-o
Afar • Albanian • Esperanto • Finnish • Franco-Provençal • French • Garo • Gothic • Ido • Italian • Latin • Lithuanian • Lower Sorbian • Mokilese • Norwegian Nynorsk • Old Dutch • Old English • Old Galician-Portuguese • Old High German • Old Polish • Old Saxon • Polish • Portuguese • Romani • Romanian • Spanish • Swahili • Swedish • Volapük • Welsh
Page categories
English
editPronunciation
edit- (UK) IPA(key): /əʊ/
- (General Australian) IPA(key): /əʉ/, [æ̠ʉ~ɐʉ]
- (General American) IPA(key): /oʊ/
- Homophones: o, owe, oh
Etymology 1
editPerhaps from a special use of the interjection O, oh; and/or perhaps from o (“one”), from Middle English o, oo, variant of a, on, oon, an (“one”). See one and -y.
Alternative forms
editSuffix
edit- A colloquializing suffix, typically appended to names, abbreviations of long words, or substantive uses of adjectives.
- 1991, Stephen Fry, chapter III, in The Liar, London: William Heinemann, →ISBN, page 26:
- Adrian thought it worth while to try out his new slang. ‘I say, you fellows, here's a rum go. Old Biffo was jolly odd this morning. He gave me a lot of pi-jaw about slacking and then invited me to tea. No rotting! He did really.’
Usage notes
edit-o generally does not change the meaning of the word or name but only makes it more colloquial, as with cheapo and Jacko. It is often appended to clipped or elided forms of longer words, as with ambo and parmo. Occasionally, the terminal consonant of the clipped form is doubled for clarity of meaning or pronunciation, as with uggo and doggo. It sometimes does change the meaning of words, usually by being applied to adjectives to indicate a person with a pronounced trait, as with weirdo (“weird person”), or to nouns used metonymously to indicate a person with a pronounced connection to the other object, as with wino (“poor or vagrant alcoholic”). Especially in American English, some uses of this suffix are understood as dated slang, as with bucko and neato. The suffix is most frequently and widely encountered in Australian English, which has additional uses (such as rego for registration and nasho for national service) that are never or only extremely rarely encountered in other dialects.
Its meaning is very similar to some uses of -y and its use is particularly common where use of -y might cause misunderstanding, as with randy and rando, journey and journo, whiny and wino.
Derived terms
editSee also
editEtymology 2
editFrom many Spanish or Italian words that end in o. This ending in such Spanish or Italian words generally derives from -um, the accusative singular inflectional ending for masculine and neuter nouns in Latin.
Suffix
edit-o
- (humorous) Converts certain words to faux Italian or Spanish. Can be used with Spanish el for expressions such as el stinko.
- no problemo
Derived terms
editEtymology 3
editBack-formation from typo.
Suffix
edit-o (plural -os)
- Added to verb stems to create a noun describing an error relating to the action described by the verb.
Derived terms
editDerived terms
editAfar
editPronunciation
editSuffix
edit-ó
Derived terms
editReferences
edit- Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)[1], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)
Albanian
editEtymology 1
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-ó
- Creates a second-person singular active imperative verb form from a non-verb.
- áfër (“close, nearby”, adverb/preposition) + -o → afró! (“bring closer”)
- báraz (“equal”, adverb) + -o → barazó! (“eqalize!”)
- kráhas (“arm in arm, side by side”, adverb/preposition) + -o → krahasó! (“compare!”)
- pástër (“clean”, adjective/adverb) + -o → pastró! (“cleanse”)
- zhúrmë (“noise”, noun) + -o → zhurmó! (“make a noise, scream!”)
Etymology 2
editParticle
edit-o
- Alternative form of o
Esperanto
editEtymology
edit- From the masculine singular of the Romance languages, such as Italian (amico); perhaps also the neuter singular common to all Slavic languages (окно (okno))
- Perhaps from the above (Italian quello, Russian то (to))
- Possibly derived from Greek second declension syllabic nucleus -o, from which plural -oj in greek is likely also derived.
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-o
Finnish
editEtymology
editConflated:
- from Proto-Finnic *-o (forms action/result nouns), from Proto-Uralic *-w (as applied to stems ending in -a).
- from Proto-Finnic *-oi (variant/diminutive), from Proto-Uralic *-j (diminutive ending); the -o- is a re-extraction from the suffix being applied to stems ending in -a which was labialized by -j.
Suffix
edit-o (front vowel harmony variant -ö, linguistic notation -O)
- Forms result or action nouns from verbs.
- Forms variants or diminutives from a few nominal roots.
Usage notes
edit- Used deverbally especially with those verbs whose dictionary form (first infinitive) ends with -aa or -ää. Somewhat unusually, the front-vowel form -ö is used only with stems that contain a front vowel; if it only contains neutral vowels (e, i), the back-vocalic form -o is used, even though such words or stems have front vowel harmony by default.
Declension
editInflection of -o (Kotus type 1/valo, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative | -o | -ot | |
genitive | -on | -ojen | |
partitive | -oa | -oja | |
illative | -oon | -oihin | |
singular | plural | ||
nominative | -o | -ot | |
accusative | nom. | -o | -ot |
gen. | -on | ||
genitive | -on | -ojen | |
partitive | -oa | -oja | |
inessive | -ossa | -oissa | |
elative | -osta | -oista | |
illative | -oon | -oihin | |
adessive | -olla | -oilla | |
ablative | -olta | -oilta | |
allative | -olle | -oille | |
essive | -ona | -oina | |
translative | -oksi | -oiksi | |
abessive | -otta | -oitta | |
instructive | — | -oin | |
comitative | See the possessive forms below. |
Possessive forms of -o (Kotus type 1/valo, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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|
Note that if the stem has gradation, it is (almost always) preserved.
Derived terms
editSee also
editFranco-Provençal
editPronoun
edit-o
- postpositive form of o
French
editEtymology
editAnalogically extended from various clippings with etymological o, such as vélo, resto < vélocipède, restaurant. Its pronunciation perhaps had input from -aud.
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-o (informal)
- Added to a clipped noun or adjective
Derived terms
editSee also
editGaro
editEtymology
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
edit-o
- (inflectional suffix) forms the locative case
Synonyms
edit- -no (“forms locative”)
See also
editGothic
editRomanization
edit-o
- Romanization of -𐍉
Ido
editEtymology
editFrom Esperanto -o, from Romance languages.
Suffix
edit-o
Italian
editEtymology 1
editInherited from Latin -us, from Proto-Indo-European *-os (creates action nouns from verbs).
Suffix
edit-o m (noun-forming suffix, plural -i)
Derived terms
editEtymology 2
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
edit-o (past participle-forming suffix, feminine -a, masculine plural -i, feminine plural -e)
- (not productive) used with a verb stem to form a past participle
Derived terms
editEtymology 3
editSuffix
edit-o (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)
- (productive) used with a stem to form the first-person singular present of regular are and ere verbs and those -ire verbs that do not take -isc-
Latin
editPronunciation
edit- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /oː/, [oː]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /o/, [o]
Etymology 1
edit
From Proto-Indo-European *-h₃onh₂- (with nominative ō made common to all cases). Etymologically, it forms part of the abstract noun suffixes -iō f, -tiō f, -āgō f, -īgō f, -ūgō f, -tūdō f, -ēdō f, but synchronically, these have become differentiated in Latin: abstract nouns in -ō are regularly feminine (and those that end in a consonant + -ō show -in- rather than -ōn- in oblique cases), whereas non-abstract nouns in -ō, -ōnis are typically masculine.
Suffix
edit-ō m (genitive -ōnis); third declension
- Used to form masculine nouns with various meanings:
- forms agent nouns, positive and especially negative nicknames and other personal designations, especially in colloquial language.
- combibere (“to drink together”) → combibō (“drinking buddy”)
- vāpulāre (“to get beaten”) → vāpulō (“who gets frequently flogged”)
- ?cōci- → cōciō (“broker”)
- centuria (“century”) → centuriō (“centurion”)
- mūlus (“mule”) → mūliō (“muleteer”)
- Ancient Greek μωρός (mōrós, “dull, sluggish”) → mōriō (“idiot”)
- also forms names, especially cognomina.
- aquila (“eagle”) → Aquilō (“the North wind”)
- incubāre (“to lie on top”) → Incubō (“a spirit that watches over buried treasures”)
- cūria (“curia”) → Cūriō
- cicer (“chickpea”) → Cicerō
- vārus (“bow-legged”) → Varrō
- catus (“clever, shrewd”) → Catō
- conger (“sea-eel”) → Congriō (“name of a cook in Plautus”)
- (Late Latin) also used as an ending for some inanimate nouns.
- forms agent nouns, positive and especially negative nicknames and other personal designations, especially in colloquial language.
Declension
editThird-declension noun.
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | -ō | -ōnēs |
Genitive | -ōnis | -ōnum |
Dative | -ōnī | -ōnibus |
Accusative | -ōnem | -ōnēs |
Ablative | -ōne | -ōnibus |
Vocative | -ō | -ōnēs |
Synonyms
editDerived terms
editDescendants
edit- Franco-Provençal: -on
- French: -on
- → English: -oon
- Italian: -one
- Portuguese: -ão
- Romanian: -oi, -oni
- Sicilian: -uni, -una
- Spanish: -ón
References
edit- “-ō¹” on page 1,210/1 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
Etymology 2
editFrom Proto-Italic *-ōd, an ablative suffix, derived from Proto-Indo-European *-éad.
Suffix
edit-ō (comparative -ius, superlative -issimō)
Derived terms
editReferences
edit- “-ō²” on page 1,210/1 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
Etymology 3
editFrom Proto-Italic *-āō, from the following sources:
- Denominative verbs with *-eh₂-yé-ti, in which the first person singular ends in *-eh₂-yóh₂ > intermediate phase **-ājō with accent shift > Proto-Italic *-āō (e.g., laudō, dōnō, pugnō, cūrō).
- Verbs from roots in *-h₁- (e.g. flō).
- Verbs from roots in *-h₂- (e.g. for, nō, hiō, domō, iuvō).
- Verbs from roots in *-h₃- (e.g. dō, lavō, arō).
- In one exceptional case, by sound laws acting on *-h₂ + stative suffix *-éh₁-ye-ti, whence *-h₂-éh₁-ye-ti. This case is the verb stō: *sth₂-éh₁-ye-ti > *staēō > stō).
Some third-conjugation verbs show a shift to the first declension in composition, such as pellō, pellere vs. -pellō, -pellāre (in compellō, compellāre and interpellō, interpellāre) or sternō, sternere vs. cōnsternō, cōnsternāre. Schrijver (1991) derives the simplex third-conjugation versions from nasal presents in *-n-H-ti of the type *tl-n-h₂-ti > *tl̥năti > tollit (arguing that Proto-Indo-European present forms in *-né-H-ti, showing the full grade of the suffix, were replaced by paradigmatic leveling) and proposes that the compounds were derived by addition of the thematic suffix *-ye-/-yo- to *-nă-, forming *-năye-/-năyo-. In this case, the Proto-Italic form would be *-aō. Traditionally, these compound verbs in -āre were explained as "intensive" forms alongside cases like occupō, occupāre, but Schrijver argues that the latter are clearly denominative while the former are clearly not.[1]
Cognates of the whole first conjugation in the present in Latin and Proto-Italic include Proto-Germanic *-ōną (referring to the whole conjugation in which the infinitive is *-ōną), Ancient Greek -άω (-áō, contracted verb), -अयति (-ayati) (for the causative in Sanskrit), Proto-Celtic *-āti and Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ā́ˀtei (whence the infinite Proto-Slavic *-ati, referring again to the whole conjugation).
Alternative forms
editSuffix
edit-ō (present infinitive -āre, perfect active -āvī, supine -ātum); first conjugation
- suffixed to nouns or adjectives — originally a-stem nouns, but later nouns with other stems — forms regular first-conjugation verbs
- suffixed to third-conjugation verbs in composition, forms regular first-conjugation verbs
- com- + pellō (pres. act. inf.: pellere) + -ō → compellō (pres. act. inf.: compellāre)
- prō- + flīgō (pres. act. inf.: flīgere) + -ō → prōflīgō (pres. act. inf.: prōflīgāre)
Conjugation
editConjugation of -ō (first conjugation, verbs with the perfect infix -u-) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
indicative | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
active | present | -ō | -ās | -at | -āmus | -ātis | -ant |
imperfect | -ābam | -ābās | -ābat | -ābāmus | -ābātis | -ābant | |
future | -ābō | -ābis | -ābit | -ābimus | -ābitis | -ābunt | |
perfect | -uī | -uistī | -uit | -uimus | -uistis | -uērunt, -uēre | |
pluperfect | -ueram | -uerās | -uerat | -uerāmus | -uerātis | -uerant | |
future perfect | -uerō | -ueris | -uerit | -uerimus | -ueritis | -uerint | |
sigmatic future1 | -āssō | -āssis | -āssit | -āssimus | -āssitis | -āssint | |
passive | present | -or | -āris, -āre |
-ātur | -āmur | -āminī | -antur |
imperfect | -ābar | -ābāris, -ābāre |
-ābātur | -ābāmur | -ābāminī | -ābantur | |
future | -ābor | -āberis, -ābere |
-ābitur | -ābimur | -ābiminī | -ābuntur | |
perfect | -ātus + present active indicative of sum | ||||||
pluperfect | -ātus + imperfect active indicative of sum | ||||||
future perfect | -ātus + future active indicative of sum | ||||||
sigmatic future1 | -āssor | -āsseris | -āssitur | — | — | — | |
subjunctive | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
active | present | -em | -ēs | -et | -ēmus | -ētis | -ent |
imperfect | -ārem | -ārēs | -āret | -ārēmus | -ārētis | -ārent | |
perfect | -uerim | -uerīs | -uerit | -uerīmus | -uerītis | -uerint | |
pluperfect | -uissem | -uissēs | -uisset | -uissēmus | -uissētis | -uissent | |
sigmatic aorist1 | -āssim | -āssīs | -āssīt | -āssīmus | -āssītis | -āssint | |
passive | present | -er | -ēris, -ēre |
-ētur | -ēmur | -ēminī | -entur |
imperfect | -ārer | -ārēris, -ārēre |
-ārētur | -ārēmur | -ārēminī | -ārentur | |
perfect | -ātus + present active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
pluperfect | -ātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
imperative | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
active | present | — | -ā | — | — | -āte | — |
future | — | -ātō | -ātō | — | -ātōte | -antō | |
passive | present | — | -āre | — | — | -āminī | — |
future | — | -ātor | -ātor | — | — | -antor | |
non-finite forms | active | passive | |||||
present | perfect | future | present | perfect | future | ||
infinitives | -āre | -uisse | -ātūrum esse | -ārī, -ārier2 |
-ātum esse | -ātum īrī | |
participles | -āns | — | -ātūrus | — | -ātus | -andus | |
verbal nouns | gerund | supine | |||||
genitive | dative | accusative | ablative | accusative | ablative | ||
-andī | -andō | -andum | -andō | -ātum | -ātū |
1At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.
2The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.
3At least one rare poetic syncopated perfect form is attested.
Derived terms
editDescendants
edit(from infinitive -āre:)
References
edit- Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- “-ō³” on page 1,210/1 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
- ^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 411
Etymology 4
editFrom Proto-Italic *-ō, from at least two sources:
- Proto-Indo-European thematic *-e-ti in which the first person singular ends in *-oh₂ (e.g., agō < *h₂éǵeti; coquo < *pékʷeti).
- Proto-Indo-European athematic *-ti, in which the first person singular ends in *-mi (e.g., dūcō < *déwkti; edō < *h₁édti; linquō < *linékʷti; discō < *di-dḱ-ské-ti).
Alternative forms
editSuffix
edit-ō (present infinitive -ere, perfect active -ī, supine -um); third conjugation
- forms regular third-conjugation verbs
Conjugation
editConjugation of -ō (third conjugation) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
indicative | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
active | present | -ō | -is | -it | -imus | -itis | -unt |
imperfect | -ēbam | -ēbās | -ēbat | -ēbāmus | -ēbātis | -ēbant | |
future | -am | -ēs | -et | -ēmus | -ētis | -ent | |
perfect | -ī | -istī | -it | -imus | -istis | -ērunt, -ēre | |
pluperfect | -eram | -erās | -erat | -erāmus | -erātis | -erant | |
future perfect | -erō | -eris | -erit | -erimus | -eritis | -erint | |
sigmatic future1 | -ō | -is | -it | -imus | -itis | -int | |
passive | present | -or | -eris, -ere |
-itur | -imur | -iminī | -untur |
imperfect | -ēbar | -ēbāris, -ēbāre |
-ēbātur | -ēbāmur | -ēbāminī | -ēbantur | |
future | -ar | -ēris, -ēre |
-ētur | -ēmur | -ēminī | -entur | |
perfect | -us + present active indicative of sum | ||||||
pluperfect | -us + imperfect active indicative of sum | ||||||
future perfect | -us + future active indicative of sum | ||||||
sigmatic future1 | -or | -eris | -itur | — | — | — | |
subjunctive | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
active | present | -am | -ās | -at | -āmus | -ātis | -ant |
imperfect | -erem | -erēs | -eret | -erēmus | -erētis | -erent | |
perfect | -erim | -erīs | -erit | -erīmus | -erītis | -erint | |
pluperfect | -issem | -issēs | -isset | -issēmus | -issētis | -issent | |
sigmatic aorist1 | -im | -īs | -īt | -īmus | -ītis | -int | |
passive | present | -ar | -āris, -āre |
-ātur | -āmur | -āminī | -antur |
imperfect | -erer | -erēris, -erēre |
-erētur | -erēmur | -erēminī | -erentur | |
perfect | -us + present active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
pluperfect | -us + imperfect active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
imperative | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
active | present | — | -e | — | — | -ite | — |
future | — | -itō | -itō | — | -itōte | -untō | |
passive | present | — | -ere | — | — | -iminī | — |
future | — | -itor | -itor | — | — | -untor | |
non-finite forms | active | passive | |||||
present | perfect | future | present | perfect | future | ||
infinitives | -ere | -isse | -ūrum esse | -ī | -um esse | -um īrī | |
participles | -ēns | — | -ūrus | — | -us | -endus, -undus | |
verbal nouns | gerund | supine | |||||
genitive | dative | accusative | ablative | accusative | ablative | ||
-endī | -endō | -endum | -endō | -um | -ū |
1At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.
Etymology 5
editDative from Old Latin -ōi, from Proto-Italic *-ōi, from Proto-Indo-European *-oey. Ablative from Old Latin -ōd.
Suffix
edit-ō
Etymology 6
editBorrowed from Paleo-Balkan. Compare Albanian -ónjë, Aromanian -oanje, -oanji, -onje and Romanian -oaie, all forming feminine equivalent of nouns.
Suffix
edit-ō f (genitive -ōnis); third declension
- form feminine equivalents of given names of central Dalmatia
References
edit- Katičić, Radoslav (1976) Ancient Languages of the Balkans, page 180
See also
editLithuanian
editEtymology 1
editFrom Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ā; compare Latvian -a, Proto-Slavic *-a (“id”). From the Proto-Indo-European thematic masculine ablative ending *-ōd, with regular Balto-Slavic loss of final d. Compare Sanskrit -आत् (-āt), Latin -ō and Ancient Greek ὄ
Suffix
edit-õ
- Used to form genitive singulars of masculine a-stem nouns.
- Used to form genitive singulars of masculine a-stem adjectives.
Etymology 2
editSuffix
edit-o
- Used to form third person present tense forms in third declension verbs.
- Used to form third person past tense forms in first declension verbs.
Etymology 3
editSuffix
edit-õ
Synonyms
editLower Sorbian
editSuffix
edit-o
- -ly (used to turn an adjective into an adverb of manner)
Synonyms
editDerived terms
editMokilese
editSuffix
edit-o
- Third person singular demonstrative suffix, equivalent to yon or that (specifically, an object far from both the speaker and listener)
Usage notes
editThis suffix typically triggers gemination of the final consonant of the noun to which it is applied, if there is one.
References
edit- Harrison, Sheldon P., Mokilese Reference Grammar, University of Hawaii Press 1977
Norwegian Nynorsk
editSuffix
edit-o
- Used to make plural indefinite and definite forms for some neuter nouns
- (non-standard since 1917) Used to make singular definite form for some weak feminine nouns
- (archaic)(nonstandard) Used to mark plural form for strong verbs in past tense
Old Dutch
editEtymology 1
editFrom Proto-West Germanic *-ō, from Proto-Germanic *-ô.
Suffix
edit-o
- Forms adverbs from adjectives.
Derived terms
editDescendants
edit- Middle Dutch: -e
Etymology 2
editFrom Proto-West Germanic *-jō, from Proto-Germanic *-jô.
Suffix
edit-o
- Forms agent nouns from verbs.
Derived terms
editOld English
editPronunciation
editSuffix
edit-o
- (Anglian, Kentish) Alternative form of -e, as used to form the first person singular present indicative of strong verbs and class I weak verbs
- Alternative form of -u
Old Galician-Portuguese
editEtymology
editSuffix
edit-o
- a suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of verbs
Descendants
editOld High German
editEtymology 1
editFrom Proto-Germanic *-ô.
Suffix
edit-o
- Forms adverbs from adjectives.
Descendants
edit- Middle High German: -e
Etymology 2
editFrom Proto-Germanic *-ô. Cognate to Old English -a, in ǣta (“eater”), Old Norse -i, Gothic -𐌰 (-a), in 𐌽𐌿𐍄𐌰 (nuta, “fisher”). In some cases, the root appears in the zero-grade as in boto (from biotan).
Suffix
edit-o m
- used to form masculine agents from verbs
Declension
editMost nouns with this suffix follow the n-declension, like hano (“cock”), namo (“name”), gomo (“man”).
Descendants
editIn Middle High German, the suffix is replaced by -er (whence German -er), as in Middle High German gëber instead of Old High German gëbo. Only a few German words still have a final -e that results from Old High German -o.
Old Polish
editPronunciation
editSuffix
edit-o
Derived terms
editSee also
editOld Saxon
editEtymology 1
editFrom Proto-Germanic *-ô.
Suffix
edit-o
- Forms adverbs from adjectives.
Etymology 2
editFrom Proto-Germanic *-ô. Cognate to Old English -a, in ǣta (“eater”), Gothic -𐌰 (-a), in 𐌽𐌿𐍄𐌰 (nuta, “fisher”).
Suffix
edit-o m
- used to form masculine agents from verbs and nouns
Descendants
edit- Middle Low German: -e
Polish
editEtymology
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.) Doublet of -um.
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-o
- forms adverbs from adjectives
- forms diminutives, softening the previous consonant
Derived terms
editSee also
editPortuguese
editPronunciation
edit
Etymology 1
editInherited from Old Galician-Portuguese -o, from Latin -um.
Suffix
edit-o
- forms masculine singular nouns and adjectives
Etymology 2
editInherited from Old Galician-Portuguese -o, from Latin -ō, -eō, -iō. Compare Galician and Spanish -o.
Suffix
edit-o
- a suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of -ar
- a suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of -er
- a suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of -ir
Romani
editSuffix
edit-o
- Forms the nominative singular of vocalic oikoclitic masculine nouns
- Forms the nominative masculine singular of vocalic oikoclitic adjectives
- Attaches to the perfective stem to form the third-person singular masculine past tense of intransitive verbs
Romanian
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Slavic.
Suffix
edit-o
Usage notes
editThis form of the vocative is informal, especially when referring to a person. The nominative/accusative ending is preferred.
Related terms
edit- -e (vocative used for masculine and neuter adjectives or nouns)
Spanish
editEtymology 1
editInherited from Latin -um, accusative of -us.
Suffix
edit-o m (noun-forming suffix, plural -os)
- Used with a stem to form a masculine singular noun
Etymology 2
editSuffix
edit-o (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)
- suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of verbs
Swahili
editEtymology 1
editSuffix
edit-o
- suffix used in nominal forms of verbs in the absence of a more specific suffix (such as -ji), in conjunction with a noun class prefix
- wa class(II), m class(III), and u class(XI) relative marker
Derived terms
editSee also
editClass | Subject concord | Object concord | Relative | |
---|---|---|---|---|
affirmative | negative | |||
m(I) | a-, yu- | ha-, hayu- | -m-, -mw-, -mu- | -ye |
wa(II) | wa- | hawa- | -wa- | -o |
m(III) | u- | hau- | -u- | -o |
mi(IV) | i- | hai- | -i- | -yo |
ji(V) | li- | hali- | -li- | -lo |
ma(VI) | ya- | haya- | -ya- | -yo |
ki(VII) | ki- | haki- | -ki- | -cho |
vi(VIII) | vi- | havi- | -vi- | -vyo |
n(IX) | i- | hai- | -i- | -yo |
n(X) | zi- | hazi- | -zi- | -zo |
u(XI) | u- | hau- | -u- | -o |
ku(XV/XVII) | ku- | haku- | -ku- | -ko |
pa(XVI) | pa- | hapa- | -pa- | -po |
mu(XVIII) | m-, mw-, mu- | ham-, hamw-, hamu- | -mu- | -mo |
For a full table including first and second person, see Appendix:Swahili personal pronouns. |
Etymology 2
editSuffix
edit-o
- nonce suffix added for rhyming and scansion purposes
- (Can we date this quote?), K. Amri Abedi, Ukitaka moyo wangu:
- Ukitaka moyo wangu, ni tayari kukupao
- If you want my heart, I am ready to give it to you
Swedish
editEtymology 1
editInherited from Old Swedish -u, -o, from Old Norse -u.
Suffix
edit-o
Derived terms
editEtymology 2
edit- Possibly from Tavringer Romani -o, a masculine ending for nouns, cf. buro (“non-Traveller, farmer”), bölo (“bull”).
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-o
- (colloquial) Combines with an (often clipped) word to create a noun referring to a person with a related property. Gives a familiar and to some extent diminutive nuance.
Volapük
editSuffix
edit-o
Derived terms
editWelsh
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editSuffix
edit-o
Etymology 2
editSuffix
edit-o
- (literary) verb suffix for the third-person singular present subjunctive
Etymology 3
editFrom Middle Welsh -aw, from Proto-Brythonic *-ọ
Suffix
edit-o
Usage notes
editThis suffix is mostly used for verbs where the stem ends in the consonant i (though for some such verbs, such as cynnig, the verbnoun is given by dropping the i from the stem) or the vowel in the last syllable is i, u, eu, or wy.[1]
Derived terms
editRelated terms
edit- -io (Forms verbnouns from verbs and other parts of speech)
References
edit- ^ Morris Jones, John (1913) A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, § 202 iv
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