(Translated by https://www.hiragana.jp/)
Grasse: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

Grasse: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added
Festivals: consistent style
Monkbot (talk | contribs)
m Task 20: replace {lang-??} templates with {langx|??} ‹See Tfd› (Replaced 2);
 
(20 intermediate revisions by 8 users not shown)
Line 1:
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{short description|Subrefecture of Alpes-Maritimes, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox French commune
|name = Grasse
Line 26:
|population footnotes = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}
}}
'''Grasse''' ({{IPA-|fr|ɡʁas}}; [[Provençal dialect|Provençal]] {{lang-langx|oc|Grassa}} <sub>in classical norm</sub> or {{lang|oc|Grasso}} <sub>in [[Mistralian norm]]</sub> {{IPA-oc|ˈɡɾasɔ|}}; traditional {{lang-langx|it|Grassa}}) is the only [[Subprefectures in France|subprefecture]] of the [[Alpes-Maritimes]] [[Departments of France|department]] in the [[Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur]] [[Regions of France|region]] on the [[French Riviera]]. In 2017, the [[Communes of France|commune]] had a population of 50,396.
 
Considered the world's capital of [[perfume]],<ref>[http://www.ville-grasse.fr/tourisme/bienvenue.html Page Bienvenue] sur le site de la ville de Grasse (in French)</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Collins|first1=Ross|title=The Scents of a City|url=https://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~rcollins/travel/Grasse.html|website=www.ndsu.edu|publisher=Fargo-Moorhead Forum|access-date=9 May 2016|date=January 1995}}</ref> Grasse obtained two flowers in the ''[[Concours des villes et villages fleuris]]''<ref>[http://www.villes-et-villages-fleuris.com/leconcours/palmaresdep/P06.htm Palmarès du Concours des villes et villages fleuris dans les Alpes-Maritimes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224045927/http://www.villes-et-villages-fleuris.com/leconcours/palmaresdep/P06.htm |date=2009-02-24 }} (in French)</ref> and was made ''Ville d'Art et d'Histoire'' (City of Art and History).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vpah.culture.fr/vpah/paca/grasse-pr.htm|author=Ministère de la Culture|title=Fiche de Grasse appartenant aux villes du réseau ''ville d'art et d'histoire''|access-date=3 June 2007|language=fr|archive-date=3 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103072225/http://www.vpah.culture.fr/vpah/paca/grasse-pr.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
==Festivals==
Line 34:
 
==Transport==
The [[GareGrasse de Grassestation]] offers railway station offers connections with [[Cannes]], [[Nice]] and [[Ventimiglia, Italy|Ventimiglia]]. From 1909 untilto 1938, the town centre was connected to the railway station by the [[Grasse Funicular]].
 
==Perfume==
Line 40:
[[File:Parfumerie Bruno Court 1923.jpg|thumb|Share of the S. A. de la Parfumerie Bruno Court, issued 1 january 1923]]
 
Grasse has had a prospering [[perfume]] industry since the end of the 18th century. Grasse is the centre of the French [[perfume]] industry and is known as the world's perfume capital (''la capitale mondiale des parfums''). Many "noses" (or, in French, "Lesles nez" (plural)/"Lele nez" (singular)) are trained or have spent time in Grasse to distinguish over 2,000 kinds of scents. Grasse produces over two-thirds of France's natural aromas (for perfume and for food flavourings). This industry turns over more than 600 million [[euro]]seuros a year. {{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} Grasse's particular [[microclimate]] encouraged the flower farming industry. It is warm and sufficiently inland to be sheltered from the sea air. There is an abundance of water, thanks to its location in the hills and the 1860 construction of the [[Siagne]] canal for [[irrigation]] purposes. The town is {{convert|350|m|2|abbr=on}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]] and {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the coast ([[Côte d'Azur]]). [[Jasmine]], a key ingredient of many perfumes, was brought to southern France by the [[Moors]] in the 16th century. Twenty-seven tonnes of jasmine are now harvested in Grasse annually. There are numerous old 'parfumeries' in Grasse, such as [[Galimard]], [[Molinard]] and [[Fragonard (fragrance)|Fragonard]], each with tours and a museum.
 
The trade in [[leather]] and [[Tanning (leather)|tanning]] work developed during the twelfth century around the small canal that runs through the city. This activity produced a strong unpleasant odorodour. At the time of the [[Renaissance]] perfume manufacturers began production of [[gloves]], [[handbag]]shandbags and [[belt (clothing)]], to meet the new fashion from Italy with the entourage of Queen [[Catherine de Medici]].
 
The countryside around the city began to grow fields of flowers, offering new scents from the city. In 1614, the king recognized the new corporation of "glovers perfumers".
In the middle of the eighteenth century, the perfumery was experiencing a very important development. Leading companies dating from this period includes the oldest [[France|French]] perfumerie, and third oldest parfumerie in [[Europe]], [[Galimard]] established in 1747. Introduction of new production methods turned perfume making into a real industry that could adapt to new market demands.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/08/travel/grasse-france-perfume-fragrance-gardens-capital.html|title=A Perfume Devotee in the Land of French Fragrance|first=Colleen|last=Creamer|date=8 August 2017|access-date=3 April 2018|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>
 
In the nineteenth century, the raw materials began to be imported from abroad. During the twentieth century the creation of synthetic products brought the democratization &and affordability of perfumes and their spin-offs; ([[shampoos]] and [[deodorants]], [[cream (pharmaceutical)]] and [[detergents]], food flavoringflavouring for cookies, ice cream and dairy products, beverages, [[convenience food]]s, [[confectionery]], preserves and syrups).
In 1905, six hundred tons of flowers were harvested while in the 1940s, five thousand tons were produced annually. However, in early 2000, production was less than 30 tons for all flowers combined.
 
===Historical activity===
In the [[Middle Ages]], Grasse specializedspecialised in [[leather tanning]]. Once tanned, the hides were often exported to [[Genoa]] or [[Pisa]], cities that shared a commercial alliance with Grasse. Several centuries of this intense activity witnessed many technological advances within tanning industries. The hides of Grasse acquired a reputation for high quality. But the leather smelled badlybad, something that did not please the glove wearing [[nobility]]. This is when Jean de [[Galimard]], a [[tanner (occupation)|tanner]] in Grasse, came up with the idea of scented [[leather glove]]sgloves. He offered a pair of scented gloves to [[Catherine de' Medici]], who was seduced by the gift. Thereafter, the product spread through the Royal Court and high society, and this made a worldwide reputation for Grasse. The seventeenth century became the heyday of "Glovers Perfumers'"; however, high taxes on leather and competition from [[Nice]] brought a decline for the leather industry in Grasse, and production of leather [[fragrance]] ceased. The rare scents from the Grasse ([[lavender]], [[Myrtaceae|myrtle]], jasmine, [[rose]], [[orange blossom]] and wild [[mimosa]]) did win the title for the Grasse as the perfume capital of the world. Harvesting jasmine was a [[laborlabour-intensive]] business only a few decades ago. Flowers had to be hand picked at dawn, when their scent is the most developed and immediately to be treated by cold [[enfleurage]].{{Citation needed | reason=No sources listed, though the existing citations might cover this. | date=September 2020}}
 
===Modern industry===
[[File:Fragonard - PARFUMEUR Parfums Diamant.jpg|thumb|left|114px|Fragonard Diamant]]
A network of sixty companies employs 3,500 people in the city and surrounding area. Additionally, about 10,000 residents of Grasse are indirectly employed by the perfume industry. Almost half of the [[business tax]] for the city comes from the perfume sector and that is ahead of [[tourism]] and services. The main activity of perfumery in Grasse is in the production of natural raw materials ([[essential oils]], [[Concrete (extraction)|concretes]], [[Absolute (fragrance)|absolutes]], [[resinoid]]s and [[molecular distillation]]) and the production of concentrate, also called the juice. A concentrate is the main product that when diluted in at least 80% alcohol provides a perfume. Also, food flavoringsflavourings, which have developed since the 1970s, account for over half of production output today.
 
This represents almost half of the production of French perfumes and aromas and around 7-8% of total global activity. However, during the 1960s and 1970s large international groups gradually bought up local family factories (Chiris, [[Givaudan|Givaudan-Roure]] and Lautier, for example). Soon after their production haswas often been relocated overseas. Just 30 years ago most companies were focused on the production of raw materials. However, an overwhelming majority of the modern fragrances contain synthetic chemicals in part or in whole. Grasse perfume companies have therefore adapted by turning to aromatic synthesis and especially to food flavoringsflavourings and successfully ended a long stagnation. The Grasse perfume industry cannot compete against large chemical multinationals, but it benefits greatly from the advantage of its knowledge of raw materials, facilities, contractors, etc. In addition, major brands such as [[Dior]] and [[Chanel]] have their own plantations of roses and jasmine in the vicinity of Grasse.{{Citation needed | reason=No sources listed, though the existing citations might cover this. | date=September 2020}}
 
===Perfumeries===
Line 63:
 
* '''[[Galimard]] Perfumery''', established in 1747 by Jean de Galimard, provided the Royal Court with ointments and perfumes. It is the third oldest perfume company in the world after [[Johann Maria Farina gegenüber dem Jülichs-Platz|Farina gegenüber]] and [[Floris of London]] and was revived after the war by Gaston de Fontmichel and Joseph Roux.
* '''[[Molinard]]''' was established in 1849 and their perfume bottles were made of [[Baccarat (company)|Baccarat]] [[Lead glass|crystal]] and [[Lalique]] glass. Clients can create their own personalizedpersonalised perfume during the Tarinology fragrance course workshop.
* The '''[[Fragonard (fragrance)|Fragonard]] Perfumery''' was established in 1926 in one of the oldest factories in the city. Its museum {{Ill|Villa Musée Fragonard|fr|Villa Fragonard}} displays rare objects that explain the history of perfumery, covering 5,000 years.
* '''International Perfume Museum'''. Opened in 1989, the museum traces the evolution of techniques during the 5,000 -year history of perfumery and the large contribution of the Grasse area to perfume making. It was renovated and expanded (doubling in size) between 2007 and 2008.{{Citation needed | reason=No sources listed, though the existing citations might cover this. | date=September 2020}}
* '''Perfume Art Creation''', perfumed art-producing company combining authentic fragrances from Grasse, and an [[art gallery]] based in [[Zollikon|Zollikerberg]], [[Switzerland]]. Its fragrance-infused artworks and paintings are the copyright concept of Perfume Art Creation, which allows the viewer visually to explore the artwork, to smell it, allowing for holistic stimulation of the senses. Working and creating commonly with the artists, the paintings are infused with the preferred collector's perfume and scent, and his or her individual or corporate fragrance is introduced into the art.<ref>[https://evenice.it/mostre/le-colonete LE COLONETE. Perfume Art Creation Gallery]</ref>
 
Line 115:
 
==Religion==
The town is home to [[Grasse Cathedral]], the seat of the [[Roman Catholic]] former [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Grasse|Diocese of Grasse]] which was ledheaded by the [[Bishop of Grasse|Bishops of Grasse]].
 
==Education==
Line 129:
Three perfume factories offer daily tours and demonstrations, which draw in many of the region's visitors. In addition to the perfumeries, Grasse's other main attraction is the Cathedral, dedicated to Notre Dame du Puy and founded in the 11th century. In the interior, are three works by [[Rubens]] and one by [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]], the French painter native of the town.<ref>Fodor's Travel Guide, [http://www.fodors.com/world/europe/france/the-french-riviera/places/nice-and-the-eastern-cote-dazur/grasse Grasse, France Review], accessdate=2015-03-24.</ref>
<gallery class="center">
File:Grasse - Parfumerie 3.JPG|Grasse - Parfumerie
File:Grasse, Parfumerie Molinard.jpg| Parfumerie [[Molinard]]
File:Napoleon Memorial, Grasse, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France - panoramio.jpg|Napoleon Memorial
Line 148:
File:Boulevard du Jeu de Ballon, Grasse, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France - panoramio (1).jpg|Boulevard du Jeu de Ballon
File:France-002835 - Place aux Aires (people) (16004140382).jpg| Place aux Aires
File:France-002830 - Side Street in Old Town (15382535214).jpg| Side Streetstreet in Old Town
</gallery>
 
Line 155:
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
* [[Louis Bellaud]] (1543–1588), also known as Bellaud de la Bellaudière, poet
* [[Claude-Marie Courmes]] (1770-18651770–1865), trader, shipowner and politician. Mayor of Grasse, deputy for Var and General Councilor of Var Canton of Grasse-Nord.
* [[Mélanie Bernier]] (born 1985), actress
* [[Adam Bessa]], (born 1992), actor<ref name="grasse">{{Cite web |last=Duponchel |first=Marilou |date=4 November 2022 |title=La trajectoire tourmentée d'Adam Bessa, l'acteur lumineux de "Harka" |url=https://www.lesinrocks.com/cinema/la-trajectoire-tourmentee-dadam-bessa-lacteur-lumineux-de-harka-511055-04-11-2022/ |website=[[Les Inrockuptibles]] |language=French}}</ref>
Line 163:
* [[Olivier Cresp]] (born 1955), perfumer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nstperfume.com/perfumers-a-to-e/olivier-cresp/|title=Olivier Cresp :: Perfumers :: Now Smell This|website=www.nstperfume.com|access-date=3 April 2018}}</ref>
* [[Jean-Claude Ellena]] (born 1947), perfumer
* [[Alexandre-Évariste Fragonard]] (1780-18501780–1850), painter and sculptor
* [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]] (1732&ndash;1806), painter<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Fragonard, Jean-Honoré |volume= 10 |last= Konody |first= Paul George |author-link= Paul George Konody |pages=772-773 |short=1}}</ref>
* [[Jean Claude Gandur]] (born 1949), businessman<ref name=Fg>{{cite web|title=Jean Claude Gandur|url=http://fg-art.org/en/jeanclaudegandur.html|website=Fg-art.org|access-date=6 November 2014|archive-date=6 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106121951/http://fg-art.org/en/jeanclaudegandur.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Gazan de la Peyrière]] (1765-18451765–1845), general during the [[Napoleonic Wars]]
* [[Valentine Goby]] (born 1974), writer
* [[Marcel Journet]] (1868&ndash;1933), operatic baritone
Line 174:
* [[Gilles Marini]] (born 1976), actor
* [[Michèle Mouton]] (born 1951), rally driver
* [[Charles Pasqua]] (1927-20151927–2015), businessman and politician
* [[Thomas Pinault]] (born 1981), footballer
* [[Théo Pourchaire]] (born 2003), racing driver
Line 183:
* [[Dirk Bogarde]] (1921–1999), actor, lived in Grasse
* [[Ivan Bunin]] (1870–1953), Russian writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature]], 1933; lived in Grasse
* [[Christian Calmes]] (1913–1995), LuxembourgianLuxembourgish civil servant, lawyer and historian
* [[François Joseph Paul de Grasse]] (1723–1788) admiral, commanded of the French fleet at the [[Battle of the Chesapeake]], which led directly to the [[Siege of Yorktown]].<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Grasse, François Joseph Paul, Comte de |volume = 12 |last= |first= |author-link= |page=369 |short=1}}</ref>
* [[David Douglas Duncan]] (1916 – 20181916–2018), American photojournalist,
* [[Prince Eugen of Bavaria]] (1925–1997), member of the Bavarian Royal House of [[Wittelsbach]]
* [[Lolo Ferrari]] (1963–2000), dancer, actress and singer with breast implants
Line 198:
* [[H. G. Wells]] (1866–1946), British writer
 
==Twin towns - sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in France}}
 
Grasse is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Jumelages|url=http://www.ville-grasse.fr/jumelages.html|website=ville-grasse.fr|publisher=Grasse|language=fr|access-date=2019-11-14}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Ingolstadt]], Germany, since 1963
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Carrara]], Italy, since 1995
*{{flagicon|POR}} [[Vila Real, Portugal]], since 1975
*{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Murcia]], Spain, since 1990
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Marblehead, Massachusetts]], USA, since 1986
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Opole]], Poland, since 1964
*{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Kazanlak]], Bulgaria
*{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Pardes Hanna-Karkur]], Israel
Line 223:
 
==External links==
* {{CommonscatinlineCommons category-inline}}
* {{Wikivoyage- inline}}
* [http://www.ville-grasse.fr/ Grasse city council website] (in French)
* {{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Grasse |volume= 12 |last= Coolidge |first= William Augustus Brevoort |author-link= W. A. B. Coolidge |page=369 |short=1}}