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Zhuge Jing - Wikipedia
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Zhuge Jing

In this Chinese name, the family name is Zhuge.

Zhuge Jing (fl. 257-284), courtesy name Zhongsi, was a Chinese military general and politician of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Though originally from Cao Wei, he was sent to Wu as a hostage during the rebellion of his father, Zhuge Dan, in 257. After his father's death in 258, Zhuge Jing continued to stay in Wu where he served as a general until the state's demise in 280 which ended the Three Kingdoms.

Zhuge Jing
諸しょ葛かずら靚
General of the Right (右みぎ将はた军)
In office
?–?
MonarchSun Xiu/Sun Hao
Grand Marshal (大だい司馬しば)
In office
?–280
MonarchSun Hao
Personal details
BornBefore 257
Yinan County, Shandong
DiedAfter 284[1]
Relations
  • Sima Zhou's wife (sister)
  • Wang Guang's wife (sister)
Children
  • Zhuge Hui
  • Zhuge Yi
Parent
OccupationMilitary general, politician
Courtesy nameZhongsi (仲なか思おもえ)

Life

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Zhuge Dan's Rebellion

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Main article: Zhuge Dan's Rebellion

Not much is known of Zhuge Jing's early life apart from his family being from Yangdu County (present-day Yishui, Shandong Province), Langya Commandery. His father, Zhuge Dan, held important appointments in the Wei government and was involved in putting down major rebellions against Wei in 251 and 255. However, as his close associates were purged by the paramount Sima clan, he became fearful of his position and rebelled at Shouchun in 257. To ensure an alliance with Wei's rival, Eastern Wu, Dan sent Jing to Wu's capital at Jianye as a hostage.[2]

Dan's rebellion came to an end in 258 when he was slain by the general Hu Fen. Zhuge Jing's family was exterminated as punishment for Dan's insurrection, although one of his sisters was spared due to her marriage with one of the Sima clan's member, Sima Zhou. Zhuge Jing did not return to Wei and instead remained in Wu where he served as an officer in his new state. There, he grew to the position General of the Right (右みぎ将はた军) and Grand Marshal (大だい司馬しば).

Shi Dan's revolt

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In 264, Sun Hao ascended the throne in Wu, and by 266, the state of Shu Han was conquered and Wei was replaced by the Sima Jin Dynasty. In 265, Sun Hao moved the capital from Jianye to Wuchang. As Sun Hao moved to Wuchang, he left Zhuge Jing and another general, Ding Gu (丁ひのと固かた), to defend Jianye.

In November to December 266, seeing Sun Hao's absent from Jianye, a bandit named Shi Dan (施ほどこせ但ただし) took the opportunity to kidnap Sun Hao's brother Sun Qian (孫まご謙けん), hoping to install him as the new emperor. He then rebelled and gathered 10,000 men under his wing before making his way to Jianye. When Shi Dan arrived at the old capital, he sent an envoy to Zhuge Jing inviting him to join his revolt. However, Jing beheaded the envoy, and together with Ding Gu, went out to battle Shi Dan at Niutun (牛うし屯たむろ; southeast of present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu). Shi Dan's men were poorly armoured, so they were easily defeated and scattered. Sun Qian was rescued by the generals, but Sun Hao executed him as he thought Qian was a willing conspirator in the revolt.[3]

Battle of Hefei (268)

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In 268, Zhuge Jing and Wu's Grand Marshal Ding Feng marched from Que Slope (芍陂; south of present-day Shou County, Anhui) and attacked Jin at Hefei, which was defended by Shi Bao. However, they were defeated by reinforcements led by Sima Jun. Ding Feng exchanged letters with Shi Bao regarding trivial matters, and after compromising, both sides retreated.[4]

Conquest of Wu

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Main article: Conquest of Wu by Jin

At the end of 279, Emperor Wu of Jin launched a full-scaled invasion on Wu. As Jin forces advanced towards the capital in Jianye, Zhuge Jing with Shen Ying (沈瑩) and Sun Zhen (孫まご震ふるえ), under the command of the Wu Chancellor Zhang Ti headed out with 30,000 men to repel the Jin commander, Wang Hun. They besieged Wang Hun's subordinate, Zhang Qiao (張ちょう喬たかし), at Yanghe (杨荷; north of present-day He County, Anhui), who surrendered due to being outnumbered. Zhuge Jing advised Zhang Ti to execute Zhang Qiao and his men, as he believed that Zhang was only waiting for Jin reinforcements to arrive. Zhang Ti ignored his warnings and continued towards Wang Hun. The Wu forces then fought against the Jin Provisional Governor of Yangzhou, Zhou Jun (周しゅう浚), but this time, they were repelled. As they retreated, the Jin generals pursued and attacked them. As Jing had predicted, Zhang Qiao then rebelled, and the Jin forces decimated Wu at Banqiao (版はん橋きょう; south of present-day He County, Anhui).[5]

Zhuge Jing broke out with a few hundred men before returning to find Zhang Ti. Once finding him, Jing tried convincing Zhang Ti to flee, but he was determined to stay and die fighting. Jing attempted to pull him away from the scene, but without success. In the end, he wept and left without Zhang Ti. It was said that after moving a hundred pace, he looked back and saw that Jin soldiers had already killed Zhang Ti.[6] Later, Zhuge Jing and his colleague, Sun Yi (孫まご奕), surrendered to Sima Zhou.

Life after the fall of Wu

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After Wu capitulated in 280, Sun Hao and some former Wu officials, including Zhuge Jing, were relocated to Luoyang. Emperor Wu was a childhood friend of Zhuge Jing and wanted to get in touch with him. However, Zhuge Jing still bore a grudge against the Sima for the death of his family members and refused to meet him.

According to a story from the Shishuo Xinyu, the emperor, knowing that his uncle Sima Zhou was married to Jing's elder sister, decided to visit their home to find Jing. When Jing heard of the emperor's arrival, he attempted to hide in the lavatory but was eventually discovered by Emperor Wu. The emperor spoke to him, "Today, we finally meet each other again," to which Jing replied tearfully, "I regret not being able to cover my body in paint and remove the skin from my face before I meet Your Majesty again!", alluding to the stories of Yu Rang and Nie Zheng. Emperor Wu then left the home in shame.[7][8]

Emperor Wu offered Zhuge Jing the appointment of Grand Marshal and later Palace Attendant (侍さむらい中ちゅう), but on both occasions, Jing refused. He returned to his hometown to live the rest of his life as a commoner. Until his death, it is said that he never sat facing the direction of Luoyang due to his grudge. He had at least two sons, Zhuge Hui (诸葛恢) and Zhuge Yi (諸しょ葛かずら頤), who both served in the Jin government.[9]

Anecdote

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Conversation with Sun Hao

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Sun Hao once asked Zhuge Jing in court, "Gracious minister Zhongsi, what are you thinking about?" Zhuge Jing told him, "When at home I think about filial piety; when at work I think of devotion; when I'm with friends I think of trust; that's all there is to think about."[10]

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms

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Zhuge Jing appears as a minor character in Luo Guanzhong's 14th century historical novel, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which romanticizes the events before and during the Three Kingdoms period. He appears in the final chapter of the novel, Chapter 120, which covers the Conquest of Wu by Jin. He and Shen Ying followed Zhang Ti to resist the invading Jin forces at Niuzhu (牛ぎゅう渚なぎさ; in present day, Ma'anshan, Anhui). As Jin marched into Wu with little difficulty, Zhang Ti sent the two generals to check on the enemy advances. When reports of a strong Jin army arriving reached the generals, the two rushed in a panic to inform Zhang Ti about the situation. Jing was convinced that Wu was lost and urged Zhang Ti to flee. After his proposal was rejected, he wept and left Zhang Ti and Shen Ying to their fate.

References

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  1. ^ Jing's younger son Hui was born in 284 and was not noted to be a posthumous son.
  2. ^ (遣や長ちょう史し吴綱將はた小しょう子こ靚至吴請救すくい。) Sanguozhi vol. 28.
  3. ^ [（泰やすし始はじめ二に年ねん十じゅう月がつ）永安えいあん山さん贼施但ただし，因いん民みん劳怨，聚众数すう千せん人にん，劫こう吴主庶弟永安えいあん侯こう谦作乱みだれ，北きた至いたる建けん业，众万まん馀人，未み至いたり三さん十じゅう里さと住じゅう，择吉日び入城にゅうじょう。遣や使つかい以谦命いのち召丁固かた、诸葛靓，固かた、靓斩其使，发兵逆ぎゃく战于牛うし屯たむろ。但ただし兵へい皆みな无甲胄，即そく时败散。谦独坐どくざ车中，生なま获之。固かた不ふ敢杀，以状白しろ吴主，吴主并其母はは及弟俊しゅん皆みな杀之。初はつ，望もち气者云うん：“荆州有ゆう王おう气，当とう破やぶ扬州。”故こ吴主徙都武たけ昌あきら。及但反はん，自じ以为得とく计，遣や数すう百人鼓噪入建业，杀但妻子さいし，云うん“天子てんし使し荆州兵へい来らい破やぶ扬州贼。” ] Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 79
  4. ^ (寶たから鼎かなえ三さん年ねん，皓あきら命いのち奉たてまつ與あずか諸しょ葛かずら靚攻合あい肥こえ。奉たてまつ與あずか晉すすむ大將たいしょう石せき苞つと書しょ，搆而間あいだ之の，苞つと以徵還かえ。) Sanguozhi vol. 55.
  5. ^ (三さん月がつ，悌等濟ずみ江こう，圍かこえ渾部將ぶしょう城陽じょうよう都と尉じょう張ちょう喬たかし於楊荷に；喬たかし衆しゅ纔七なな千せん，閉栅請降。諸しょ葛かずら靚欲屠ほふ之これ，悌曰：「強敵きょうてき在ざい前まえ，不ふ宜むべ先さき事ごと其小；且殺降くだ不祥ふしょう。」靚曰：「此屬以救兵へい未み至いたり，力ちから少しょう不敵ふてき，故こ且僞降くだ以緩我わが，非ひ眞ま伏ふく也。若わか捨之而前，必爲後患こうかん。」悌不從したがえ，撫なで之の而進。悌與揚あげ州しゅう刺史しし汝なんじ南みなみ周しゅう浚，結ゆい陳ひね相對そうたい，沈瑩帥そち丹陽たんよう銳するど卒そつ、刀かたな楯だて五ご千せん，三さん衝晉兵へい，不動ふどう。瑩引退いんたい，其衆亂みだれ，將軍しょうぐん薛勝、蔣班因いん其亂而乘之の，吳くれ兵へい以次奔潰，將帥しょうすい不能ふのう止やめ，張ちょう喬たかし自じ後ご擊げき之の，大敗たいはい吳くれ兵へい于版橋きょう。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 80
  6. ^ (諸しょ葛かずら靚帥數すう百ひゃく人にん遁去，使つかい過か迎むかい張ちょう悌，悌不肯去，靚自往牽之の曰：「存亡そんぼう自じ有ゆう大數たいすう，非ひ卿きょう一いち人にん所しょ支ささえ，柰何故なぜ自じ取と死し！」悌垂涕曰：「仲なか思おもえ，今日きょう是ぜ我わが死し日び也！且我爲ため兒童じどう時じ，便びん爲ため卿きょう家か丞相じょうしょう所しょ識拔，常つね恐おそれ不ふ得とく其死，負まけ名めい賢けん知ち顧。今こん以身徇社稷しゃしょく，復ふく何なん道どう邪よこしま！」靚再三さん牽之，不動ふどう，乃流淚なみだ放ひ去ざ，行ぎょう百ひゃく餘よ步ほ，顧之，已やめ爲ため晉すすむ兵へい所しょ殺ころせ，幷斬孫まご震ふるえ、沈瑩等とう七なな千せん八はち百ひゃく級きゅう，吳くれ人じん大震たいしん。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 80
  7. ^ (諸しょ葛かずら靚後入にゅう晉すすむ，除じょ大だい司馬しば，召不起おこり。以與晉すすむ室しつ有ゆう仇かたき，常つね背せ洛らく水すい而坐。與あずか武たけ帝みかど有ゆう舊きゅう，帝みかど欲よく見み之の而無由ゆかり，乃請諸しょ葛かずら妃ひ呼よび靚。既すんで來らい，帝みかど就太妃ひ間あいだ相しょう見み。禮れい畢，酒さけ酣たけなわ，帝みかど曰：“卿きょう故こ复憶竹馬たけうま之の好こう不ふ？”靚曰：“臣しん不能ふのう吞炭漆うるし身み，今日きょう復ふく睹聖顏がお。”因いん涕泗百ひゃく行ぎょう。帝みかど於是慚悔而出。) A New Account of the Tales of the World, Volume 5.10
  8. ^ A similar story was also recorded in the biography of Jing's son Hui in Book of Jin.
  9. ^ (諸しょ葛かずら恢，字じ道明どうみょう，琅邪陽ひ都と人じん也。祖そ誕，魏ぎ司し空そら，為ため文ぶん帝みかど所しょ誅。父ちち靚，奔吳，為ため大だい司馬しば。吳ご平ひらめ，逃竄不出ふしゅつ。武たけ帝みかど與あずか靚有舊きゅう，靚姊又また為ため琅邪王妃おうひ，帝みかど知ち靚在姊間，因いん就見焉。靚逃於廁，帝みかど又また逼見之の，謂いい曰：「不ふ謂いい今日きょう復ふく得とく相しょう見み。」靚流涕曰：「不能ふのう漆うるし身み皮かわ面めん，復ふく睹聖顏がお！」詔みことのり以為侍さむらい中ちゅう，固辭こじ不ふ拜はい，歸かえり於鄉里さと，終身しゅうしん不ふ向こう朝廷ちょうてい而坐。) Jin Shu vol. 77.
  10. ^ (諸しょ葛かずら靚在吳くれ，於朝堂どう大會たいかい。孫まご皓あきら問とい：「卿きょう字じ仲なか思おもえ，為ため何なん所思しょし？」對たい曰：「在家ざいけ思おもえ孝こう，事こと君くん思おもえ忠ただし，朋友ほうゆう思おもえ信しんじ，如斯而已。」) A New Account of the Tales of the World, Volume 2.21
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