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In 2003, [[Christian Cullen]] became a member of the [[New Zealand Māori rugby union team|Māori rugby team]] despite having, according to his father, about 1/64 Māori ancestry. BBC Sport: 'Uncovering the Maori mystery', 5 June 2003. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/international/2965212.stm BBC.co.uk]</ref>
==
=== Origins ===
[[Image:Polynesian Migration.svg|right|thumb|The Māori settlement of [[New Zealand]] represents an end-point of a long chain of [[island hopping]] voyages]]
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No credible evidence exists of human settlement in New Zealand prior to the Polynesian voyagers; compelling evidence from archaeology, linguistics, and physical anthropology indicates that the first settlers came from East Polynesia and became the Māori. Language evolution studies at the [[University of Auckland]] suggest that most Pacific populations originated from [[Taiwanese aborigines]] around 5,200 years ago (before Chinese colonisation),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090122141146.htm|title=Pacific People Spread From Taiwan, Language Evolution Study Shows|date=January 27, 2009|work=ScienceDaily|accessdate=29 April 2010}}</ref> as does [[mitochondrial DNA]] evidence.<ref>(2005) [ Mitochondrial DNA Provides a Link between Polynesians and Indigenous Taiwanese]. PLoS Biology 3(8): e281. {{doi|10.1371/journal.pbio.0030281}}.</ref>
=== Archaeological history ===
{{Main|Māori culture}}▼
{{See also|Māori mythology}}▼
[[Image:Gilsemans 1642.jpg|right|thumb|First European impression of Māori, at [[Golden Bay|Murderers' Bay]] in [[Abel Tasman]]'s [[travel journal]] (1642)]]▼
The Eastern Polynesian ancestors of the Māori arrived in a forested land with abundant [[Birds of New Zealand|birdlife]], including several now extinct [[moa]] species weighing from 20 to 250 kg. Other species, also now extinct, included a swan, a goose and the giant [[Haast's Eagle]], which preyed upon the moa. Marine mammals, in particular seals, thronged the coasts, with coastal colonies much further north than {{As of|2008|alt= today}}.<ref>▼
Irwin, Geoffrey (2006). 'Pacific Migrations' in ''Māori Peoples of New Zealand: Ngā Iwi o Aotearoa''. Te Ara - The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Auckland: David Bateman, 2006:10-18.▼
</ref>▼
In the mid-[[19th century]], people discovered large numbers of moa-bones alongside human tools, with some of the bones showing evidence of butchery and cooking. Early researchers, such as [[Julius von Haast]], a geologist, incorrectly interpreted these remains as belonging to a prehistoric Paleolithic people; later researchers, notably [[Stephenson Percy Smith|Percy Smith]], magnified such theories into an elaborate scenario with a series of sharply-defined cultural stages which had Māori arriving in a [[Great Fleet]] in 1350 AD and replacing the so-called "moa-hunter" culture with a ''"classical Māori"'' culture based on [[horticulture]].<ref name="howe">▼
Howe, Kerry, (2006). 'Ideas of Māori Origins' in ''Māori Peoples of New Zealand: Ngā Iwi o Aotearoa''. Te Ara - The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Auckland: David Bateman, 2006 pp 25-40.▼
</ref> {{As of|2007|alt= Current}} anthropological theories recognise no evidence for a pre-Māori people; the archaeological record indicates a gradual evolution in culture that varied in pace and extent according to local resources and conditions.<ref>Howe, p 161</ref>▼
[[Image:MaoriChief1784.jpg|right|thumb|A Māori chief with tattoos ([[Tā moko|moko]]) seen by Cook and his crew.]]▼
In the course of a few centuries, growing population led to competition for resources and an increase in warfare. The archaeological record reveals an increased frequency of fortified [[pā]], although debate continues about the amount of conflict. Various systems arose which aimed to conserve resources; most of these, such as ''[[Tapu (Polynesian culture)|tapu]]'' and ''[[rahui|rāhui]]'', used religious or supernatural threats to discourage people from taking species at particular seasons or from specified areas. ▼
Warfare between tribes was common, generally over land conflicts or to restore ''mana''. Fighting was carried out between units called ''hapu''. Although not practised during times of peace, Māori would cannibalise their conquered enemies.<ref>[http://teaohou.natlib.govt.nz/journals/teaohou/issue/Mao36TeA/c29.html Schwimmer, E. G. "Warfare of the Maori". ''Te Ao Hou'', No. 36, September 1961.]</ref>▼
As Māori continued in geographic isolation, performing arts such as the [[haka]] developed from their Polynesian roots, as did carving and weaving. Regional dialects arose, with minor differences in vocabulary and in the pronunciation of some words. The language retains close similarities to other Eastern Polynesian tongues, to the point where a [[Tahitians|Tahitian]] chief on [[James Cook|Cook]]'s first voyage in the region acted as an interpreter between Māori and the crew of the ''[[HM Bark Endeavour|Endeavour]]''.▼
Around 1500 AD a group of Māori migrated east to ''Rekohu'' (the [[Chatham Islands]]), where, by adapting to the local climate and the availability of resources, they developed a culture known as [[Moriori]] — related to but distinct from Māori culture in mainland Aotearoa. A notable feature of the Moriori culture, an emphasis on [[pacifism]], proved disastrous when a party of invading Taranaki Māori arrived in 1835. Few of the estimated Moriori population of 2000 survived.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/moriori/4|title=Moriori - The impact of new arrivals|last1=Davis|first1=Denise|last2=Solomon|first2=Māui|work=Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand|accessdate=29 April 2010}}</ref>▼
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2010}}
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As from the 15th century Māori culture underwent a radical change due to a variety of factors - the cooling of the climate, a series of massive earthquakes in the South Island of 7 - 8 on the Richter scale, tsunamis that destroyed many coastal settlements and the extinction of 48 food species.
=== Early European contact ===
[[Image:HekeKawiti1846.jpg|thumb|right|1846: [[Hone Heke]], holding a
European settlement of New Zealand occurred in relatively {{As of|2007|alt= recent}} historical times. New Zealand historian [[Michael King]] in ''The Penguin History Of New Zealand'' describes the Māori as "the last major human community on earth untouched and unaffected by the wider world."
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Economic changes also took a toll; migration into unhealthy swamplands to produce and export [[Phormium|flax]] led to further mortality.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Christina A. |year=1997 |month=June |title=A dangerous people whose only occupation is war: Maori and Pakeha in 19th century New Zealand |journal=Journal of Pacific History |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=109–119 |url=http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a793805885~db=all |accessdate= 2008-06-15 |quote=Whole tribes sometimes relocated to swamps where flax grew in abundance but where it was unhealthy to live. |doi=10.1080/00223349708572831}}</ref>
=== New Zealand colonization ===
[[Image:MeriMangakahia1890s.jpg|thumb|[[Meri Te Tai Mangakāhia]], a member of the [[Te Kotahitanga|Kotahitanga]] movement in the 1890s, who argued that women should have equal voting rights in the Māori Parliament]]
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In 1840, New Zealand had a Māori population of about 100,000 and only about 2,000 Europeans. The Māori population had declined to 42,113 in the 1896 census and Europeans numbered more than 700,000.<ref>[http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/P/Population/PopulationFactorsAndTrends/en "Population - Factors and Trends"], from ''An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand'', edited by A. H. McLintock, published in 1966. ''Te Ara - The Encyclopedia of New Zealand'', updated 2007-09-18. Retrieved 2007-12-18.</ref>
===
[[Image:KupeWheke.jpg|left|thumb|108px|Late twentieth-century house-post depicting the navigator [[Kupe]] fighting two sea creatures. Māori carvings often contain spiral patterns and sea shells, as can be seen in this image.]]
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There are seven designated [[Māori seats]] in the [[Parliament of New Zealand]] (and Māori can and do stand in and win general roll seats), and consideration of and consultation with Māori have become routine requirements for councils and government organisations. Debate occurs frequently as to the relevance and legitimacy of the Māori electoral roll, and the National Party announced in 2008 it would abolish the seats when all historic Treaty settlements have been resolved, which it aims to complete by 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz-election-2008/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501799&objectid=10534713|title=National to dump Maori seats in 2014|last=Tahana|first=Yvonne |date=29 September 2008|work=The New Zealand Herald|accessdate=28 December 2009}}</ref>
===
Māori on average have fewer assets than the rest of the population, and run greater risks of many negative economic and social outcomes. Over 50% of Māori live in areas in the three highest deprivation deciles, compared with 24% of the rest of the population.<ref>▼
[http://www.maorihealth.govt.nz/moh.nsf/UnidPrint/MA364?OpenDocument Maori Health Web Page: Socioeconomic Determinants of Health - Deprivation]. Retrieved 2007-06-12.</ref>▼
Although Māori make up only 14% of the population, they make up almost 50% of the prison population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.corrections.govt.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/285286/Over-representation-of-Maori-in-the-criminal-justice-system.pdf|title=Over-representation of Maori in the criminal justice system |date=September 2007 |page=4 |publisher=Department of Corrections}}</ref>▼
Māori have higher unemployment-rates than other cultures resident in New Zealand <ref>▼
[http://www.dol.govt.nz/publications/lmr/lmr-maori-outcomes.asp Department of Labour, NZ], ''Māori Labour Market Outlook''▼
▲</ref>
Māori have higher numbers of suicides than non-Māori.<ref>▼
[http://www.otago.ac.nz/wsmhs/academic/dph/Publicationsreports/SuicContract.pdf University of Otago, NZ], ''Suicide Rates in New Zealand - Exploring Associations with Social and Economic Factors''▼
</ref>▼
"Only 47% of Māori school-leavers finish school with qualifications higher than [[National Certificate of Educational Achievement|NCEA]] Level One; compared to a massive 74% European; 87% Asian."<ref>▼
[http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA0702/S00296.htm Scoop.co.nz], ''Flavell: Maori Education - not achieved''▼
</ref>▼
Māori suffer more health problems, including higher levels of alcohol and drug abuse, smoking and obesity. Less frequent use of healthcare services mean that late diagnosis and treatment intervention lead to higher levels of morbidity and mortality in many manageable conditions, such as [[cervical cancer]],<ref>[http://www.cslbiotherapies.co.nz/Cervical_Cancer.asp Cslbiotherapies.co.nz], ''Who gets Cervical Cancer?''▼
</ref> [[diabetes]]<ref>[http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/pagesmh/95?Open, ''Diabetes in New Zealand] - Models And Forecasts 1996 - 2011''▼
</ref> per head of population than [[Pākehā]] (non-Māori).<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9090803&dopt=Abstract PubMed ''Maori Health Issues'']</ref> Māori also have considerably lower life-expectancies compared to New Zealanders of European ancestry: Māori males 69.0 years vs. non-Māori males 77.2 years; Māori females 73.2 yrs vs. non-Māori females 81.9 years.<ref>[http://www.socialreport.msd.govt.nz/2004/health/life-expectancy.html Social Report 2004 | Health - Life Expectancy<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Also, a recent study by the [[New Zealand Family Violence Clearinghouse]] showed that Māori women and children are more likely to experience domestic violence than any other ethnic group.<ref>[http://www.areyouok.org.nz/files/test/resources/Toolkit_inserts.pdf "Mana Māori"]. Community Action Toolkit to Prevent Family Violence Information Sheet #30 (p. 40). Retrieved 16 July 2009.</ref>▼
==== Treaty of Waitangi settlements ====
{{Main|Treaty of Waitangi claims and settlements}}
[[Image:Papawai1897.jpg|thumb|right|The opening of the Māori Parliament at Pāpāwai, Greytown, 1897, with [[Richard John Seddon]] in attendance]]
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</ref>
== Language ==
== Contemporary Māori culture ==▼
{{Main|Māori language}}
Māori or te reo Māori (pronounced [ˈmaːoɾi, te ˈɾeo ˈmaːoɾi]) commonly te reo ("the language"), is the language of the indigenous population of New Zealand, the Māori, where it has the status of an official language. Linguists classify it within the Eastern Polynesian languages as being closely related to Cook Islands Māori, Tuamotuan and Tahitian; somewhat less closely to Hawaiian and Marquesan; and more distantly to the languages of Western Polynesia, including Samoan, Tokelauan, Niuean and Tongan.
== Culture ==
=== Beginning ===
▲{{Main|Māori culture}}
▲{{See also|Māori mythology}}
▲[[Image:Gilsemans 1642.jpg|right|thumb|First European impression of Māori, at [[Golden Bay|Murderers' Bay]] in [[Abel Tasman]]'s [[travel journal]] (1642)]]
▲The Eastern Polynesian ancestors of the Māori arrived in a forested land with abundant [[Birds of New Zealand|birdlife]], including several now extinct [[moa]] species weighing from 20 to 250 kg. Other species, also now extinct, included a swan, a goose and the giant [[Haast's Eagle]], which preyed upon the moa. Marine mammals, in particular seals, thronged the coasts, with coastal colonies much further north than {{As of|2008|alt= today}}.<ref>
▲Irwin, Geoffrey (2006). 'Pacific Migrations' in ''Māori Peoples of New Zealand: Ngā Iwi o Aotearoa''. Te Ara - The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Auckland: David Bateman, 2006:10-18.
</ref>▼
▲In the mid-[[19th century]], people discovered large numbers of moa-bones alongside human tools, with some of the bones showing evidence of butchery and cooking. Early researchers, such as [[Julius von Haast]], a geologist, incorrectly interpreted these remains as belonging to a prehistoric Paleolithic people; later researchers, notably [[Stephenson Percy Smith|Percy Smith]], magnified such theories into an elaborate scenario with a series of sharply-defined cultural stages which had Māori arriving in a [[Great Fleet]] in 1350 AD and replacing the so-called "moa-hunter" culture with a ''"classical Māori"'' culture based on [[horticulture]].<ref name="howe">
▲Howe, Kerry, (2006). 'Ideas of Māori Origins' in ''Māori Peoples of New Zealand: Ngā Iwi o Aotearoa''. Te Ara - The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Auckland: David Bateman, 2006 pp 25-40.
▲</ref> {{As of|2007|alt= Current}} anthropological theories recognise no evidence for a pre-Māori people; the archaeological record indicates a gradual evolution in culture that varied in pace and extent according to local resources and conditions.<ref>Howe, p 161</ref>
▲[[Image:MaoriChief1784.jpg|right|thumb|A Māori chief with tattoos ([[Tā moko|moko]]) seen by Cook and his crew.]]
▲In the course of a few centuries, growing population led to competition for resources and an increase in warfare. The archaeological record reveals an increased frequency of fortified [[pā]], although debate continues about the amount of conflict. Various systems arose which aimed to conserve resources; most of these, such as ''[[Tapu (Polynesian culture)|tapu]]'' and ''[[rahui|rāhui]]'', used religious or supernatural threats to discourage people from taking species at particular seasons or from specified areas.
▲Warfare between tribes was common, generally over land conflicts or to restore ''mana''. Fighting was carried out between units called ''hapu''. Although not practised during times of peace, Māori would cannibalise their conquered enemies.<ref>[http://teaohou.natlib.govt.nz/journals/teaohou/issue/Mao36TeA/c29.html Schwimmer, E. G. "Warfare of the Maori". ''Te Ao Hou'', No. 36, September 1961.]</ref>
▲As Māori continued in geographic isolation, performing arts such as the [[haka]] developed from their Polynesian roots, as did carving and weaving. Regional dialects arose, with minor differences in vocabulary and in the pronunciation of some words. The language retains close similarities to other Eastern Polynesian tongues, to the point where a [[Tahitians|Tahitian]] chief on [[James Cook|Cook]]'s first voyage in the region acted as an interpreter between Māori and the crew of the ''[[HM Bark Endeavour|Endeavour]]''.
▲Around 1500 AD a group of Māori migrated east to ''Rekohu'' (the [[Chatham Islands]]), where, by adapting to the local climate and the availability of resources, they developed a culture known as [[Moriori]] — related to but distinct from Māori culture in mainland Aotearoa. A notable feature of the Moriori culture, an emphasis on [[pacifism]], proved disastrous when a party of invading Taranaki Māori arrived in 1835. Few of the estimated Moriori population of 2000 survived.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/moriori/4|title=Moriori - The impact of new arrivals|last1=Davis|first1=Denise|last2=Solomon|first2=Māui|work=Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand|accessdate=29 April 2010}}</ref>
According to Tania Kopytko, now the executive director of DANZ — Dance Aotearoa,, Māori youth have always had a difficult time maintaining ties with traditional culture, especially lacking "the commitment and effort necessary for a knowledge of [it]".<ref>{{cite journal | last = Kopytko | first = Tania | year = 1986 | title = Breakdance as an Identity Marker in New Zealand | journal = Yearbook for Traditional Music | volume = 18 | pages = 21–28 | publisher = International Council for Traditional Music | url = http://www.jstor.org/stable/view/768516?seq=2 | accessdate = 2008-07-13 | doi = 10.2307/768516}} [Payment or subscription required for online version]</ref>
For this reason{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}}, Māori youth import [[mainstream]] and popular cultural icons, [[Identity (social science)|identities]], and [[lifestyles]] in considerable quantities. Most typically, these Māori youth will take after the [[African American|African-American]] [[hip hop]] culture, as its perceived mainstream status makes it readily accessible to them. Kopytko also says that the socio-political position of African Americans resisting a dominant white culture mirrors the situation of Māori, Polynesian, and even [[white trash|poor-white]] youth resisting the oppressive white forces which occupy the higher economic strata of society in [[New Zealand]]. Finally, the mass consumption of British punk in 1982 marked the first real establishment of a [[youth culture]] and, more importantly, paved the way for such a warm reception of foreign forms with the influx of what Kopytko calls the "[[breakdance]] package".<ref>
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The music video for this song shows images of Māori in traditional dress doing traditional dances to a modern hip-hop beat. The video targets youth through its rhythms while it educates them about their heritage.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}}
=== Performing arts
[[File:Young Maori man dancing.jpg|thumb|A young man performs in a kapa haka group at a Rotorua tourist venue]]
==== Kapa haka ====
[[Kapa haka]] (literally, haka team), a traditional Māori performance art form, is still popular today. It includes [[haka]] (posture dance), [[Poi (performance art)|poi]] (dance accompanied by song and rhythmic movements of the poi, a light ball on a string) waiata-ā-ringa (action songs) and waiata koroua (traditional chants). From the early 1900s [[kapa haka]] concert parties began touring overseas, including those led by guide Makareti (Maggie) Papakura. Since 1972 there has been a regular competition, the [[Te Matatini]] National Festival, organised by the Aotearoa Traditional Māori Performing Arts Society. Kapa haka is taught by experts such as Ngāpo (Bub) Wehi, [[Pita Sharples]], and Tihi Puanaki, and notable kapa haka groups include Waihirere of the Gisborne area, and Te Waka Huia from Auckland. There are also kapa haka groups in schools, tertiary institutions and workplaces. Kapa haka is performed at tourist venues such as Te Puia in [[Whakarewarewa]], Wairākei Terraces near Taupo, and Ko Tāne in [[Willowbank, Christchurch|Willowbank Wildlife Reserve]], [[Christchurch]]. <ref name="Diamond">{{cite web |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/te-tapoi-maori-maori-tourism/3 |title=Te tāpoi Māori—Māori tourism—Preserving culture |author=<Diamond, Paul|date=updated 5-Mar-10|year=2010|work=Te Ara—the Encyclopedia of New Zealand<code> |publisher= |accessdate=2010-05-18}}</ref><ref name="Swarbrick">{{cite web |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/creative-life/8 |title=Creative life - Performing arts |author= Swarbrick, Nancy |date=updated 3-Mar-09|year=2009 |work=Te Ara—the Encyclopedia of New Zealand|publisher= |accessdate= 2010-05-18}}</ref>
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[[Ki-o-rahi]] and [[tapawai]] are two sports of Māori origin. Ki-o-rahi got an unexpected boost when [[McDonalds]] chose it to represent New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jones, Renee |date=October 8, 2005 |title=McDonald's adopts obscure Maori ball game |work=The New Zealand Herald |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&ObjectID=10349245|accessdate=2007-07-30 }}</ref> [[Outrigger canoeing|Waka ama]] (outrigger canoeing) is also popular with Māori.
=== Commerce ===
The [[New Zealand Law Commission]] has started a project to develop a legal framework for Māori who want to manage communal resources and responsibilities. The voluntary system proposes an alternative to existing companies, incorporations, and trusts in which tribes and ''[[hapu]]'' and other groupings can interact with the legal system. The foreshadowed legislation, under the proposed name of the "Waka Umanga (Māori Corporations) Act", would provide a model adaptable to suit the needs of individual [[iwi]]. It seems likely{{Or|date=January 2009}} that the {{As of|2007|alt=current}} Government coalition will not support the Bill in its un-amended form and if the final Act should pass into law, it will presumably{{Or|date=January 2009}} depart significantly less radically from the current legal personalities afforded by New Zealand law.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lawcom.govt.nz/ProjectReport.aspx?ProjectID=115|title=Waka Umanga : A Proposed Law for Maori Governance Entities - NZLC R|publisher=Law Commission|date=8 June 2006|accessdate=2007-06-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adls.org.nz/public/wb/wb2007/wb24may2007/wb31may2007e.asp|title=Waka Umanga (Maori Corporations) Bill - NZLC MP 15|publisher=Auckland District Law Society|date=31 May 2007|accessdate=2007-06-08}}</ref> Between 1998 and 2006, [[Ngāti Toa]] attempted to trademark the haka [[Ka Mate]] to prevent its use by commercial organisations without their permission. In 2001, Danish toymaker Lego faced legal action by several Māori tribal groups (fronted by lawyer Maui Solomon) and members of the on-line discussion forum (Aotearoa Cafe) for trademarking Māori words used in naming the Bionicle product range—see [[Bionicle#Māori language controversy|Bionicle Māori controversy]].
===
{{Main|Māori religion}}
Māori "tend to be followers of Presbyterianism, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), or Māori Christian groups such as [[Ratana]] and [[Ringatu]]",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90148.htm|title=New Zealand - International Religious Freedom Report 2007|publisher=U.S. State Department|accessdate=29 April 2010}}</ref> but with Catholic, Anglican and Methodist groupings also prominent. [[Islam in New Zealand|Islam]] is the fastest growing religion amongst the Māori community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpifinancial.net/v2/Magazine.aspx?v=1&aid=1118&cat=IBF&in=21|title=KIA ORA AOTEAROA|date=August 2007|work=CPI Financial|accessdate=29 April 2010}}</ref><ref>Hume, Tim. "Muslim faith draws converts from NZ prisons." Star Times</ref>
▲Māori on average have fewer assets than the rest of the population, and run greater risks of many negative economic and social outcomes. Over 50% of Māori live in areas in the three highest deprivation deciles, compared with 24% of the rest of the population.<ref>
▲[http://www.maorihealth.govt.nz/moh.nsf/UnidPrint/MA364?OpenDocument Maori Health Web Page: Socioeconomic Determinants of Health - Deprivation]. Retrieved 2007-06-12.</ref>
▲Although Māori make up only 14% of the population, they make up almost 50% of the prison population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.corrections.govt.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/285286/Over-representation-of-Maori-in-the-criminal-justice-system.pdf|title=Over-representation of Maori in the criminal justice system |date=September 2007 |page=4 |publisher=Department of Corrections}}</ref>
▲Māori have higher unemployment-rates than other cultures resident in New Zealand <ref>
▲[http://www.dol.govt.nz/publications/lmr/lmr-maori-outcomes.asp Department of Labour, NZ], ''Māori Labour Market Outlook''
▲</ref>
▲Māori have higher numbers of suicides than non-Māori.<ref>
▲[http://www.otago.ac.nz/wsmhs/academic/dph/Publicationsreports/SuicContract.pdf University of Otago, NZ], ''Suicide Rates in New Zealand - Exploring Associations with Social and Economic Factors''
▲</ref>
▲"Only 47% of Māori school-leavers finish school with qualifications higher than [[National Certificate of Educational Achievement|NCEA]] Level One; compared to a massive 74% European; 87% Asian."<ref>
▲[http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA0702/S00296.htm Scoop.co.nz], ''Flavell: Maori Education - not achieved''
▲</ref>
▲Māori suffer more health problems, including higher levels of alcohol and drug abuse, smoking and obesity. Less frequent use of healthcare services mean that late diagnosis and treatment intervention lead to higher levels of morbidity and mortality in many manageable conditions, such as [[cervical cancer]],<ref>[http://www.cslbiotherapies.co.nz/Cervical_Cancer.asp Cslbiotherapies.co.nz], ''Who gets Cervical Cancer?''
▲</ref> [[diabetes]]<ref>[http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/pagesmh/95?Open, ''Diabetes in New Zealand] - Models And Forecasts 1996 - 2011''
▲</ref> per head of population than [[Pākehā]] (non-Māori).<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9090803&dopt=Abstract PubMed ''Maori Health Issues'']</ref> Māori also have considerably lower life-expectancies compared to New Zealanders of European ancestry: Māori males 69.0 years vs. non-Māori males 77.2 years; Māori females 73.2 yrs vs. non-Māori females 81.9 years.<ref>[http://www.socialreport.msd.govt.nz/2004/health/life-expectancy.html Social Report 2004 | Health - Life Expectancy<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Also, a recent study by the [[New Zealand Family Violence Clearinghouse]] showed that Māori women and children are more likely to experience domestic violence than any other ethnic group.<ref>[http://www.areyouok.org.nz/files/test/resources/Toolkit_inserts.pdf "Mana Māori"]. Community Action Toolkit to Prevent Family Violence Information Sheet #30 (p. 40). Retrieved 16 July 2009.</ref>
== See also ==
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[[zea:Māori]]
[[zh:
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