je
Page categories
Albanian
editPronunciation
editVerb
editje
Bassa
editPronunciation
editNoun
editje
References
edit- Bassa-English Dictionary
- 2007. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics.
Blagar
editNoun
editje
References
edit- Antoinette Schapper, The Papuan Languages of Timor, Alor and Pantar: Volume 1 (2014), p. 173
Bourguignon
editAlternative forms
edit- i (normal form)
Etymology
editThe traditional form is i but je is found as early as in the first recorded texts in Bourguignon. However nowadays, it is rare to find it, most speakers saying i as it is a typical feature of Bourguignon.
Pronoun
editje
Related terms
editNumber | Person | Gender | Nominative (subject) |
Inversion | Reflexive | Accusative (direct complement) |
Dative (indirect complement) |
Disjunctive (tonic) |
Locative (at) |
Genitive (of) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | First | — | i (rarely je) | -je | me, m’ | moi | — | — | ||
Second | — | tu, t' | -tu | te, t’ | toi | — | — | |||
Third | Masculine | ai, before vowels el | -ti | se, s’ | le, l’ | lu | lu | y | en | |
Feminine | ale | la, l’ | lei | |||||||
Neuter | çai | -ce | çai | çai, çan | — | — | ||||
— | an | -an | — | — | soi | — | — | |||
Plural | First | — | i (rarely je) | -je | nos | — | — | |||
Second | — | vos | -vos | vos | — | — | ||||
Third | Masculine | ai, before vowels el | -ti | se, s’ | les | lor | lor | y | en | |
Feminine | ales |
Czech
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editInherited from Proto-Slavic *jь, *ja, *je, originally from Proto-Indo-European *eno-, *ono-, *no-.[cs 1]
Pronoun
editje
- third-person plural accusative of on
- third-person plural accusative of ona
- third-person singular/plural accusative of ono
See also
editEtymology 2
editFormerly jest, from Proto-Slavic *estь, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es-.[cs 1]
Verb
editje
References
editDutch
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editPronoun
editje
- subjective unstressed form of jij (“you (singular)”)
- Wat doe je daar? ― What are you doing there?
- objective unstressed form of jij (“you (singular)”)
- Ik doe dit wel voor je. ― I'll do this for you.
- Hoe gaat het met je? — Goed. En met jou?
- How are you? — I'm good. What about you?
- subjective unstressed form of jullie (“you (plural), y'all”)
- Wat doe je daar? ― What are you doing there?
- objective unstressed form of jullie (“you (plural), y'all”)
- Ik doe dit wel voor je. ― I'll do this for you.
- (indefinite personal pronoun, informal) one, people, you, someone, anyone; an unspecified individual or group of individuals (as subject or object)
- Je mag hier niet zwemmen. ― Swimming is not allowed here.
- In dat restaurant kun je heerlijk eten. ― There is great food to be had in that restaurant.
- 1995 May 23, Marleen Barth, “'Politiek moet leren luisteren naar scholen' ['Politicians must learn to listen to schools']”, in Trouw[1], page 4:
- „Als je als directeur ondernemend van aard bent en je kunt goed leidinggeven, dan ben je natuurlijk wel gelukkig met meer vrijheid. Maar dat geldt voor veel directeuren niet.(...)"
- "If a headteacher is entrepreneurial by nature and if he or she is a good manager, they'll obviously be happy with more freedom. But this does not apply to many headteachers.(...)"
- (personal pronoun, colloquial) I, one; used to talk about oneself indirectly, especially about feelings or personal experiences
- Je gaat wel even een moeilijk periode door, maar je zoekt toch naar een oplossing. ― I did go through a difficult period, but I looked for a solution nonetheless.
- 1994 December 31, Wang An Oe, “'Voor een paar tientjes was ik ineens directeur' ['For a couple of tenners, I suddenly became a CEO']”, in Leeuwarder Courant[2], page 17:
- Het echtpaar Duijm uit Spijkenisse toog zo'n vier maanden geleden naar de Kamer van Koophandel omdat meneer en mevrouw wel wat zagen in een strijkservice. (...) „Voor ƒ 58 inschrijfgeld waren we plotseling directeur en directrice. Na afloop voel je weer de frisse lucht buiten en dan denk je wel even: waar zijn we aan begonnen?"
- About four months ago, Mr and Mrs Duijm from Spijkenisse went to the Chamber of Commerce because the couple saw business potential for an ironing service. (...) "For a ƒ58 registration fee, we were suddenly CEOs. Afterwards, I felt the fresh outside air again and at that moment I did think to myself: what did we get ourselves into?"
- 2022 October 31, Gummbah, De Volkskrant[3] (cartoon), retrieved 23 November 2022:
- Hoe gaat het nou?
Slecht !... Ja, je hebt toch net je moeder begraven, hè- How are things?
Bad! After all, I just buried my mother, right?
- How are things?
Usage notes
edit- When je is the unstressed subjective form of jullie, it is construed with a singular verb. Compare:
- Het is gevaarlijk, maar jullie moeten weten wat je doet.
- It’s dangerous, but you must decide what you’re doing.
- In informal language, je often replaces jij, jou, and jouw, with those forms used for emphasis or contrast.
- Heb je aan je maat gevraagd of ’ie z’n boor voor je kan meenemen? — Ja, hij zei dat ik ’m daarna aan jou mag geven zodat jij ’m voor jouw klusje kunt gebruiken.
- Did you ask your mate to bring his drill for you? — Yes, he said I can give it to you afterwards so you can use it for your project.
Inflection
editDescendants
edit- Jersey Dutch: je
Etymology 2
editDeterminer
editje (second person, possessive)
- possessive unstressed form of jij (“you (singular)”): your (singular)
- Neem je boek en maak die oefening. ― Take your book and do that exercise.
- possessive unstressed form of jullie (“you (plural), y'all”): your (plural), y'all's
- Neem je boeken en maak die oefening. ― Take your books and do that exercise.
Inflection
editEtymology 3
editPronoun
editje (second person, reflexive)
- reflexive of jij (“you (singular)”): yourself
- Heb je je gewassen? ― Did you wash yourself?
- reflexive of jullie (“you (plural), y'all”): yourselves
- Hebben jullie je goed voorbereid? ― Have you all prepared yourselves well?
Inflection
editEsperanto
editEtymology
editPronunciation
editPreposition
editje
- An all-purpose preposition.
Usage notes
editThe preposition je can replace any other preposition and remain grammatically correct, albeit more ambiguous. It is usually clear what meaning is intended based on context.
It is most useful for prepositional phrases not involving a literal physical connection, and instead, the correct preposition in the source language is mandated by convention only:
- "He bets on the horses." (He doesn't place his money on the physical body of the horse.)
- "I typed it on the computer." (It was actually typed using the computer.)
- "She'll be here in a minute." (She'll be here within or after a minute.)
Without context, Donu ĝin je mi could mean any of the following:
- Donu ĝin je [al] mi. — “Give it to me.”
- Donu ĝin je [el] mi. — “Give it from me.”
- Donu ĝin je [kun] mi. — “Give it with me.”
Without context, La kato saltis je la tablon could mean any of the following:
- La kato saltis je [sur] la tablon. — “The cat jumped onto the table.”
- La kato saltis je [sub] la tablon. — “The cat jumped under the table.”
- La kato saltis je [malantaŭ] la tablon. — “The cat jumped behind the table.”
Related terms
editFranco-Provençal
editEtymology
editInherited from Late Latin eo.
Pronoun
editje (prevocalic j', postpositive -jo) (ORB, broad)
- I (first-person singular nominative)
See also
editsingular | nominative | accusative | dative | tonic1 | possessive2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st person | jo | mè | min | ||
2nd person | te | tè | tin | ||
3rd person masculine | il | lo / le | lui | sin | |
3rd person feminine | el | la | lyé | ||
3rd person neuter | o | y | — | ||
3rd person reflexive | — | sè | |||
plural | nominative | accusative | dative | tonic1 | possessive2 |
1st person | nos | noutro | |||
2nd person | vos | voutro | |||
3rd person masculine | ils | los / les | lor | lor | |
3rd person feminine | els | les | lor / lyés | ||
3rd person reflexive | — | sè | |||
1 Disjunctive or object of a preposition. | 2 Generally preceded by a definite article. |
References
editFrench
editEtymology
editFrom Middle French je, from Old French je, from Late Latin eo, from Classical Latin egō̆.
Pronunciation
edit- IPA(key): /ʒə/
- (informal) IPA(key): (before a voiced segment) /ʒ/, (before an unvoiced segment) /ʃ/
Audio: (file) - Rhymes: -ə
Pronoun
editje (first person singular, plural nous, object me, emphatic moi, possessive determiner mon)
Usage notes
edit- When several pronouns are included in the same sentence, it is considered impolite to say the pronoun je first; it must be the last one, and tu must be said after third persons (this applies also for toi and moi):
- Nous irons, Rose, toi et moi.
- We will go, Rose, you and I.
Derived terms
editRelated terms
editNumber | Person | Gender | Nominative (subject) |
Accusative (direct complement) |
Dative (indirect complement) |
Locative (at) |
Genitive (of) |
Disjunctive (tonic) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | First | — | je, j’ | me, m’ | — | — | moi | |
Second | — | tu | te, t’ | — | — | toi | ||
Third | Masculine | il | le, l’ | lui | y | en | lui | |
Feminine | elle | la, l’ | elle | |||||
Indeterminate | on1 | — | — | — | — | — | ||
Reflexive | — | se, s’4 | — | — | soi4 | |||
Plural | First | — | nous | nous | — | — | nous | |
Second | — | vous2 | vous2,3 | — | — | vous2 | ||
Third | Masculine | ils3 | les | leur | y | en | eux3 | |
Feminine | elles | elles |
- 1 Also used as the first person plural.
- 2 Also used as the polite singular form.
- 3 Also used when a group has both men and women.
- 4 Also used as third person plural reflexive.
Further reading
edit- “je”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Garo
editEtymology
editLikely borrowed from Bengali যেই (jei)
Pronoun
editje
References
edit- Burling, R. (2003) The Language of the Modhupur Mandi (Garo) Vol. II: The Lexicon[4], Bangladesh: University of Michigan, page 56
German
editEtymology
editPronunciation
editAdverb
editje
- ever
- 1930, Paul Joachimsen, Der Humanismus und die Entwicklung des deutschen Geistes, in: Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte, 8, page 467:
- Und nun kommt die Reformation selbst. Die größte geistige Umwälzung, die je ein Volk des Abendlandes erlebt hat.
- And now comes the Reformation itself. The largest spiritual upheaval that was ever experienced by a nation of the Occident.
- per
- (with “desto”, “umso” or (dated) “je”) the
- je mehr, desto besser ― the more the better
- je früher, umso besser ― the sooner the better
Derived terms
edit- je länger je lieber (“the longer it lasts, the more I like it”)
- je nach
- je nachdem
Further reading
edit- “je” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
- Friedrich Kluge (1883) “je”, in John Francis Davis, transl., Etymological Dictionary of the German Language, published 1891
Haitian Creole
editEtymology
editFrom earlier zye, from Saint Dominican Creole French z'yeu, from French les yeux (“the eyes”).
Pronunciation
editNoun
editje
Icelandic
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editShortening of Jesús (“Jesus”).
Interjection
editje
Derived terms
editEtymology 2
editInterjection
editje
Etymology 3
editNoun
editje n (genitive singular jes, nominative plural je)
Declension
editSynonyms
edit- (name of J, j): joð
Ido
editEtymology
editPronunciation
editNoun
editje (plural je-i)
- The name of the Latin script letter J/j.
See also
editIgbo
editAlternative forms
edit- jee (Onitsha)
Verb
editje
Derived terms
editIndonesian
editEtymology
editFrom Dutch jee. Doublet of ye. Represented Dutch-derived J (pronounced /j/, modern Y) before 1972.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editjé
- The name of the Latin-script letter J/j.
- (pre-1947, 1947-1972) Superseded spelling of ye.
See also
edit- (Latin-script letter names) huruf; a, be, ce, de, e, ef, ge, ha, i, je, ka, el, em, en, o, pe, ki, er, es, te, u, ve, we, eks, ye, zet
Further reading
edit- “je” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.
Japanese
editRomanization
editje
Jersey Dutch
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editPronunciation
editPronoun
editje
- you (second-person singular subjective personal pronoun)
Kari'na
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Cariban *ô, *jô; compare Apalaí je, Trió je, Wayana je, Waiwai yo, Akawaio ö, Macushi ye, Pemon ye, Ye'kwana yedü / dhedü, Yao (South America) hoieelii.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editje (possessed jery)
References
edit- Courtz, Hendrik (2008) A Carib grammar and dictionary[5], Toronto: Magoria Books, →ISBN, page 285
- Ahlbrinck, Willem (1931) “ye”, in Encyclopaedie der Karaïben, Amsterdam: Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, page 548; republished as Willem Ahlbrinck, Doude van Herwijnen, transl., L'Encyclopédie des Caraïbes[6], Paris, 1956, page 537
Lashi
editPronunciation
editAdverb
editje
- more (comparative)
References
edit- Hkaw Luk (2017) A grammatical sketch of Lacid[7], Chiang Mai: Payap University (master thesis)
Lower Sorbian
editAlternative forms
edit- nje (after a preposition)
Pronunciation
editPronoun
editje
- accusative of wóni
Malay
editEtymology 1
editPhonetic spelling of ja in Johor-Riau Malay, clipping of sahaja or saja.
Pronunciation
editAdverb
editje
Etymology 2
editPronunciation
editNoun
editjé (plural je-je)
- The name of the Latin-script letter J/j.
Synonyms
editSee also
editMarshallese
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Micronesian *tia, from Proto-Oceanic *tian, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tian, from Proto-Austronesian *tiaN.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editje
References
editMbyá Guaraní
editParticle
editje
- indicates hearsay or indirect source of information.
Middle French
editPronoun
editje
- Alternative form of ie
Middle Low German
editPronunciation
edit- Stem vowel: ê⁴
Pronoun
editjê
- Alternative form of gî.
Mokilese
editVerb
editje
- to shout
References
edit- Harrison, Sheldon P., Mokilese-English Dictionary, University of Hawaii Press 1977
Norwegian Nynorsk
editEtymology
editBorrowed from Old East Norse jak.(Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)
Pronunciation
editPronoun
editje (accusative meg or (dialectal) me)
See also
editperson | first person | second person | reflexive | third person | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
case | singular | singular masculine | singular feminine | singular neuter | ||
nominative | eg, je1 | du | han | ho | det, dat2 | |
accusative | meg | deg | seg | han, honom2 | ho, henne2 | det, dat2 |
dative2 | meg | deg | seg | honom | henne | di2 |
genitive | min | din | sin | hans | hennar, hennes1 | dess3 |
case | plural | |||||
nominative | me, vi | de, dokker | dei | |||
accusative | oss, okk | dykk, dokker | seg | dei, deim2 | ||
dative | oss, okk | dykk, dokker | seg | deim2 | ||
genitive | vår, okkar | dykkar, dokkar | sin | deira, deires1 |
Old Czech
editPronunciation
editPronoun
editje
Old French
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editInherited from Late Latin eo, from Classical Latin egō̆.
Pronoun
editje
- I
- c. 1176, Chrétien de Troyes, Cligès:
- qant je vos voi de tel meniere
- when I see you in such a state
Descendants
editReferences
editPolish
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editPronoun
editje
- accusative of one
- accusative of ono
See also
editEtymology 2
editVerb
editje
Etymology 3
editVerb
editje
Samogitian
editEtymology
editCompare Lithuanian jei.
Conjunction
editje
References
edit- “Žemaičių Žodynas”, in Žemaičių žemė[8] (overall work in Lithuanian), 2012, page 19: “Je — jeigu, jei”
Saterland Frisian
editEtymology
editFrom Old Frisian jē, from Proto-West Germanic *jā. Cognates include West Frisian ja and German ja. Doublet of jee and jä.
Pronunciation
editParticle
editje
References
editSerbo-Croatian
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editShortened from jȅst (“is”).
Verb
editje ? (Cyrillic spelling је)
- is (clitic third-person singular present of bȉti (“to be”))
Etymology 2
editPronoun
editje (Cyrillic spelling је)
Declension
editSingular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
nominative | ȏn | òna | òno | òni | òne | òna |
genitive | njȅga, ga | njȇ, je | njȅga, ga | njȋh, ih | njȋh, ih | njȋh, ih |
dative | njȅmu, mu | njȏj, joj | njȅmu, mu | njȉma, im | njȉma, im | njȉma, im |
accusative | njȅga, ga, nj | njȗ, ju, je | njȅga, ga, nj | njȋh, ih | njȋh, ih | njȋh, ih |
vocative | — | — | — | — | — | — |
locative | njȅm, njȅmu | njȏj | njȅm, njȅmu | njȉma | njȉma | njȉma |
instrumental | njȋm, njíme | njȏm, njóme | njȋm, njíme | njȉma | njȉma | njȉma |
Slovak
editPronunciation
editVerb
editje
Slovene
editPronunciation 1
editVerb
editjȅ
Pronunciation 2
editVerb
editjẹ́
Swahili
editPronunciation
editParticle
editje
Usage notes
editJe precedes the question, and is more commonly used in writing (to supplement for what is usually conveyed by tone of voice in speech).
Adverb
edit-je
Ternate
editEtymology
editClipping of waje.
Pronunciation
editConjunction
editje
- Alternative form of waje (“complementizer, that”)
- ana iwaje je kolano osone ― they say that the king is dead
References
edit- Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh
Turkish
editPronunciation
editNoun
editje (definite accusative jeyi, plural jeler)
- The name of the Latin-script letter J/j.
See also
editTurkmen
editPronunciation
editNoun
editje (definite accusative jeni, plural jeler)
- The name of the Latin-script letter J/j.
Declension
editUpper Sorbian
editPronunciation
editVerb
editje
- third-person singular present of być
- Wón je zadołženy.
- He is in debt.
Welsh
editPronunciation
editNoun
editje f (plural jeau, not mutable)
- The name of the Latin-script letter J/j.
See also
editWest Makian
editPronunciation
editNumeral
editje
- attaches to pronouns to form the dual
- ini je ― you two
- eme je ― they two
References
edit- Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours[9], Pacific linguistics
- Albanian 1-syllable words
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- Middle Low German terms with IPA pronunciation
- Middle Low German lemmas
- Middle Low German pronouns
- Mokilese lemmas
- Mokilese verbs
- Norwegian Nynorsk terms borrowed from Old East Norse
- Norwegian Nynorsk terms derived from Old East Norse
- Norwegian Nynorsk terms with IPA pronunciation
- Norwegian Nynorsk lemmas
- Norwegian Nynorsk pronouns
- Norwegian Nynorsk personal pronouns
- Norwegian Nynorsk pre-1938 forms
- Norwegian Nynorsk dialectal terms
- Old Czech terms with IPA pronunciation
- Old Czech non-lemma forms
- Old Czech pronoun forms
- Old French terms inherited from Late Latin
- Old French terms derived from Late Latin
- Old French terms inherited from Classical Latin
- Old French terms derived from Classical Latin
- Old French lemmas
- Old French pronouns
- Old French subject pronouns
- Old French personal pronouns
- Old French terms with quotations
- Polish 1-syllable words
- Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Polish terms with audio links
- Rhymes:Polish/ɛ
- Rhymes:Polish/ɛ/1 syllable
- Polish non-lemma forms
- Polish pronoun forms
- Polish verb forms
- Polish colloquialisms
- Samogitian lemmas
- Samogitian conjunctions
- Saterland Frisian terms inherited from Old Frisian
- Saterland Frisian terms derived from Old Frisian
- Saterland Frisian terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- Saterland Frisian terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- Saterland Frisian doublets
- Saterland Frisian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Saterland Frisian/ə
- Rhymes:Saterland Frisian/ə/1 syllable
- Saterland Frisian lemmas
- Saterland Frisian particles
- Serbo-Croatian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Serbo-Croatian lemmas
- Serbo-Croatian verbs
- Serbo-Croatian pronouns
- Slovak terms with IPA pronunciation
- Slovak non-lemma forms
- Slovak verb forms
- Slovene 1-syllable words
- Slovene terms with IPA pronunciation
- Slovene non-lemma forms
- Slovene verb forms
- Swahili terms with audio links
- Swahili lemmas
- Swahili particles
- Swahili adverbs
- Ternate terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ternate lemmas
- Ternate conjunctions
- Ternate terms with usage examples
- Turkish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Turkish lemmas
- Turkish nouns
- tr:Latin letter names
- Turkmen terms with IPA pronunciation
- Turkmen lemmas
- Turkmen nouns
- tk:Latin letter names
- Upper Sorbian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Upper Sorbian/ɛ
- Rhymes:Upper Sorbian/ɛ/1 syllable
- Upper Sorbian non-lemma forms
- Upper Sorbian verb forms
- Upper Sorbian terms with usage examples
- Welsh terms with IPA pronunciation
- Welsh lemmas
- Welsh nouns
- Welsh countable nouns
- Welsh non-mutable terms
- Welsh terms spelled with J
- Welsh feminine nouns
- cy:Latin letter names
- West Makian terms with IPA pronunciation
- West Makian lemmas
- West Makian numerals
- West Makian terms with usage examples