tentang Hukum Pidana}}</ref>
{{LGBT rights}} Currently, unlike its neighbouring [[LGBT rights in the Commonwealth of Nations|
Indonesia allows one of its provincial government to establish specific [[Sharia|sharia-based]] laws, such as criminal sanctions for homosexuality. These local penalties exist in the province of Aceh, where a bylaw against LGBT rights has been passed. These sharia-based criminal codes permit up to 100 lashes or up to 100 months in prison for consensual same-sex sexual activity.<ref name="JP1"/> In May 2017, two gay men, aged 20 and 23, in the Aceh province were each sentenced to a public [[caning]] of 83 lashes for having consensual sex in private.<ref name="bbc"/>
The [[Constitution of Indonesia|Constitution]] does not explicitly address sexual orientation or gender identity. It does guarantee all citizens various legal rights, including equality before the law, equal opportunity, humane treatment in the workplace, religious freedom, freedom of opinion, peaceful assembly, and association.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indonesianembassy.kiev.ua/about/files/fourth_const.pdf |title=About Fourth Constitution |access-date=2010-07-24 |url-status=dead |website=Indonesian Embassy, Kiev|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818122906/http://indonesianembassy.kiev.ua/about/files/fourth_const.pdf |archive-date=18 August 2011 }}</ref>
The government also has taken specific steps to censor films and other media content that is deemed to be "promoting" homosexuality. In 2016, the government announced plans to ban several websites and computer applications that promotes homosexuality.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-16 |title=Indonesia Wants to Ban Gay-Dating Apps |url=https://time.com/4496531/indonesia-lgbt-grinder/ |access-date=2023-12-04 |publisher=Time|first=Feliz|last=Solomon}}</ref> A survey conducted by [[Pew Research Center]] in 2023 estimated that 95% of Indonesians oppose [[same-sex marriage]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Evans |first1=Johnathan |last2=Jo Starr |first2=Kelsey |last3=Corichi |first3=Manolo |last4=Miner |first4=William |title=Buddhism, Islam and Religious Pluralism in South and Southeast Asia |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2023/09/12/religion-and-politics-2/ |website=Pew Research Center |date=12 September 2023 |access-date=14 September 2023}}</ref>
===Calls for discrimination and criminalization===
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== Conversion therapy ==
Conversion therapy, commonly called "rehabilitation", is not regulated but not criminalized. There was an attempt to legalize conversion therapy, in a draft titled "RUU Ketahanan Keluarga" (means "Drafted Law of Family Resilience") but got rejected by 5 factions out of 9 factions.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saubani |first1=Andri |title=RUU Ketahanan Keluarga Kandas, Pengusul Bersedih |url=https://news.republika.co.id/berita//qkag45409/ruu-ketahanan-keluarga-kandas-pengusul-bersedih? |work=Republika Online |date=24 November 2020 |language=id}}</ref> Some city governments de facto legalized
==Living conditions==
86% of Indonesian citizens
Explicit discrimination and violent homophobia are carried out mainly by religious extremists, while subtle discrimination and marginalisation occur in daily life among friends, family, at work or school.<ref name=Laurent/> LGBT people often suffer abuse by the hands of the police, but it is hard to document due to victims refusing to give statements due to their sexuality.<ref name=Laurent/> LGBT people are often arrested or charged due to their sexual orientation.<ref name=Laurent/> Gays in jails are often sexually abused due to their sexual orientation, and often do not report it due to being traumatised and fear of being sent back to prison to suffer further abuse.<ref name=Laurent/>
Indonesia does have a reputation as being a relatively moderate and tolerant Muslim nation, which does have some application to LGBT people. There are some LGBT people in the media, and the national government has allowed a discreet LGBT community to exist,
In January 2018, the [[Aceh]] police ransacked a parlour with support from the Aceh autonomous government. The police tortured all LGBT citizens within the premises of the parlour, shaved the heads of transgender women, stripped their shirts and bras, and paraded them in the street while forcing them to shout "to become men". The event was criticised by human rights organisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2018/01/31/indonesia-is-set-to-ban-gay-sex/|title=Indonesia is set to ban gay sex|website=pinknews.co.uk|date=31 January 2018|access-date=1 February 2018|archive-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824073925/https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2018/01/31/indonesia-is-set-to-ban-gay-sex/|url-status=live}}</ref>
According to [[Planet Romeo]] in 2015, Indonesia has a low abuse rate toward LGBT people. Indonesia ranked 73 on Gay Happiness Index, surpassing [[LGBT rights in Malaysia|Malaysia]] at 77 and [[LGBT rights in India|India]] at 81. Low public opinions
===Media and Censorship===
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Until recently, the depiction of LGBT people was quite visible in Indonesian media, especially in television, with famous TV personalities, hosts, artist and celebrities with effeminate demeanour, or even cross-dressers were quite common in Indonesian television shows. However, after the alleged homosexual scandals involving Indonesian celebrities, in March 2016, the national broadcasting commission emphasised a policy banning TV and radio programs that make LGBT behaviour appear "normal", saying this was to protect children and teenagers who are "susceptible to imitating deviant LGBT behaviours".<ref name="Reuters"/> This meant that broadcast companies, especially television stations, are discouraged from featuring effeminate figures, transgender people or cross-dressing in their programs, although such practices were previously quite common in Indonesian TV shows, especially TV variety shows and ''lawak'' (comedy) performances.<ref name="Reuters"/>
Indonesia recently banned many sites, mainly pornographic sites but also any site that has the word "gay" or any word that related to LGBT. Indonesia also banned some LGBT-related applications like the gay dating service [[Grindr]],<ref>{{Cite
===Political party opinions===
Most of major political parties and politicians remain silent in the cause of [[LGBT]] rights. [[Islamist]] parties like [[Prosperous Justice Party]] (PKS) and [[United Development Party]] (PPP) spoke strongly against LGBT rights and went further to propose a national bill to criminalise LGBT. In March 2016, PKS and PPP proposed an anti-LGBT bill to ban LGBT activism, and criminalise LGBT rights and behaviour.<ref name="Rep-RUU-LGBT"/> [[National Mandate Party]] (PAN), despite sharing anti-LGBT right sentiments with PKS and PPP however, has asked people not to discriminate and harass the LGBT community. However, in return, the party also urged LGBT people not to promote LGBT rights in Indonesia.<ref>{{cite news | date = 26 February 2016 | title = PAN Minta Masyarakat Tidak Diskriminatif dengan Komunitas LGBT | work = Okezone | url = http://news.okezone.com/read/2016/02/26/337/1322323/pan-minta-masyarakat-tidak-diskriminatif-dengan-komunitas-lgbt | language = id | access-date = 18 March 2016 | archive-date = 1 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180101135419/https://news.okezone.com/read/2016/02/26/337/1322323/pan-minta-masyarakat-tidak-diskriminatif-dengan-komunitas-lgbt | url-status = live }}</ref>
Currently, the only political party in Indonesia that has openly supported the LGBT rights movement is The [[Green Party of Indonesia]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Partai Hijau Indonesia di Instagram: "Kelompok Kerja Nasional PHI untuk Orientasi Seksual, Identitas Gender, Ekspresi Gender & Karakter Seksual serta Perlindungan dari Kekerasan Seksual dan Budaya Patriarki menuntut Walikota Bogor mencabut Perda Kota Bogor Nomor 10 Tahun 2021 #SahkanRUUPKS #StopKekerasanSeksual #BiasGender #BersihAdilLestari #BuatSemuaBukanSegelintir Catatan: kelompok kerja PHI terbuka untuk semua anggota & simpatisan PHI, dimana kita semua setara dan berhak untuk mendorong dan memperjuangkan isu-isu yang ingin diangkat selama sejalan dengan platform hijau dan prinsip PHI. Mari bergabung hari ini untuk mewujudkan Indonesia yang bersih, adil dan lestari. www.hijau.org/signup"|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CbPHn88rcss/|website=Instagram|language=id|access-date=2023-01-23}}</ref> However, in October 2016, President [[Joko Widodo]] stated that he is a defender of LGBT rights and that LGBT people should have the right not to be discriminated against.<ref name="joko">{{cite web | title = Indonesia's President Finally Speaks Out Against Worsening Anti-LGBT Discrimination | work = TIME.com | date = 20 October 2016 | url = http://time.com/4537925/indonesias-president-finally-speaks-out-against-worsening-anti-lgbt-discrimination | access-date = 2 November 2016 | archive-date = 28 December 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181228173221/http://time.com/4537925/indonesias-president-finally-speaks-out-against-worsening-anti-lgbt-discrimination/ | url-status = live }}</ref> Also, some politicians from the [[Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle|PDI-P (Party for the Indonesian Democracy Struggle)]] and the moderately conservative [[National Awakening Party|PKB (National Awakening Party)]] has sympathised support for LGBT rights.<ref name=Ireland/> PDI-P further stated that as a pluralist party, they could accept the existence of LGBT people. Despite holding that it is deviant behaviour, PDI-P has urged people to tolerate LGBT people and not extend hostile sentiments against them.<ref>{{cite web | title = PDIP bisa maklumi LGBT, perlu diedukasi bukan dimusuhi | author = Faiq Hidayat | date = 18 February 2016 | work = Merdeka.com | url = http://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/pdip-bisa-maklumi-lgbt-perlu-diedukasi-bukan-dimusuhi.html | language = id | access-date = 18 March 2016 | archive-date = 1 October 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181001031136/https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/pdip-bisa-maklumi-lgbt-perlu-diedukasi-bukan-dimusuhi.html | url-status = live }}</ref>
==LGBT rights movement in Indonesia==
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==Summary table==
{| class="wikitable"
! Right
! Legal status
|-
| Same-sex sexual activity legal
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|-
| Freedom of expression
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] Expressing support for LGBT is allowed and every LGBT-related content is allowed as long as it does not contain pornographic elements and is not targeted at an audience under 18 years of age. However, LGBT content is not allowed on TV during [[Ramadan]].<ref>{{Cite web |website=suara.com |date=8 June 2019 |url=https://www.suara.com/entertainment/2019/06/08/113930/pasang-bendera-pelangi-nikita-mirzani-dukung-lgbt?page=all|title = Pasang Bendera Pelangi, Nikita Mirzani Dukung LGBT?}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|website=tirto.id|url=https://tirto.id/film-kucumbu-tubuh-indahku-kembali-tayang-di-bioskop-6-februari-exgp|title=Film Kucumbu Tubuh Indahku kembali Tayang di Bioskop 6 Februari|date=6 February 2020 |access-date=7 February 2021|archive-date=13 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513155630/https://tirto.id/film-kucumbu-tubuh-indahku-kembali-tayang-di-bioskop-6-februari-exgp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/kpi-larang-tv-siarkan-adegan-berpelukan-lgbt-selama-ramadan-2021-gbkM|title=KPI Larang TV Siarkan Adegan Berpelukan & LGBT Selama Ramadan 2021|access-date=11 April 2021|archive-date=11 April 2021|website=kpi-larang-tv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411045938/https://tirto.id/kpi-larang-tv-siarkan-adegan-berpelukan-lgbt-selama-ramadan-2021-gbkM|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Anti-discrimination laws in employment only
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|-
|Adoption by single people regardless of sexual orientation
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] By law, adoption must be from a married heterosexual couple. However, single parents are allowed to adopt children if the minister permits. There are no requirements regarding sexual orientation to adopt a child as a single parent.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Ricky S.H|last=Pratomo|title=Bolehkah Single Parent Mengadopsi Anak?|url=https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/bolehkah-isingle-parent-i-mengadopsi-anak-lt58536910d0461|access-date=2022-02-08|website=Klinik Hukumonline hukumonline.com|date=7 July 2018 |language=id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ini Tata Cara Mengadopsi Anak Sesuai Undang-Undang|url=https://dukcapil.gunungkidulkab.go.id/2016/08/23/ini-tata-cara-mengadopsi-anak-sesuai-undang-undang/|access-date=2022-02-08|website=Dukcapil Gunungkidul|date=23 August 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| LGBT people are allowed to serve openly in the military
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|-
| Intersex people are allowed to serve openly in the military
| [[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]] In 1 case, an intersex man
|-
| Right to change legal gender
| |||