Eucalyptus radiata: Difference between revisions

Narrow-leaved peppermint
	Eucalyptus radiata, Melbourne
Conservation status
	; Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Myrtales
Family:	Myrtaceae
Genus:	Eucalyptus
Species:	E. radiata
Binomial name
	Eucalyptus radiata; Sieber ex DC.

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Latest revision as of 20:32, 25 October 2023

Eucalyptus radiata, commonly known as the narrow-leaved peppermint^[3] or Forth River peppermint,^[4] is a species of tree that is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It has rough, fibrous to flaky bark on the trunk and larger branches, smooth grey bark on the thinner branches, lance-shaped to curved or almost linear leaves, flower buds in groups of eleven to twenty or more, white flowers and cup-shaped, hemispherical or shortened spherical fruit.

Description

Eucalyptus radiata is a tree that typically grows to a height of 10–50 m (33–164 ft) and forms a lignotuber. It has rough, finely fibrous or flaky grey bark on the trunk and branches, usually smooth grey bark on branches thinner than 80 mm (3.1 in). Young plants and coppice regrowth have sessile, narrow lance-shaped to linear leaves that are 33–100 mm (1.3–3.9 in) long, 5–20 mm (0.20–0.79 in) wide, paler on the lower surface and arranged in opposite pairs. Adult leaves are the same shade of green on both sides, lance-shaped to curved or almost linear, 55–120 mm (2.2–4.7 in) long and 6–15 mm (0.24–0.59 in) wide, tapering to a petiole 5–16 mm (0.20–0.63 in) long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils on an unbranched peduncle 2–12 mm (0.079–0.472 in) long, the individual buds on pedicels 2–4 mm (0.079–0.157 in) long. The buds are small and very numerous (8-16 per cluster).^[5] Mature buds are club-shaped, 3–5 mm (0.12–0.20 in) long and 2–3 mm (0.079–0.118 in) wide with a rounded or conical operculum that is shorter and narrower than the floral cup at the join. Flowering occurs from October to January and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody, cup-shaped, hemispherical or shortened spherical capsule 3–6 mm (0.12–0.24 in) long and 4–7 mm (0.16–0.28 in) wide with the valves near rim level.^[3]^[6]^[7]^[8]

Taxonomy

Eucalyptus radiata was first formally described in 1828 by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in his book Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis, from an unpublished description by Franz Sieber.^[9]^[10]

In 1927, William Blakely described Eucalyptus robertsonii in Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales.^[11]^[12] In 1973, Lawrie Johnson and Donald Frederick Blaxell reduced it to a subspecies of Eucalyptus radiata, describing both the new subspecies and the autonym, subspecies radiata in Contributions from the New South Wales Herbarium. The names of the two subspecies are accepted by the Australian Plant Census:

Eucalyptus radiata Sieber ex DC. subsp. radiata^[13] has adult glossy green leaves, new growth and flower buds that are not glaucous and an operculum that is conical;^[14]
Eucalyptus radiata subsp. robertsonii (Blakely) L.A.S.Johnson & Blaxell^[15] has adult greyish green leaves, glaucous buds and an operculum sharply conical. Seedling stems are also glaucous.^[16]

Distribution and habitat

Narrow-leaved peppermint grows in forest and woodland, usually in cooler or wetter habitats. It occurs in New South Wales south from near the Queensland border, in the Australian Capital Territory, to the Wombat State Forest, Great Otway National Park and ranges of South Gippsland in Victoria. It also occurs in Tasmania where it is restricted to the catchment of the Forth River.^[3]^[6]^[4] Subspecies robertsonii is restricted to montane and subalpine forests of north-eastern Victoria.^[16]

Uses

Eucalyptus radiata has six known chemotypes of essential oil. The leaves are distilled for cineole and phellandrene based eucalyptus oils. E.radiata was the first eucalyptus species to be commercially utilized for oil by Melbourne pharmacist, Joseph Bosisto, in 1854 as "Eucalyptus amygdalina".^[17]

Gallery

Features of the narrow-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus radiata)

Adult leaves
Leaf faces (rear/front)
Fruit
Buds
Bud cluster
Inflorescence
Trunk bark
Bark and trunk detail
Upper branch bark

References

^ Fensham, R.; Laffineur, B.; Collingwood, T. (2019). "Eucalyptus radiata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T133374163A133374165. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T133374163A133374165.en. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
^ "Eucalyptus radiata". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hill, Ken. "Eucalyptus radiata". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
^ ^a ^b "Threatened species link Eucalyptus radiata subsp. radiata". Government of Tasmania, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
^ Costermans, Leon F. (1973). Trees of Victoria: a fully illustrated guide to the recognition of some 85 trees and large shrubs native to Victoria and three neighbouring states (3rd ed.). East Kew, Vic.: Costermans. p. 43. ISBN 0959910506.
^ ^a ^b Messina, Andre; Stajsic, Val. "Eucalyptus radiata". Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
^ "Eucalyptus radiata subsp. radiata". Euclid: Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
^ Chippendale, George M. "Eucalyptus radiata". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of the Environment and Energy, Canberra. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
^ "Eucalyptus radiata". APNI. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
^ de Candolle, Augustin Pyramus (1828). Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis. Vol. 3. Paris: Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Würtz. p. 218. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
^ "Eucalyptus robertsonii". APNI. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
^ Blakely, William (1927). "Descriptions of nine new species of Eucalyptus". Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales. 61: 167–172. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
^ "Eucalyptus radiata subsp.radiata". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
^ Brooker, M. Ian H.; Slee, Andrew V. "Eucalyptus radiata subsp. radiata". Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
^ "Eucalyptus radiata subsp. robertsonii". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
^ ^a ^b Messina, Andre; Stajsic, Val. "Eucalyptus radiata subsp. robertsonii'". Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
^ Boland, D.J., Brophy, J.J., and A.P.N. House, Eucalyptus Leaf Oils, 1991, ISBN 0-909605-69-6

[IUCN-1] Fensham, R.; Laffineur, B.; Collingwood, T. (2019). "Eucalyptus radiata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T133374163A133374165. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T133374163A133374165.en. Retrieved 19 June 2022.

[APC-2] "Eucalyptus radiata". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 9 December 2019.

[RBGS-3] Hill, Ken. "Eucalyptus radiata". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney. Retrieved 9 December 2019.

[dpipwe-4] "Threatened species link Eucalyptus radiata subsp. radiata". Government of Tasmania, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. Retrieved 9 December 2019.

[5] Costermans, Leon F. (1973). Trees of Victoria: a fully illustrated guide to the recognition of some 85 trees and large shrubs native to Victoria and three neighbouring states (3rd ed.). East Kew, Vic.: Costermans. p. 43. ISBN 0959910506.

[RBGV-6] Messina, Andre; Stajsic, Val. "Eucalyptus radiata". Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. Retrieved 9 December 2019.

[CANBR-7] "Eucalyptus radiata subsp. radiata". Euclid: Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research. Retrieved 29 May 2020.

[ABRS-8] Chippendale, George M. "Eucalyptus radiata". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of the Environment and Energy, Canberra. Retrieved 9 December 2019.

[APNI-9] "Eucalyptus radiata". APNI. Retrieved 9 December 2019.

[DC.-10] Candolle, Augustin Pyramus (1828). Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis. Vol. 3. Paris: Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Würtz. p. 218. Retrieved 9 December 2019.

[APNI1-11] "Eucalyptus robertsonii". APNI. Retrieved 9 December 2019.

[Blakely-12] Blakely, William (1927). "Descriptions of nine new species of Eucalyptus". Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales. 61: 167–172. Retrieved 9 December 2019.

[APC1-13] "Eucalyptus radiata subsp.radiata". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 9 December 2019.

[RBGV1-14] Brooker, M. Ian H.; Slee, Andrew V. "Eucalyptus radiata subsp. radiata". Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. Retrieved 9 December 2019.

[APC2-15] "Eucalyptus radiata subsp. robertsonii". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 9 December 2019.

[RBGV2-16] Messina, Andre; Stajsic, Val. "Eucalyptus radiata subsp. robertsonii'". Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. Retrieved 9 December 2019.

[17] Boland, D.J., Brophy, J.J., and A.P.N. House, Eucalyptus Leaf Oils, 1991, ISBN 0-909605-69-6

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of eucalyptus}}
-{{speciesbox
+{{Speciesbox
-|name = Narrow-leafed peppermint
+|name = Narrow-leaved peppermint
 |image = Eucalyptus radiata.jpg
 |image_caption = ''Eucalyptus radiata'', [[Melbourne]]
-|status_system =
+|status_system = IUCN3.1
-|status =
+|status = NT
+|status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=Fensham, R. |author2=Laffineur, B. |author3=Collingwood, T. |year=2019 |title=''Eucalyptus radiata'' |volume=2019 |page=e.T133374163A133374165 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T133374163A133374165.en |access-date=19 June 2022}}</ref>
 |genus = Eucalyptus
 |species = radiata
+|authority = [[Franz Sieber|Sieber]] ex [[DC.]]<ref name=APC>{{cite web|title=''Eucalyptus radiata''|url= https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/99493|publisher=Australian Plant Census|access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref>
-|authority = A.Cunn. ex DC.
 }}
+[[File:Eucalyptus radiata buds.jpg|thumb|flower buds, flowers and fruit]]
+'''''Eucalyptus radiata''''', commonly known as the '''narrow-leaved peppermint'''<ref name="RBGS">{{cite web |last1=Hill |first1=Ken |title=''Eucalyptus radiata'' |url=http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Eucalyptus~radiata |publisher=Royal Botanic Garden Sydney |access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref> or '''Forth River peppermint''',<ref name="dpipwe">{{cite web |title=Threatened species link ''Eucalyptus radiata'' subsp. ''radiata'' |url=https://www.threatenedspecieslink.tas.gov.au/Pages/Eucalyptus-radiata-subsp-radiata.aspx |publisher=Government of Tasmania, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment |access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref> is a species of tree that is [[Endemism|endemic]] to south-eastern Australia. It has rough, fibrous to flaky bark on the trunk and larger branches, smooth grey bark on the thinner branches, lance-shaped to curved or almost linear leaves, flower buds in groups of eleven to twenty or more, white flowers and cup-shaped, hemispherical or shortened spherical fruit.
+==Description==
+''Eucalyptus radiata'' is a tree that typically grows to a height of {{cvt|10-50|m}} and forms a [[lignotuber]]. It has rough, finely fibrous or flaky grey bark on the trunk and branches, usually smooth grey bark on branches thinner than {{cvt|80|mm}}. Young plants and [[coppice]] regrowth have [[Sessility (botany)|sessile]], narrow lance-shaped to linear leaves that are {{cvt|33-100|mm}} long, {{cvt|5-20|mm}} wide, paler on the lower surface and arranged in opposite pairs. Adult leaves are the same shade of green on both sides, lance-shaped to curved or almost linear, {{cvt|55-120|mm}} long and {{cvt|6-15|mm}} wide, tapering to a [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]] {{cvt|5-16|mm}} long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf [[wikt:axil|axil]]s on an unbranched [[Peduncle (botany)|peduncle]] {{cvt|2-12|mm}} long, the individual buds on [[Pedicel (botany)|pedicels]] {{cvt|2-4|mm}} long. The buds are small and very numerous (8-16 per cluster).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Costermans |first1=Leon F. |title=Trees of Victoria: a fully illustrated guide to the recognition of some 85 trees and large shrubs native to Victoria and three neighbouring states |date=1973 |publisher=Costermans |location=East Kew, Vic. |isbn=0959910506 |page=43 |edition=3rd}}</ref> Mature buds are club-shaped, {{cvt|3-5|mm}} long and {{cvt|2-3|mm}} wide with a rounded or conical [[Operculum (botany)|operculum]] that is shorter and narrower than the [[Hypanthium|floral cup]] at the join. Flowering occurs from October to January and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody, cup-shaped, hemispherical or shortened spherical [[Capsule (botany)|capsule]] {{cvt|3-6|mm}} long and {{cvt|4-7|mm}} wide with the valves near rim level.<ref name="RBGS" /><ref name="RBGV">{{cite web |last1=Messina |first1=Andre |last2=Stajsic |first2=Val |title=''Eucalyptus radiata'' |url=https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/161c29e7-7b60-41d0-af4d-ac0e3dff3dee |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria |access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="CANBR">{{cite web |title=''Eucalyptus radiata'' subsp. ''radiata'' |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/euclid/text/entities/eucalyptus_radiata_subsp._radiata.htm |publisher=Euclid: Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="ABRS">{{cite web |last1=Chippendale |first1=George M. |title=''Eucalyptus radiata'' |url=https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Eucalyptus%20radiata |publisher=Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of the Environment and Energy, Canberra |access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref>
+==Taxonomy==
-'''''Eucalyptus radiata''''', commonly known as the '''narrow-leaved peppermint''' or '''Forth River peppermint''', is a medium to tall [[tree]] to 30&nbsp;m high (rarely 50&nbsp;m) with persistent [[Bark (botany)|bark]] on the [[Trunk (botany)|trunk]] and larger [[branches]] or persistent to smaller branches. The bark shortly fibrous ("peppermint"), grey to grey-brown, shedding in long ribbons. The branchlets are green.
+''Eucalyptus radiata'' was first formally described in 1828 by [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle]] in his book ''[[Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis]]'', from an unpublished description by [[Franz Sieber]].<ref name=APNI>{{cite web|title=''Eucalyptus radiata''|url= https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/455657|publisher=APNI|access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="DC.">{{cite book |last1=de Candolle |first1=Augustin Pyramus |title=Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis|volume=3 |date=1828 |publisher=Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Würtz |location=Paris |page=218 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7152#page/229/mode/1up |access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref>
-Adult leaves are narrow lanceolate or lanceolate, falcate, acute, basally tapered, glossy or semi-glossy, green, thin, concolorous, 7–15&nbsp;cm long, 0.7–1.5&nbsp;cm wide.
+In 1927, [[William Blakely]] described ''Eucalyptus robertsonii'' in ''[[Royal Society of New South Wales|Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales]]''.<ref name=APNI1>{{cite web|title=''Eucalyptus robertsonii''|url= https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/455719|publisher=APNI|access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="Blakely">{{cite journal |last1=Blakely |first1=William |title=Descriptions of nine new species of ''Eucalyptus'' |journal=Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales |date=1927 |volume=61 |pages=167–172 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/173698#page/205/mode/1up |access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref> In 1973, [[Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson|Lawrie Johnson]] and [[Donald Frederick Blaxell]] reduced it to a subspecies of ''Eucalyptus radiata'', describing both the new subspecies and the [[Autonym (botany)|autonym]], subspecies ''radiata'' in ''Contributions from the New South Wales Herbarium''. The names of the two subspecies are accepted by the [[Australian Plant Census]]:
-Summer flowers are cream yellow.<ref>[http://www.ffp.csiro.au/nfm/mdp/bbproj/eucrad.htm CSIRO: ''Eucalyptus radiata'']</ref>
+* ''Eucalyptus radiata'' <small>Sieber ex DC.</small> subsp. ''radiata''<ref name=APC1>{{cite web|title=''Eucalyptus radiata'' subsp.''radiata''|url= https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/99493|publisher=Australian Plant Census|access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref> has adult glossy green leaves, new growth and flower buds that are not glaucous and an operculum that is conical;<ref name="RBGV1">{{cite web |last1=Brooker |first1=M. Ian H. |last2=Slee |first2=Andrew V. |title=''Eucalyptus radiata'' subsp. ''radiata'' |url=https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/1e46e312-c0e4-4cc2-b8ca-c8fb9fe8cca3 |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria |access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref>
+* ''Eucalyptus radiata'' subsp. ''robertsonii'' <small>(Blakely) [[Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson|L.A.S.Johnson]] & [[Donald Frederick Blaxell|Blaxell]]</small><ref name=APC2>{{cite web|title=''Eucalyptus radiata'' subsp. ''robertsonii''|url= https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/101284|publisher=Australian Plant Census|access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref> has adult greyish green leaves, [[wikt:glaucous#Adjective|glaucous]] buds and an operculum sharply conical. Seedling stems are also glaucous.<ref name="RBGV2">{{cite web |last1=Messina |first1=Andre |last2=Stajsic |first2=Val |title=''Eucalyptus radiata'' subsp. ''robertsonii' |url=https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/048cc090-cca3-4c65-acf1-1ec833caa147 |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria |access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref>
+==Distribution and habitat==
-The species occurs in [[Queensland]], [[New South Wales]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], the [[Australian Capital Territory]] and [[Tasmania]].<ref name=APNI>{{APNI|name=''Eucalyptus radiata'' Sieber ex DC.|id=45664}}</ref>
+Narrow-leaved peppermint grows in forest and woodland, usually in cooler or wetter habitats. It occurs in New South Wales south from near the Queensland border, in the [[Australian Capital Territory]], to the [[Wombat State Forest]], [[Great Otway National Park]] and ranges of [[South Gippsland]] in Victoria. It also occurs in Tasmania where it is restricted to the catchment of the [[Forth River (Tasmania)|Forth River]].<ref name="RBGS" /><ref name="RBGV" /><ref name="dpipwe" /> Subspecies ''robertsonii'' is restricted to [[Montane ecosystems|montane]] and [[Montane ecosystems#Subalpine zone|subalpine]] forests of north-eastern Victoria.<ref name="RBGV2" />
 ==Uses==
-[[Image:EucalyptusRadiataEssOil.png|thumb|''Eucalyptus radiata'' essential oil in clear glass vial]]
 ''Eucalyptus radiata'' has six known [[chemotype]]s of [[essential oil]]. The leaves are distilled for [[cineole]] and [[phellandrene]] based [[eucalyptus oil]]s. ''E.radiata'' was the first eucalyptus species to be commercially utilized for oil by  [[Melbourne]] [[pharmacist]], [[Joseph Bosisto]], in 1854 as ''"[[Eucalyptus amygdalina]]"''.<ref>Boland, D.J., Brophy, J.J., and A.P.N. House, ''Eucalyptus Leaf Oils'', 1991, {{ISBN|0-909605-69-6}}</ref>
+{{clear|left}}
+[[File:Eucalyptus radiata - street tree.jpg|thumb|''Eucalyptus radiata'' street tree, Port Hacking NSW]]
+[[File:Eucalyptus radiata - flowers.jpg|thumb|''Eucalyptus radiata'' in flower]]
 ==Gallery==
-<br/>
 {{gallery
@@ Line 32: / Line 42: @@
 |height=120
 |style=text-align:center
-|File:Eucalyptus radiata (Narrow-leaved peppermint).jpg|Adult leaves
+|File:Eucalyptus radiata - adult leaves.jpg|Adult leaves
+|File:Eucalyptus radiata (Narrow-leaved peppermint).jpg|Leaf faces (rear/front)
+|File:Eucalyptus radiata - fruit.jpg|Fruit
+|File:Eucalyptus radiata - buds.jpg|Buds
+|File:Eucalyptus radiata - flower bud cluster.jpg|Bud cluster
+|File:Eucalyptus radiata - inflorescence 01.jpg|Inflorescence
+|File:Eucalyptus radiata - trunk bark.jpg|Trunk bark
 |File:Peppermint gum bark.jpg|Bark and trunk detail
+|File:Eucalyptus radiata - upper branch bark.jpg|Upper branch bark
 }}
 ==References==
 {{Reflist}}
-{{taxonbar}}
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q2664982}}
+{{Authority control}}
 [[Category:Eucalyptus|radiata]]
 [[Category:Myrtales of Australia]]
@@ Line 46: / Line 66: @@
 [[Category:Flora of Queensland]]
 [[Category:Flora of Tasmania]]
-[[Category:Flora of Victoria (Australia)]]
+[[Category:Flora of Victoria (state)]]
 [[Category:Crops originating from Australia]]