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[[Plutarch]] in his ''[[Parallel Lives]]'' (''Sertorius'', 75 AD) referring to the military commander [[Quintus Sertorius]] (d. 72 BC), relates that after his return to [[Cádiz]], he met sailors who spoke of idyllic Atlantic islands: "The islands are said to be two in number separated by a very narrow strait and lie {{convert|10,000|furlong|km|lk=in|sigfig=2|disp=sqbr}} from Africa. They are called the [[Fortunate Isles|Isles of the Blessed]]."<ref>{{Citation |last=[[Plutarch]] |title=The Parallel Lives: Sertorius, ch. 8 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/plutarch/lives/sertorius*.html}}</ref>
Archaeological evidence suggests that the islands may have been visited by the [[Viking]]s sometime between 900 and 1030. <ref name="viking">{{cite journal |last1=Rando |first1=Juan Carlos |last2=Pieper |first2=Harald |last3=Alcover |first3=Josep Antoni |title=Radiocarbon evidence for the presence of mice on Madeira Island (North Atlantic) one millennium ago |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=7 April 2014 |volume=281 |issue=1780 |pages=3 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2013.3126 |
Accounts by [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] state that the Mugharrarin ("the adventurers" – seafarers from Lisbon) came across an island where they found "a huge quantity of sheep, the meat of which was bitter and inedible" before going to the more inhabited [[Canary Islands]]. This island, possibly Madeira or [[Hierro]], must have been inhabited or previously visited by people for livestock to be present.<ref>Idrisi, La première géographie de l'Occident, NEF, Paris 1999</ref>
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Slaves were used during the island's period of sugar trade to cultivate sugar cane alongside paid workers, though slave owners were only a small minority of the Madeiran population, and those who did own slaves owned only a few. Slaves consisted of [[Guanches]] from the nearby Canary islands, captured Berbers from the [[conquest of Ceuta]] and West Africans after further exploration of the African coast.<ref>Godinho, V. M. ''Os Descobrimentos e a Economia Mundial'', Arcádia, 1965, Vol 1 and 2, Lisboa</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=madeira history|url=http://www.sanpedroassociation.com/shist.htm|access-date=2021-11-11|website=www.sanpedroassociation.com}}</ref> [[Barbary corsairs]] from North Africa, who enslaved Europeans from ships and coastal communities throughout the Mediterranean region, captured [[Sack of Madeira|1,200 people in Porto Santo]] in 1617.<ref>Fernando Augusto da Silva & Carlos Azevedo de Menezes, "Porto Santo", ''Elucidário Madeirense'', vol. 3 (O-Z), Funchal, DRAC, p. 124.</ref><ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5q9zcB3JS40C&pg=PA7 Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331073518/http://books.google.com/books?id=5q9zcB3JS40C&pg=PA7&dq&hl=en |date=31 March 2015 }}''. Robert Davis (2004). p. 7. {{ISBN|1-4039-4551-9}}.</ref>
Until the first half of the sixteenth century, Madeira was one of the major sugar markets of the Atlantic. Apparently, it is in Madeira that, in the context of sugar production, slave labour was applied for the first time. The colonial system of sugar production was put into practice on the island of Madeira, on a much smaller scale, and later transferred, on a large scale, to other overseas production areas.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Systems|first=Wow|title=Sugar Cane and Madeira Island|url=https://blog.madeira.best/sugar-cane-and-madeira-island|access-date=2021-11-11|website=Madeira Sugar Cane History|language=en}}</ref>
Later on, this small scale of production was outmatched by [[Colonial Brazil|Brazilian]] and [[Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe|São Tomean]] plantations. Madeiran sugar production declined in such a way that it was not enough for domestic needs, so that sugar was imported to the island from other Portuguese colonies.{{cn|date=May 2022}} Sugar mills were gradually abandoned, with few remaining, which gave way to other markets in Madeira.
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|Jan record low C = 8.2
|Feb record low C = 7.4
|Mar record low C =
|Apr record low C = 9.
|May record low C = 9.7
|Jun record low C =
|Jul record low C = 14.6
|Aug record low C = 16.
|Sep record low C =
|Oct record low C = 13.
|Nov record low C = 9.8
|Dec record low C =
|year record low C = 7.4
|precipitation colour = green
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|year percentsun=
|source 1 = [[Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meteo.pt/pt/oclima/normais.clima/1981-2010/009/ |title=Weather Information for Funchal |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121113054132/http://www.meteo.pt/pt/oclima/normais.clima/1981-2010/009/ |archive-date = 13 November 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|source 2 = [[NOAA]] (humidity and some records 1961–1990)<ref name = NOAA >
{{cite web |url=
}}
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[[File:EU OCT and OMR map en.png|thumb|270px|Map of the European Union in the world, with [[Special member state territories and the European Union|overseas countries and territories (OCT) and outermost regions (OMR)]] for which Madeira is included]]Madeira is also an [[Outermost region|Outermost Region]] (OMR) of the [[European Union]], meaning that due to its geographical situation, it is entitled to [[derogation]] from some EU policies despite being part of the European Union.
According to the [[Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union]], both primary and secondary [[European Union law]] applies automatically to Madeira, with possible derogations to take account of its "structural social and economic situation (...) which is compounded by their remoteness, insularity, small size, difficult topography and climate, economic dependence on a few products, the permanence and combination of which severely restrain their development".<ref name="Article 349 of TFEU">[
It forms part of the [[European Union Customs Union|European Union customs area]], the [[Schengen Area]] and the [[European Union Value Added Tax Area]].
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There are several large Madeiran communities around the world, such as the number in the UK, including [[Jersey]],<ref>"[https://www.bbc.co.uk/jersey/voices/funchal.shtml BBC – Jersey Voices] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925065410/http://www.bbc.co.uk/jersey/voices/funchal.shtml |date=25 September 2015 }}"</ref> the [[Portuguese British]] community mostly made up of Madeirans celebrate [[Madeira Day]].
In Venezuela the Madeiran Portuguese settled in cities such as [[Caracas]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Dinneen |first=Mark |date=2015-06-01 |title=El transnacionalismo de los inmigrantes: los portugueses y luso-venezolanos en Caracas |url=http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1012-70892015000100003&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es |journal=Terra |language=es |volume=31 |issue=49 |pages=49–69 |issn=1012-7089}}</ref> and rural areas of the interior. According to figures from the 1990s, around 70% of the Portuguese diaspora in that country was made up of Madeirans and their descendants, initially dedicated to activities such as [[agriculture]], but later, due to the lack of government support, the emigrants concentrated on [[commerce]]<ref name=":0" /> in the large Venezuelan cities. Among the companies founded by Portuguese Madeirans in Venezuela are the supermarkets Central Madeirense, Excelsior Gama, Supermercados Unicasa and Automercados Plaza, and many renowned bakeries.<ref name=":0" /> A state in Venezuela called [[Portuguesa]] was named after its large Portuguese population.
===Immigration===
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==Sustainable development==
Electricity on Madeira is provided solely through EEM (Empresa de Electricidade da Madeira, SA, which holds a monopoly for the provision of electrical supply on the autonomous region) and consists largely of fossil fuels, but with a significant supply of seasonal hydroelectricity from the levada system, wind power and a small amount of solar. Energy production comes from conventional thermal and hydropower, as well as wind and solar energy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Miguel |first1=Miguel |last2=Nogueira |first2=Teresa |last3=Martins |first3=Florinda |date=1 October 2017 |title=Energy storage for renewable energy integration: the case of Madeira Island, Portugal |journal=Energy Procedia |series=4th International Conference on Energy and Environment Research ICEER 2017 |volume=136 |pages=251–257 |doi=10.1016/j.egypro.2017.10.277 |issn=1876-6102|doi-access=free|bibcode=2017EnPro.136..251M |hdl=10400.22/10795 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The Ribeira dos Soccoridos [[hydropower]] plant, rated at 15MW utilises a [[pumped hydropower]] reservoir to recycle mountain water during the dry summer.<ref>{{Cite episode |title=Madeira |series=Islands of the Future |network=[[Netflix]] |date=2014 |season=1 |number=2 |time=48:03}}</ref>
In 2011, renewable energy formed 26.5% of the electricity used in Madeira. By 2020, half of Madeira's energy will come from renewable energy sources.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.madeiraislandnews.com/2019/01/half-of-the-energy-produced-in-madeira-is-from-renewable-sources.html |title=Half of the energy produced in Madeira is from renewable sources |last=Hughes |first=Tobi |date=27 January 2019 |website=Madeira Island News Blog |language=en-GB|access-date=20 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821002545/https://www.madeiraislandnews.com/2019/01/half-of-the-energy-produced-in-madeira-is-from-renewable-sources.html|archive-date=21 August 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> This is due to the planned completion of the Pico da Urze / Calheta [[pumped storage]] hydropower plant, rated at 30MW.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tpf.pt/pt/central-hidroelectrica-e-estacao-de-bombagem-da-calheta-c-1114-5-218---6.html |title=Calheta Hydroelectric Power Station and Pumping Station |website=TPF Consultores |access-date=28 August 2019 |archive-date=28 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828195206/https://www.tpf.pt/pt/central-hidroelectrica-e-estacao-de-bombagem-da-calheta-c-1114-5-218---6.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
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