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Zhuge Rong - Wikipedia
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Zhuge Rong

Zhuge Rong (after 204[1] - c.November 253[2]), courtesy name Shuchang, was a military general of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was the third son of Zhuge Jin, a military general who served under Wu's founding emperor Sun Quan, and a younger brother of Zhuge Ke, a military general who briefly served as regent for Sun Quan's successor, Sun Liang.

Zhuge Rong
諸しょ葛かずら融とおる
General of Vehement Might (奮威將軍しょうぐん)
In office
252 (252)–253 (253)
MonarchSun Liang
Commandant of Xin'an (新しん安やす都と尉じょう)
In office
? (?)–252 (252)
MonarchSun Quan
Preceded byChen Biao
Cavalry Commandant (騎き都と尉じょう)
In office
? (?)–? (?)
MonarchSun Quan
Personal details
BornAfter 204
Diedc.November 253
Gong'an County, Hubei
Relations
Childrenthree sons
Parent
OccupationGeneral
Courtesy nameShuchang (叔長)
PeerageMarquis of Wanling (宛あて陵りょう侯こう)
In this Chinese name, the family name is Zhuge.

Family background

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See also: Eastern Wu family trees § Sun He (Zixiao)

Zhuge Rong was the third son of Zhuge Jin, a military general who served under Wu's founding emperor, Sun Quan. He had two elder brothers: Zhuge Ke and Zhuge Qiao. His second uncle, Zhuge Liang, served as the Imperial Chancellor of Wu's ally state, Shu. As Zhuge Liang initially had no son, he adopted Zhuge Qiao.[3] Like their father, both Zhuge Ke and Zhuge Rong served as generals in Wu.[4] Zhuge Rong also had a sister who married Zhang Cheng, a Wu general. Zhang Cheng and Zhuge Rong's sister had a daughter who married Sun Quan's third son, Sun He.[5]

Early life

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In his younger days, Zhuge Rong was known for being spoiled, brash and thrill-seeking, largely because of his elite family background. Although he enjoyed reading and had a wide breadth of knowledge, he did not specialise in any particular field. He was also known for being understanding and tolerant, and for being skilful in a range of arts and crafts.[6] Before he reached adulthood, he had already been invited on numerous occasions to attend Sun Quan's imperial court as a civilian observer. After he came of age, he was commissioned as a Cavalry Commandant (騎き都と尉じょう) in the Wu military.[7]

Service under Sun Quan

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During the Chiwu era (238–251) of Sun Quan's reign, Chen Biao and Gu Cheng led the tens of thousands of residents in their respective commanderies to Piling County (毗陵縣けん; present-day Changzhou, Jiangsu) to work on an agricultural project. After Chen Biao died, Sun Quan ordered Zhuge Rong to replace Chen Biao as the Commandant of Xindu Commandery (新都しんと郡ぐん; around present-day Yi County, Anhui).[8]

Following Zhuge Jin's death in 241, Zhuge Rong inherited his father's peerage as the Marquis of Wanling (宛あて陵りょう侯こう) and took control of the troops stationed at Gong'an County who used to be under his father's command.[9] When Zhuge Rong assumed command at Gong'an County near Wu's western border, the area was rather peaceful. The troops also willingly submitted to his command.[10] While he was at Gong'an County, Zhuge Rong spent his time hunting and training in combat during autumn and winter, and hosting parties during spring and summer. Some of his men even returned to camp to attend his parties when they were on leave. During the party, the guests chatted or played games such as chupu, weiqi, touhu and slingshot, while feasting on fruits, snacks and alcoholic drinks. Zhuge Rong would walk around and mingle with them; he never grew tired of such parties.[11] When Zhuge Rong's father Zhuge Jin and brother Zhuge Ke served in the military, they wore simple and plain clothing with no decorations. Zhuge Rong, in contrast, enjoyed wearing lavishly designed clothes to highlight his "special" status.[12]

In 250,[a] Wang Chang, a senior general from Wu's rival state Wei, led the Wei forces to attack the Wu-controlled Jiangling County (江こう陵りょう縣けん; in present-day Jingzhou, Hubei). When Wang Chang was withdrawing his troops after failing to breach Jiangling County's walls,[13] the Wu general Shi Ji wrote to Zhuge Rong: "(Wang) Chang has come a long way; he and his men are weary and their horses have no more fodder. Heaven is on our side. I don't have enough men to attack them so I hope you can lead your troops to support me. I will attack them from the front while you can mop them up from the rear. The glory won't be only mine; this is an opportunity for us to work together."[14] After Zhuge Rong promised to help him, Shi Ji then led his troops to attack Wang Chang and his men at Jinan (紀南きなん), which was located about 30 li away from Jiangling County. Although Shi Ji initially had the upper hand, he ultimately lost the battle when Zhuge Rong broke his promise and did not show up to help him.[15] After the battle, Sun Quan praised Shi Ji, but severely reprimanded Zhuge Rong and wanted to relieve him of his appointment. However, he eventually pardoned Zhuge Rong as he had to "give face" to Zhuge Rong's brother Zhuge Ke, whom he favoured and heavily relied on.[16] As Shi Ji was initially already not on good terms with Zhuge Ke and Zhuge Rong, this incident further deepened the rift between him and the Zhuge brothers.[17]

Service under Sun Liang

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After Sun Quan died in 252, his youngest son Sun Liang succeeded him as the emperor of Wu, with Zhuge Rong's brother Zhuge Ke serving as regent for the young emperor. Zhuge Rong was promoted to General of Vehement Might (奮威將軍しょうぐん). In the spring of 253,[18] when Zhuge Ke was away leading Wu forces to attack the Wei fortress of Xincheng at Hefei, he requested support from Shi Ji's units but did not bring Shi Ji along and instead ordered him to remain at Banzhou (半はん州しゅう). He then granted Zhuge Rong acting imperial authority and ordered him to take command of Shi Ji's units and lead them towards the Mian River to attack Wei reinforcements coming from the west to reinforce Xincheng.[19][20]

Death

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In late 253,[18] Sun Jun, a distant cousin of Sun Quan, overthrew and assassinated Zhuge Ke in a coup d'état. He then ordered Shi Kuan (施ほどこせ寬ひろし), Shi Ji, Sun Yi (孫まご壹いち) and Quan Xi (全ぜん熈) to lead their troops to Gong'an County to arrest Zhuge Rong. When Zhuge Rong heard about it, he started panicking and could not decide what to do. While under siege by Sun Jun's forces, Zhuge Rong eventually took his own life by consuming poison. His three sons, along with Zhuge Ke's extended family, were rounded up and executed.[21]

The Jiang Biao Zhuan recorded that there were sightings of a white alligator in Gong'an County, and that there was a children's rhyme which goes, "The white alligator growls, a turtle carries peace on its back; one can live long in Nan Commandery, but he won't be righteous if he holds on to his life and refuses to die." When Zhuge Rong heard about this, he had a golden seal carved in the image of a turtle, and then committed suicide by swallowing the seal.[22]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Shi Ji's biography in the Sanguozhi mentioned that this event took place in the year after Zhu Ran's death in 249.[13]

References

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  1. ^ Rong's 2nd elder brother Qiao was likely born in 204.
  2. ^ Sun Liang's biography in the Sanguozhi recorded that Zhuge Ke died in the 10th month of the 2nd year of the Jianxing era of Sun Liang's reign. ([建けん興きょう二に年ねん]冬ふゆ十じゅう月がつ，大だい饗きょう。武たけ衞まもる將軍しょうぐん孫まご峻たかし伏兵ふくへい殺ころせ恪つとむ於殿堂どう。 ... 十一月じゅういちがつ， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 48. This month corresponds to 8 Nov to 7 Dec 253 in the Julian calendar. Zhuge Rong's biography in Sanguozhi indicated that he died shortly after Ke's death.
  3. ^ (喬たかし字じ伯はく松まつ，[諸しょ葛かずら]亮あきら兄けい瑾之第だい二に子し也， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 35.
  4. ^ (吳くれ書しょ曰：初はつ，瑾為大將軍だいしょうぐん，而弟亮あきら為ため蜀しょく丞相じょうしょう，二に子し恪つとむ、融とおる皆みな典てん戎えびす馬ば，督とく領りょう將帥しょうすい，族ぞく弟おとうと誕又顯あらわ名めい於魏，一門いちもん三さん方ぽう為ため冠かんむり蓋ぶた，天下てんか榮さかえ之の。) Wu Shu annotation Sanguozhi vol. 52.
  5. ^ (初はつ，承うけたまわ喪も妻つま，昭あきら欲よく為ため索さく諸しょ葛かずら瑾女，承うけたまわ以相與あずか有ゆう好こう，難なん之の，權けん聞而勸すすむ焉，遂とげ為ため婚こん。生なま女おんな，權けん為ため子こ和納わのう之の。) Sanguozhi vol. 52.
  6. ^ (吳くれ書しょ曰：融とおる字じ叔長，生なま於寵貴とうと，少しょう而驕樂らく，學がく為ため章句しょうく，博ひろし而不精しらげ，性せい寬容かんよう，多た技藝ぎげい， ...) Wu Shu annotation Sanguozhi vol. 52.
  7. ^ (... 數かず以巾褐奉朝あさ請，後ご拜はい騎き都と尉じょう。) Wu Shu annotation Sanguozhi vol. 52.
  8. ^ (赤あか烏がらす中ちゅう，諸しょ郡ぐん出で部ぶ伍ご，新都しんと都と尉じょう陳ひね表ひょう、吳くれ郡ぐん都と尉じょう顧承各かく率りつ所領しょりょう人じん會かい佃つくだ毗陵，男女だんじょ各かく數すう萬まん口くち。表おもて病死びょうし，權けん以融代表だいひょう， ...) Wu Shu annotation Sanguozhi vol. 52.
  9. ^ ([諸しょ葛かずら]恪つとむ已やめ自じ封ふう侯こう，故こ弟おとうと融とおる襲爵しゅうしゃく，攝と兵へい業ぎょう駐ちゅう公安こうあん。) Sanguozhi vol. 52.
  10. ^ (... 後代こうだい父ちち瑾領攝と。融とおる部ぶ曲きょく吏士親おや附ふ之の，疆外無事ぶじ。) Wu Shu annotation Sanguozhi vol. 52.
  11. ^ (秋冬あきふゆ則そく射しゃ獵りょう講こう武たけ，春はる夏なつ則そく延のべ賔高會かい，休きゅう吏假卒そつ，或ある不ふ遠とお千里せんり而造焉。每まい會かい輒歷問とい賔客，各かく言げん其能，乃合榻促席せき，量りょう敵てき選對せんたい，或ある有ゆう博奕ばくえき，或ある有ゆう摴蒱，投とう壺つぼ弓ゆみ彈だん，部ぶ別べつ類るい分ぶん，於是甘あま果はて繼ままし進すすむ，清酒せいしゅ徐行じょこう，融とおる周しゅう流りゅう觀覽かんらん，終日しゅうじつ不ふ倦。) Sanguozhi vol. 52.
  12. ^ (兄あに質素しっそ，雖在軍旅ぐんりょ，身み無む采さい飾かざり；而融錦にしき罽文繡，獨どく為ため奢おご綺あやぎぬ。) Sanguozhi vol. 52.
  13. ^ a b (然しか卒そつ，績襲業しゅうぎょう， ... 明年みょうねん，魏ぎ征せい南みなみ將軍しょうぐん王おう昶あきら率りつ衆しゅ攻おさむ江こう陵りょう城じょう，不ふ克かつ而退。) Sanguozhi vol. 56.
  14. ^ (績與奮威將軍しょうぐん諸しょ葛かずら融とおる書しょ曰：「昶あきら遠來えんらい疲つかれ困こま，馬うま無む所しょ食しょく，力ちから屈こごめ而走，此天助じょ也。今こん追おい之の力ちから少しょう，可か引兵相しょう繼つぎ，吾われ欲ほし破やぶ之これ於前，足あし下乘げじょう之の於後，豈あに一人ひとり之の功こう哉，宜むべ同どう斷金だんきん之の義ぎ。」) Sanguozhi vol. 56.
  15. ^ (融とおる荅許績。績便引兵及昶於紀南みなみ，紀南きなん去さ城しろ三さん十じゅう里り，績先戰勝せんしょう而融不ふ進すすむ，績後失しつ利り。) Sanguozhi vol. 56.
  16. ^ (權けん深ふか嘉よしみ績，盛もり責せめ怒いか融とおる，融とおる兄けい大將軍だいしょうぐん恪つとむ貴重きちょう，故こ融とおる得とく不ふ廢はい。) Sanguozhi vol. 56.
  17. ^ (初はつ績與恪つとむ、融とおる不平ふへい，及此事變じへん，為ため隙すき益えき甚。) Sanguozhi vol. 56.
  18. ^ a b Sima (1084), vol. 76.
  19. ^ ([建けん興きょう]二に年ねん春はる，恪つとむ向こう新城しんじょう，要よう績并力りょく，而留置りゅうち半はん州しゅう，使つかい融とおる兼けん其任。) Sanguozhi vol. 56.
  20. ^ (孫まご權けん薨，徙奮威い將軍しょうぐん。後こう恪つとむ征せい淮南ワイナン，假かり融とおる節ぶし，令れい引軍入にゅう沔，以擊西にし兵へい。) Sanguozhi vol. 52.
  21. ^ (恪つとむ旣すんで誅，遣や無難ぶなん督とく施ほどこせ寬ひろし就將軍ぐん施ほどこせ績、孫まご壹いち、全ぜん熈等取と融とおる。融とおる卒そつ聞兵士し至いたり，惶懼猶豫ゆうよ，不能ふのう決けつ計けい，兵へい到いた圍かこえ城じょう，飲いん藥やく而死，三子みつご皆みな伏ふく誅。) Sanguozhi vol. 52.
  22. ^ (江こう表ひょう傳でん曰：先さき是ぜ，公安こうあん有ゆう靈れい鼉鳴，童謠どうよう曰：「白しろ鼉鳴，龜かめ背せ平ひらめ，南みなみ郡ぐん城中じょうちゅう可か長生ちょうせい，守もり死し不ふ去さ義よし無む成なり。」及恪被ひ誅，融とおる果はて刮金印しるし龜かめ，服ふく之の而死。) Jiang Biao Zhuan annotation Sanguozhi vol. 52.
  • Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
  • de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23-220 AD. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004156050.
  • Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).
  • Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian.
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