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{{short description|American architect}}
{{short description|American architect}}
{{other people|Albert Kahn}}
{{other people|Albert Kahn}}
{{Good article}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
|name = Albert Kahn
|name = Albert Kahn
|image = Albert Kahn (architect).jpg
|image = Albert Kahn (architect).jpg
|birth_name =
|birth_name =
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1869|3|21|}}
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1869|3|21|}}
|birth_place = [[Rhaunen]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]] ([[Germany]])
|birth_place = [[Rhaunen]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]] ([[Germany]])
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1942|12|8|1869|3|21|}}
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1942|12|8|1869|3|21|}}
|death_place = [[Detroit]], Michigan, US
|death_place = [[Detroit]], Michigan, US
|resting_place =
|resting_place =
|nationality = American
|nationality = American
|other_names =
|other_names =
|employer =
|employer =
|occupation = [[architect]]
|occupation = [[architect]]
|spouse =
|spouse =
|relatives = [[Julius Kahn (inventor)|Julius Kahn]], brother<br>[[Albert E. Kahn]], nephew
|relatives = [[Julius Kahn (inventor)|Julius Kahn]], brother<br>[[Albert E. Kahn]], nephew
|children =
|children =
|signature =
|signature =
}}
}}


'''Albert Kahn''' (March 21, 1869 – December 8, 1942) was an American industrial [[architect]]. He was accredited the architect of Detroit and designed industrial plant complexes such as the [[Ford River Rouge Complex|Ford River Rouge automobile complex]]. He designed the construction of Detroit skyscrapers and office buildings as well as mansions in the city suburbs. He led an organization of hundreds of architect associates and in 1937, designed 19% of all architect-designed industrial factories in the United States. Under a unique contract in 1929, Kahn established a design and training office in Moscow, sending twenty-five staff there to train Soviet architects and engineers, and to design hundreds of industrial buildings under their first [[Five-year plans of the Soviet Union|five-year plan]]. They trained more than 4,000 architects and engineers using Kahn's concepts. In 1943, the [[Franklin Institute]] posthumously awarded Kahn the [[Frank P. Brown Medal]].
'''Albert Kahn''' (March 21, 1869 – December 8, 1942) was an American industrial [[architect]] who designed industrial plant complexes such as the [[Ford River Rouge Complex|Ford River Rouge automobile complex]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.miplace.org/historic-preservation/programs-and-services/historic-landmarks/ford-river-rouge-complex/ | title=Ford River Rouge Complex &#124; MiPlace }}</ref> He designed the construction of Detroit skyscrapers and office buildings as well as mansions in the city suburbs. He led an organization of hundreds of architect associates and in 1937, designed 19% of all architect-designed industrial factories in the United States. Under a unique contract in 1929, Kahn established a design and training office in Moscow, sending twenty-five staff there to train Soviet architects and engineers, and to design hundreds of industrial buildings under their first [[Five-year plans of the Soviet Union|five-year plan]]. They trained more than 4,000 architects and engineers using Kahn's concepts. In 1943, the [[Franklin Institute]] posthumously awarded Kahn the [[Frank P. Brown Medal]].


==Biography==
==Biography==
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| image2 = Packard plant no 10 construction.jpg
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| footer = From left to right: [[Packard Motor Corporation Building]] (1910–11) in [[Callowhill]], [[Philadelphia]]; [[Packard Automotive Plant]] (1903) in [[List of neighborhoods in Detroit|Gratiot Town]], [[Detroit]]
| footer = From left to right: [[Packard Motor Corporation Building]] (1910–11) in [[Callowhill]], [[Philadelphia]]; [[Packard Automotive Plant]] (1903) in [[List of neighborhoods in Detroit|Gratiot Town]], [[Detroit]]
}}
}}


Kahn, in 1902, formed a partnership with his brother Julius, a civil engineer. Later that year, Julius developed a novel and scientific method of reinforcing concrete with steel, making reinforced concrete construction practical and economical. After receiving a patent on the [[Kahn System|"Kahn System" of construction]] in 1903, Julius left Kahn's firm and established the [[Trussed Concrete Steel Company]], or Truscon, to market the product. Reinforced concrete allowed for much larger open spaces within factory interiors not obtainable with conventional wood construction and at a lower cost than steel frame construction. Concrete had other beneficial characteristics, such as far better protection from fire and greater load bearing capacity. By 1905, hundreds of buildings within the United States were being constructed using the Kahn System, including the first reinforced concrete automobile plant, completed for the Cadillac Motor Car Company at 450 Amsterdam Street in Detroit.<ref>Smith, Michael G., "The First Concrete Auto Factory: An Error in the Historical Record," ''Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians'' (2019) 78 (4): 442–453.</ref> Julius Kahn collaborated with his brother on the design of many industrial projects throughout the US constructed with reinforced concrete, particularly automobile factories, with the result that Kahn became widely known for his expertise in the construction of concrete industrial structures.{{sfn|Ferry|1970|p=11}}
Kahn, in 1902, formed a partnership with his brother Julius, a civil engineer. Later that year, Julius developed a novel and scientific method of reinforcing concrete with steel, making reinforced concrete construction practical and economical. After receiving a patent on the [[Kahn System|"Kahn System" of construction]] in 1903, Julius left Kahn's firm and established the [[Trussed Concrete Steel Company]], or Truscon, to market the product. Reinforced concrete allowed for much larger open spaces within factory interiors not obtainable with conventional wood construction and at a lower cost than steel frame construction. Concrete had other beneficial characteristics, such as far better protection from fire and greater load-bearing capacity. By 1905, hundreds of buildings within the United States were being constructed using the Kahn System, including the first reinforced concrete automobile plant, completed for the [[Cadillac|Cadillac Motor Car Company]] at 450 Amsterdam Street in [[TechTown]], Detroit.<ref>Smith, Michael G., "The First Concrete Auto Factory: An Error in the Historical Record," ''Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians'' (2019) 78 (4): 442–453.</ref> Julius Kahn collaborated with his brother on the design of many industrial projects throughout the US constructed with reinforced concrete, particularly automobile factories, with the result that Kahn became widely known for his expertise in the construction of concrete industrial structures.{{sfn|Ferry|1970|p=11}}


Kahn was also responsible for designing many of the buildings and houses built under direction of the [[Hiram Walker]] family in [[Walkerville, Ontario]], including [[Willistead Manor]]. Kahn's interest in historically styled buildings is also seen in his houses in Detroit's [[Indian Village, Detroit|Indian Village]], the Cranbrook House, the [[Edsel and Eleanor Ford House|Edsel & Eleanor Ford House]], and [[The Dearborn Inn]], the world's first airport hotel.{{sfn|Ganem|2011|page=108}} Kahn's firm designed the [[Art Deco]] [[Fisher Building]] in Detroit's [[New Center, Detroit|New Center]] area, a 28-story designated landmark. In 1929, the building was awarded a silver medal by the [[Architectural League of New York]] in the category of the year's most beautiful commercial building.{{sfn|Galster|2014|page=36}} From 1917 to 1929, Kahn's firm also designed the corporate headquarters for all three of the major Detroit daily newspapers and the [[Cadillac Place|General Motors building]], at the time of its completion in 1922, the second largest office building in the world.{{sfn|Galster|2014|page=36}} His work was part of the [[Art competitions at the 1928 Summer Olympics#Architecture|architecture event]] in the [[Art competitions at the 1928 Summer Olympics|art competition]] at the [[1928 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/921543 |title=Albert Kahn |work=Olympedia |access-date=25 July 2020}}</ref>
Kahn was also responsible for designing many of the buildings and houses built under the direction of the [[Hiram Walker]] family in [[Walkerville, Ontario]], including [[Willistead Manor]]. Kahn's interest in historically styled buildings is also seen in his houses in Detroit's [[Indian Village, Detroit|Indian Village]], the Cranbrook House, the [[Edsel and Eleanor Ford House|Edsel & Eleanor Ford House]], and [[The Dearborn Inn]], the world's first airport hotel.{{sfn|Ganem|2011|page=108}} Kahn's firm designed the [[Art Deco]] [[Fisher Building]] in Detroit's [[New Center, Detroit|New Center]] area, a 28-story designated landmark. In 1929, the building was awarded a silver medal by the [[Architectural League of New York]] in the category of the year's most beautiful commercial building.{{sfn|Galster|2014|page=36}} From 1917 to 1929, Kahn's firm also designed the corporate headquarters for all three of the major Detroit daily newspapers and the [[Cadillac Place|General Motors building]], at the time of its completion in 1922, the second largest office building in the world.{{sfn|Galster|2014|page=36}} His work was part of the [[Art competitions at the 1928 Summer Olympics#Architecture|architecture event]] in the [[Art competitions at the 1928 Summer Olympics|art competition]] at the [[1928 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/921543 |title=Albert Kahn |work=Olympedia |access-date=25 July 2020}}</ref>

=== In the Soviet Union ===
On May 8, 1929, through an agreement signed with Kahn by [[Saul Bron|Saul G. Bron]], President of [[Amtorg Trading Corporation|Amtorg]], the [[Government of the Soviet Union|Soviet government]] contracted Albert Kahn Associates to help design the [[Volgograd tractor factory|Stalingrad Tractor Plant]], the first tractor plant in the [[Soviet Union|USSR]]. On January 9, 1930, a second contract with Kahn was signed for his firm to become consulting architects for all industrial construction in the Soviet Union.<ref name="Rusindustry" /> Under these contracts, during 1929–1932 and the [[Great Depression]], Kahn's firm established a design and training bureau in [[Moscow]] to train and supervise Soviet architects and engineers. This bureau, under the government's ''[[Gosproektstroi]]'', was headed by Moritz Kahn and 25 others of Kahn Associates staff, who worked in Moscow during this project. They trained more than 4,000 Soviet architects and engineers;<ref>{{Cite news|title=Industry's Architect |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,795936,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114104055/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,795936,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 14, 2009|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date= June 29, 1942 |access-date=2008-04-04}}</ref> and designed 521 plants and factories{{sfn|Johnson|1997|pages=161-164}} under the nation's [[first five-year plan]].<ref name="Rusindustry">
{{Cite journal |last=Melnikova-Raich|first=Sonia |title=The Soviet Problem with Two 'Unknowns': How an American Architect and a Soviet Negotiator Jump-Started the Industrialization of Russia, Part I: Albert Kahn |journal=[[IA, The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology]]|year=2010|volume=36|issue=2|pages=59–73 |issn=0160-1040|jstor=41933723}}
</ref><ref name="Ben_His_Lib">{{cite web |url= http://quod.lib.umich.edu/b/bhlead/umich-bhl-0420?rgn=main;view=text|title= Albert Kahn Associates records |last= |first1= |website= Bentley Historical Library |access-date= August 7, 2021 }}</ref>


=== Michigan ===
=== Michigan ===

[[File:General Motors building 089833pv.jpg|thumb|left|[[Cadillac Place]] (General Motors building) in [[New Center]], [[Detroit]]]]
{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = General Motors building 089833pv.jpg
| image2 = Cadillac Place, Detroit (Grand Boulevard entrance looking upward) - 20201215.jpg
| caption2 = [[Cadillac Place|General Motors building]] (1919) in [[New Center]], [[Detroit]], a [[U.S. National Historic Landmark]], listed in 1985.
}}


[[Henry Ford]] became interested in Kahn's unique designs that showed many benefits. Ford had Kahn design [[Ford Motor Company]]'s [[Highland Park Ford Plant]] in 1909, for developing production techniques in the [[assembly line]] of manufacturing the [[Ford Model T]] on a large scale. In 1917, Kahn designed the half-mile-long [[Ford River Rouge Complex]] in [[Dearborn, Michigan]]. That factory complex was developed into the largest manufacturing cluster of plants in the United States and later the largest industrial manufacturer in the world with a workforce of 120,000 employees.<ref>Borth, Christy. ''Masters of Mass Production,'' pp. 107-8, Bobbs-Merrill Company, Indianapolis, IN, 1945.</ref><ref>Herman, Arthur. ''Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II,'' p. 22, Random House, New York, NY, 2012. {{ISBN|978-1-4000-6964-4}}.</ref>
[[Henry Ford]] became interested in Kahn's unique designs that showed many benefits. Ford had Kahn design [[Ford Motor Company]]'s [[Highland Park Ford Plant]] in 1909, for developing production techniques in the [[assembly line]] of manufacturing the [[Ford Model T]] on a large scale. In 1917, Kahn designed the half-mile-long [[Ford River Rouge Complex]] in [[Dearborn, Michigan]]. That factory complex was developed into the largest manufacturing cluster of plants in the United States and later the largest industrial manufacturer in the world with a workforce of 120,000 employees.<ref>Borth, Christy. ''Masters of Mass Production,'' pp. 107-8, Bobbs-Merrill Company, Indianapolis, IN, 1945.</ref><ref>Herman, Arthur. ''Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II,'' p. 22, Random House, New York, NY, 2012. {{ISBN|978-1-4000-6964-4}}.</ref>


Kahn also designed many of what are considered the classic buildings of the [[University of Michigan]] in city of [[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]]. These include the [[Burton Memorial Tower]], the [[Hill Auditorium]], the [[University of Michigan Library#Harlan Hatcher Graduate Library|Hatcher Graduate Library]], and the [[William L. Clements Library]]. Kahn said later in life that, of all the buildings he designed, he wanted most to be remembered for his work on the William L. Clements Library. Kahn frequently collaborated with architectural sculptor [[Corrado Parducci]]. In all, Parducci worked on about 50 Kahn commissions, including banks, office buildings, newspaper buildings, mausoleums, hospitals, and private residences.<ref>Borth, Christy. ''Masters of Mass Production,'' pp. 109-10, 120-28, Bobbs-Merrill Co., Indianapolis, IN, 1945.</ref>
Kahn also designed many of what are considered the classic buildings of the [[University of Michigan]] in the city of [[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]]. These include [[Angell Hall]], [[Burton Memorial Tower]], [[Hill Auditorium]], [[University of Michigan Library#Harlan Hatcher Graduate Library|Hatcher Graduate Library]], and [[William L. Clements Library]]. Kahn said later in life that, of all the buildings he designed, he wanted most to be remembered for his work on the William L. Clements Library. Kahn frequently collaborated with architectural sculptor [[Corrado Parducci]]. In all, Parducci worked on about 50 Kahn commissions, including banks, office buildings, newspaper buildings, mausoleums, hospitals, and private residences.<ref>Borth, Christy. ''Masters of Mass Production,'' pp. 109-10, 120-28, Bobbs-Merrill Co., Indianapolis, IN, 1945.</ref>

Kahn's firm was able to adapt to the changing needs of World War I and designed numerous army airfields and naval bases for the United States government during the war. During [[World War II]], Kahn and his firm were in charge of several of the U.S. government's important construction projects that included aeronautical and tank arsenal plants. His 600-person office was involved in making Detroit industry part of America's [[Arsenal of Democracy]]. Among others, the office designed the [[Detroit Arsenal Tank Plant]], and the [[Willow Run]] Bomber Plant, Kahn's last building, located in [[Ypsilanti, Michigan]]. The Ford Motor Company mass-produced [[Consolidated B-24 Liberator]] bombers here.{{sfn|Herman|2012|pages=51-2, 96-8, 148, 200, 227-9, 242}}


{{multiple image
{{multiple image
| align =
| direction = vertical
| direction = vertical
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| width = 250
| header =
| image1 = Front of Angell Hall.jpg
| image1 = Front of Angell Hall.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = University of Michigan [[Angell Hall]] (1924) in [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]]
| caption1 = University of Michigan [[Angell Hall]] (1924) in [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]]
| image2 = Ford Engineering Laboratory, Main Entrance.jpg
| image2 = Ford Engineering Laboratory, Main Entrance.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = [[Ford Engineering Laboratory]] (1930) in [[Dearborn, Michigan]]
| caption2 = [[Ford Engineering Laboratory]] (1930) in [[Dearborn, Michigan]]
}}
}}


In 1937, Albert Kahn Associates was responsible for 19% of all architect-designed industrial factories in the United States.{{sfn|Johnson|1997|page=164}} In 1941, Kahn received the eighth-highest salary and compensation package in the U.S., $486,936, of which he paid 72% in tax.<ref>{{Cite news | title=Compensation and the I.R.S.: It's not the 'Good' Old Days | work= [[The New York Times]] | pages=(Business Day section) | no-pp=y | access-date=2014-01-21 | date=2010-12-01 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2010/12/01/business/01retrographic.html?ref=economy}}</ref> Kahn worked on more than 1,000 commissions from Henry Ford and hundreds from other automakers. Kahn designed showrooms for Ford Motor Company in several cities, including [[New York City|New York]], Washington, D.C., and [[Boston]].{{sfn|Johnson|1997|pages=161-164}}
Kahn's firm was able to adapt to the changing needs of World War I and designed numerous army airfield and naval bases for the United States government during the war. During [[World War II]], Kahn and his firm was in charge of several of the U.S. government's important construction projects that included aeronautical and tank arsenal plants. His 600-person office was involved in making Detroit industry part of America's [[Arsenal of Democracy]]. Among others, the office designed the [[Detroit Arsenal Tank Plant]], and the [[Willow Run]] Bomber Plant, Kahn's last building, located in [[Ypsilanti, Michigan]]. The Ford Motor Company mass-produced [[Consolidated B-24 Liberator]] bombers here.{{sfn|Herman|2012|pages=51-2, 96-8, 148, 200, 227-9, 242}}

In 1937, Albert Kahn Associates was responsible for 19% of all architect-designed industrial factories in the United States.{{sfn|Johnson|1997|page=164}} In 1941, Kahn received the eighth-highest salary and compensation package in the U.S., $486,936, of which he paid 72% in tax.<ref>{{Cite news | title=Compensation and the I.R.S.: It's not the 'Good' Old Days | work= [[The New York Times]] | pages=(Business Day section) | no-pp=y | access-date=2014-01-21 | date=2010-12-01 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2010/12/01/business/01retrographic.html?ref=economy}}</ref> Kahn worked on more than 1,000 commissions from Henry Ford and hundreds from other automakers. Kahn designed showrooms for Ford Motor Company in several cities, including [[New York City|New York]], [[Washington, D.C.]] and [[Boston]].{{sfn|Johnson|1997|pages=161-164}}


As of 2020, approximately 60 Kahn buildings were listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]. Five of these (the [[Fisher Building]], [[Ford River Rouge complex]], [[Edsel and Eleanor Ford House]], [[General Motors Building]], and [[Highland Park Ford Plant]]) were designated [[National Historic Landmarks]].<ref name=Arch_Newsn>{{cite web |url= https://www.archpaper.com/2020/10/albert-kahn-associates-celebrates-125th-anniversary-with-launch-of-interactive-map-of-projects-in-detroit-and-beyond/ |title= Albert Kahn Associates celebrates 125th anniversary with launch of interactive map of projects in Detroit and beyond |last= Hickman |first=Matt |website= The Architect's Newspaper |date= 27 October 2020 |access-date= August 7, 2021 }}</ref> Not all of Kahn's works have been preserved. [[Cass Technical High School#History and campus|Cass Technical High School]] in Detroit, designed by [[Malcomson and Higginbotham]] and built by Kahn's firm in 1922, was demolished in 2011, after vandals had stripped it of most of its fixtures.<ref>[http://historicdetroit.org/building/cass-tech-high-school-old/ Cass Tech High School (old)]. ''Historic Detroit''. Retrieved on November 20, 2014.</ref> The Donovan Building, later occupied by [[Motown|Motown Records]], was abandoned for decades and deteriorated. The city demolished it as part of its beautification plan before the 2006 [[Super Bowl XL]].<ref name=Donovan_Kahn>{{cite web |url= https://historicdetroit.org/buildings/donovan-building |title= Donovan Building|date=2021 |website= Historic Detroit Organization |access-date= August 7, 2021 }}</ref> In [[Kalamazoo]], Michigan, the Kahn designed Checker Cab Manufacturing plant was shuttered following the bankruptcy of [[Checker Motors Corporation]], in 2009. It was leveled in 2015.<ref name=Checker_Kahn>{{cite web |url= http://www.icta.club/checkers-albert-kahns-designed-plant/|title= Checker's Albert Kahn Designed Plant |last= |first1= |website= Checker Car Club of America |date= 30 May 2021 |access-date= August 7, 2021 }}</ref>
As of 2020, approximately 60 Kahn buildings were listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]. Five of these (the [[Fisher Building]], [[Ford River Rouge complex]], [[Edsel and Eleanor Ford House]], [[General Motors Building]], and [[Highland Park Ford Plant]]) were designated [[National Historic Landmarks]].<ref name=Arch_Newsn>{{cite web |url= https://www.archpaper.com/2020/10/albert-kahn-associates-celebrates-125th-anniversary-with-launch-of-interactive-map-of-projects-in-detroit-and-beyond/ |title= Albert Kahn Associates celebrates 125th anniversary with launch of interactive map of projects in Detroit and beyond |last= Hickman |first=Matt |website= The Architect's Newspaper |date= 27 October 2020 |access-date= August 7, 2021 }}</ref> Not all of Kahn's works have been preserved. [[Cass Technical High School#History and campus|Cass Technical High School]] in Detroit, designed by [[Malcomson and Higginbotham]] and built by Kahn's firm in 1922, was demolished in 2011, after vandals had stripped it of most of its fixtures.<ref>[http://historicdetroit.org/building/cass-tech-high-school-old/ Cass Tech High School (old)]. ''Historic Detroit''. Retrieved on November 20, 2014.</ref> The Donovan Building, later occupied by [[Motown|Motown Records]], was abandoned for decades and deteriorated. The city demolished it as part of its beautification plan before the 2006 [[Super Bowl XL]].<ref name=Donovan_Kahn>{{cite web |url= https://historicdetroit.org/buildings/donovan-building |title= Donovan Building|date=2021 |website= Historic Detroit Organization |access-date= August 7, 2021 }}</ref> In [[Kalamazoo]], Michigan, the Kahn designed Checker Cab Manufacturing plant was shuttered following the bankruptcy of [[Checker Motors Corporation]], in 2009. It was leveled in 2015.<ref name=Checker_Kahn>{{cite web |url= http://www.icta.club/checkers-albert-kahns-designed-plant/|title= Checker's Albert Kahn Designed Plant |last= |first1= |website= Checker Car Club of America |date= 30 May 2021 |access-date= August 7, 2021 }}</ref>


Fifteen Kahn buildings are recognized by official Michigan historical markers:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www2.dnr.state.mi.us/HistoricalMarkers/ |title=Michigan Historical Markers |access-date=2020-06-17}}</ref>
Fifteen Kahn buildings are recognized by official Michigan historical markers:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www2.dnr.state.mi.us/HistoricalMarkers/ |title=Michigan Historical Markers |access-date=2020-06-17}}</ref>
* [[Old Battle Creek Post Office|Battle Creek Post Office]]
* [[The Dearborn Inn]]
* [[Detroit Arsenal (Warren, Michigan)|Detroit Arsenal Plant in Warren, Michigan]]
* [[Detroit Free Press Building]]
* [[Detroit News Complex|Detroit News Building]]
* [[Albert Kahn House|Detroit Urban League (Albert Kahn House)]]
* [[Detroit Waldorf School|Eastern Liggett School]]
* [[Edsel and Eleanor Ford House|Edsel & Eleanor Ford House]]
* [[Fisher Building]]
* [[Ford Motor Company Lamp Factory]]
* [[Grosse Pointe Shores, Michigan|Grosse Pointe Shores Village Hall]]
* [[Highland Park Ford Plant]]
* [[Packard Automotive Plant]]
* [[Packard Proving Grounds]]
* [[Willow Run]]


=== In the Soviet Union ===
*[[Old Battle Creek Post Office|Battle Creek Post Office]]
On May 8, 1929, through an agreement signed with Kahn by [[Saul Bron|Saul G. Bron]], President of [[Amtorg Trading Corporation|Amtorg]], the [[Government of the Soviet Union|Soviet government]] contracted Albert Kahn Associates to help design the [[Volgograd tractor factory|Stalingrad Tractor Plant]], the first tractor plant in the [[Soviet Union|USSR]]. On January 9, 1930, a second contract with Kahn was signed for his firm to become consulting architects for all industrial construction in the Soviet Union.<ref name="Rusindustry" /> Under these contracts, during 1929 to 1932 and the [[Great Depression]], Kahn's firm established a design and training bureau in [[Moscow]] to train and supervise Soviet architects and engineers. This bureau, under the government's ''[[Gosproektstroi]]'', was headed by Moritz Kahn and 25 others of Kahn Associates staff, who worked in Moscow during this project. They trained more than 4,000 Soviet architects and engineers;<ref>{{Cite news|title=Industry's Architect |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,795936,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114104055/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,795936,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 14, 2009|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date= June 29, 1942 |access-date=2008-04-04}}</ref> and designed 521 plants and factories{{sfn|Johnson|1997|pages=161-164}} under the nation's [[first five-year plan]].<ref name="Rusindustry">
*[[The Dearborn Inn]]
{{Cite journal |last=Melnikova-Raich|first=Sonia |title=The Soviet Problem with Two 'Unknowns': How an American Architect and a Soviet Negotiator Jump-Started the Industrialization of Russia, Part I: Albert Kahn |journal=[[IA, The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology]]|year=2010|volume=36|issue=2|pages=59–73 |issn=0160-1040|jstor=41933723}}
*[[Detroit Arsenal (Warren, Michigan)|Detroit Arsenal Plant in Warren, Michigan]]
</ref><ref name="Ben_His_Lib">{{cite web |url= http://quod.lib.umich.edu/b/bhlead/umich-bhl-0420?rgn=main;view=text|title= Albert Kahn Associates records |last= |first1= |website= Bentley Historical Library |access-date= August 7, 2021 }}</ref>
*[[Detroit Free Press Building]]
*[[Detroit News Complex|Detroit News Building]]
*[[Albert Kahn House|Detroit Urban League (Albert Kahn House)]]
*[[Detroit Waldorf School|Eastern Liggett School]]
*[[Edsel and Eleanor Ford House|Edsel & Eleanor Ford House]]
*[[Fisher Building]]
*[[Ford Motor Company Lamp Factory]]
*[[Grosse Pointe Shores, Michigan|Grosse Pointe Shores Village Hall]]
*[[Highland Park Ford Plant]]
*[[Packard Automotive Plant]]
*[[Packard Proving Grounds]]
*[[Willow Run]]


==Kahn-designed buildings==
==Kahn-designed buildings==
[[File:BethEl1905.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bonstelle Theatre|Temple Beth-El]] (now Bonstelle Theatre), 1903]]
[[File:The Palms Apartments Detroit MI.jpg|thumb|right|[[Palms Apartments]], 1903]]
[[File:Whitcomb Conservatory.jpg|thumb|right|[[Belle Isle Conservatory]], 1904]]
[[File:Albert Kahn House.jpg|thumb|right|Albert Kahn's [[Albert Kahn House|house]], 1906]]
[[File:S Archive JMC Bldg low.jpg|thumb|right|Ford Assembly Plant, 1914, Cleveland, Ohio (now [[Cleveland Institute of Art]])]]
[[File:The Detroit News Building, The World's Greatest Newspaper Plant, The Institutional Character of... (NBY 22414).jpg|thumb|right| Detroit News Headquarters, 1917]]
[[File:Fisher Building Detroit crop.jpg|thumb|right|[[Fisher Building]], 1927]]
[[File:ConsumersPowerBuildingJacksonMI1927.jpg|thumb|right|Consumers Power Company Headquarters, 1927, Jackson, Michigan]][[File:KresgeWorldHeadquartersDetroit.jpg|thumb|right|[[Metropolitan Center for High Technology|S. S. Kresge World Headquarters]], 1927]]
[[File:Ann Arbor August 2013 12 (Ann Arbor News Building).jpg|thumb|right|Ann Arbor Daily News Building, 1936]]
Kahn has been called the "architect of Detroit" and designed almost 900 buildings in the city.<ref name=NY_Times_3_26_2018>{{cite web |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/26/travel/architecture-detroit-albert-kahn.html |title= In Energized Detroit, Savoring an Architectural Legacy|author= John L. Dorman |date=March 26, 2018 |website=New York Times online |access-date=August 7, 2021 |quote=}}</ref> Below is a listing of some of those buildings. All are located in Detroit, unless otherwise indicated.
Kahn has been called the "architect of Detroit" and designed almost 900 buildings in the city.<ref name=NY_Times_3_26_2018>{{cite web |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/26/travel/architecture-detroit-albert-kahn.html |title= In Energized Detroit, Savoring an Architectural Legacy|author= John L. Dorman |date=March 26, 2018 |website=New York Times online |access-date=August 7, 2021 |quote=}}</ref> Below is a listing of some of those buildings. All are located in Detroit, unless otherwise indicated.

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*[[Dexter M. Ferry]] summer residence, 1890 (remodeling of an early 19th-century stone farmhouse), [[Unadilla, New York]] (known as Milfer Farm, held by Ferry heirs today; Kahn also designed the "Honeymoon Cottage" on the estate, one of the earliest prefabricated houses built)
* [[Dexter M. Ferry]] summer residence, 1890 (remodeling of an early 19th-century stone farmhouse), [[Unadilla, New York]] (known as Milfer Farm, held by Ferry heirs today; Kahn also designed the "Honeymoon Cottage" on the estate, one of the earliest prefabricated houses built)
*[[Hiram Walker]] offices, 1892, designer for Mason & Rice, [[Windsor, Ontario]]
* [[Hiram Walker]] offices, 1892, designer for Mason & Rice, [[Windsor, Ontario]]
*[[William Livingstone House]], 1894 designer for Mason & Rice (demolished, 2007)
* [[William Livingstone House]], 1894 designer for Mason & Rice (demolished, 2007)
*Children's Free Hospital, 1896, Nettleton, Kahn & Trowbridge
* Children's Free Hospital, 1896, Nettleton, Kahn & Trowbridge
*Bethany Memorial Church, 1897, Nettleton, Kahn & Trowbridge
* Bethany Memorial Church, 1897, Nettleton, Kahn & Trowbridge
*[[Bernard Ginsburg House]], 1898, Nettleton & Kahn
* [[Bernard Ginsburg House]], 1898, Nettleton & Kahn
*Joseph R. McLaughlin, 1899, Nettleton & Kahn
* Joseph R. McLaughlin, 1899, Nettleton & Kahn
*George Headley, 1900, Nettleton & Kahn
* George Headley, 1900, Nettleton & Kahn
*Edward DeMille Campbell House, 1899, Nettleton & Kahn [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]]
* Edward DeMille Campbell House, 1899, Nettleton & Kahn [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]]
*Detroit Racquet Club, 1902 (Kahn designed the building, and the Vinton Company, whose offices were just down Woodbridge Street from the club, was awarded the general contract for erecting the facilities)
* Detroit Racquet Club, 1902 (Kahn designed the building, and the Vinton Company, whose offices were just down Woodbridge Street from the club, was awarded the general contract for erecting the facilities)
*Frederick L. Colby, building permit issued 5/22/1901, finished 1902
* Frederick L. Colby, building permit issued 5/22/1901, finished 1902
*[[Packard Automotive Plant]], 1903 (Kahn's tenth factory built for Packard, but first concrete one)
* [[Packard Automotive Plant]], 1903 (Kahn's tenth factory built for Packard, but first concrete one)
*[[Palms Apartments]], 1903
* [[Palms Apartments]], 1903
*[[Bonstelle Theatre|Temple Beth-El]], 1903 (Kahn's home synagogue, now the Bonstelle Theatre of [[Wayne State University]])
* [[Bonstelle Theatre|Temple Beth-El]], 1903 (Kahn's home synagogue, now the Bonstelle Theatre of [[Wayne State University]])
*[[Belle Isle Aquarium]] and [[Belle Isle Conservatory|Conservatory]], 1904
* [[Belle Isle Aquarium]] and [[Belle Isle Conservatory|Conservatory]], 1904
*Francis C. McMath, building permit issued 8/14/1902 finished 1904
* Francis C. McMath, building permit issued 8/14/1902 finished 1904
*[[Brandeis-Millard House]], 1904, [[Gold Coast Historic District (Omaha, Nebraska)|Gold Coast Historic District]], [[Midtown Omaha|Midtown]] [[Omaha, Nebraska]]
* [[Brandeis-Millard House]], 1904, [[Gold Coast Historic District (Omaha, Nebraska)|Gold Coast Historic District]], [[Midtown Omaha|Midtown]] [[Omaha, Nebraska]]
*Arthur Kiefer, building permit issued 5/17/1905, finished 1905
* Arthur Kiefer, building permit issued 5/17/1905, finished 1905
*Charles M. Swift, 1905
* Charles M. Swift, 1905
*[[Albert Kahn House]], 1906 (his personal residence)
* [[Albert Kahn House]], 1906 (his personal residence)
*Burham S. Colburn, building permit issued 8/7/1905, finished 1906
* Burham S. Colburn, building permit issued 8/7/1905, finished 1906
*Gustavus D. Pope, 1906
* Gustavus D. Pope, 1906
*Julian C. Madison Building, 1906
* Julian C. Madison Building, 1906
*Allen F. Edwards, building permit issued 5/23/1906, finished 1906
* Allen F. Edwards, building permit issued 5/23/1906, finished 1906
*George N. Pierce Plant, 1906, [[Buffalo, New York]]
* George N. Pierce Plant, 1906, [[Buffalo, New York]]
*[[Willistead Manor]], 1906, Windsor, Ontario
* [[Willistead Manor]], 1906, Windsor, Ontario
*[[Old Battle Creek Post Office|Battle Creek Post Office]], 1907, [[Battle Creek, Michigan]] (building featuring the concrete construction method used in Kahn's Packard plant)
* [[Old Battle Creek Post Office|Battle Creek Post Office]], 1907, [[Battle Creek, Michigan]] (building featuring the concrete construction method used in Kahn's Packard plant)
*Cranbrook House, 1907, [[Cranbrook Educational Community]], [[Bloomfield Hills, Michigan]]
* Cranbrook House, 1907, [[Cranbrook Educational Community]], [[Bloomfield Hills, Michigan]]
*Service Building for the Packard Motor Car Company, 1907, New York City
* Service Building for the Packard Motor Car Company, 1907, New York City
*Frederick H. Holt House, 1907
* Frederick H. Holt House, 1907
*[[Highland Park Ford Plant]], 1908, [[Highland Park, Michigan]]
* [[Highland Park Ford Plant]], 1908, [[Highland Park, Michigan]]
*[[Edwin S. George Building]], 1908
* [[Edwin S. George Building]], 1908
*Kaufman Footwear Building, 1908, [[Kitchener, Ontario]] (renovated into lofts in the early 2000s)
* Kaufman Footwear Building, 1908, [[Kitchener, Ontario]] (renovated into lofts in the early 2000s)
*Mahoning National Bank, 1909, [[Youngstown, Ohio]]
* Mahoning National Bank, 1909, [[Youngstown, Ohio]]
*[[Frederick Stearns Building]] addition, c. 1910
* [[Frederick Stearns Building]] addition, c. 1910
*[[Packard Motor Corporation Building]], 1910–11, [[Philadelphia]]
* [[Packard Motor Corporation Building]], 1910–11, [[Philadelphia]]
*[[Chalmers Automobile|Chalmers automobile plant]], building permit issued 11/6/1909, finished 1911
* [[Chalmers Automobile|Chalmers automobile plant]], building permit issued 11/6/1909, finished 1911
*Merganthaler Linotype Company Buildings, 1910s-1920s, [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City]]
* Merganthaler Linotype Company Buildings, 1910s-1920s, [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City]]
*[[Monroe Avenue Commercial Buildings|National Theatre]], 1911
* [[Monroe Avenue Commercial Buildings|National Theatre]], 1911
*Shaw Walker Company, Five-story expansion, 1912,<ref>{{cite web|title=Plans at old Shaw Walker site|publisher=MLive| access-date=July 31, 2017|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/muskegon/index.ssf/2017/01/watermark_center_plans_at_old.html <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> [[Muskegon, Michigan]]
* Shaw Walker Company, Five-story expansion, 1912,<ref>{{cite web|title=Plans at old Shaw Walker site|publisher=MLive| access-date=July 31, 2017|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/muskegon/index.ssf/2017/01/watermark_center_plans_at_old.html <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> [[Muskegon, Michigan]]
*[[Bates Mill]] Building Number 5, 1914, [[Lewiston, Maine]]
* [[Bates Mill]] Building Number 5, 1914, [[Lewiston, Maine]]
*Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant, 1914, [[Cleveland, Ohio]] ([[Cleveland Institute of Art]] since 1981)
* Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant, 1914, [[Cleveland, Ohio]] ([[Cleveland Institute of Art]] since 1981)
*[[Kales Building]], 1914
* [[Kales Building]], 1914
*[[University Liggett School|Liggett School]]-Eastern Campus, 1914 ([[Detroit Waldorf School]] since 1964)
* [[University Liggett School|Liggett School]]-Eastern Campus, 1914 ([[Detroit Waldorf School]] since 1964)
*Benjamin Siegel, 1913-1914
* Benjamin Siegel, 1913-1914
*[[Detroit Athletic Club]], 1915
* [[Detroit Athletic Club]], 1915
*[[Garden Court Apartments (Detroit, Michigan)|Garden Court Apartments]], 1915
* [[Garden Court Apartments (Detroit, Michigan)|Garden Court Apartments]], 1915
*[https://trimaincenter.com/history/ Buffalo Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant], 1915, [[Buffalo, New York]]
* [https://trimaincenter.com/history/ Buffalo Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant], 1915, [[Buffalo, New York]]
*[[Vinton Building]], 1916
* [[Vinton Building]], 1916
*[[Russell Industrial Center]], 1916
* [[Russell Industrial Center]], 1916
*[[Omaha Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant]], 1916, [[North Omaha, Nebraska]]
* [[Omaha Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant]], 1916, [[North Omaha, Nebraska]]
*Ford Motor Company - Assembly Plant, 1916, remodeled in 1924, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
* Ford Motor Company - Assembly Plant, 1916, remodeled in 1924, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
*Belt Line Center - Manufacturing Plant, 1916, Detroit, Michigan<ref>[https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2021/12/04/james-and-jennifer-crumbley-found-kahn-designed-building/8868688002/ James and Jennifer Crumbley found in century-old building with rich history] [[Detroit Free Press]]</ref>
* Belt Line Center - Manufacturing Plant, 1916, Detroit, Michigan<ref>[https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2021/12/04/james-and-jennifer-crumbley-found-kahn-designed-building/8868688002/ James and Jennifer Crumbley found in century-old building with rich history] [[Detroit Free Press]]</ref>
*[[The Detroit News]] Building, 1917
* [[The Detroit News]] Building, 1917
*Ford Motor Company New York Headquarters, 1917, New York City
* Ford Motor Company New York Headquarters, 1917, New York City
*[[Ford River Rouge Complex]], 1917–28, [[Dearborn, Michigan]]
* [[Ford River Rouge Complex]], 1917–28, [[Dearborn, Michigan]]
*Multiple buildings and Aircraft Maintenance Hangars (Bldg 777&781), 1917–19, [[Langley Field]], [[Hampton, Virginia]]
* Multiple buildings and Aircraft Maintenance Hangars (Bldg 777&781), 1917–19, [[Langley Field]], [[Hampton, Virginia]]
*Motor Wheel Factory, 1918, [[Lansing, Michigan]] (currently being renovated into residential lofts)
* Motor Wheel Factory, 1918, [[Lansing, Michigan]] (It has been renovated into residential lofts)
*[[Cadillac Place|General Motors Building]], 1919 (former GM world headquarters and second largest office building in the world at that time)
* [[Cadillac Place|General Motors Building]], 1919 (former GM world headquarters and second largest office building in the world at that time)
*[[Dominion Tire Plant]], 1919, Kitchener, Ontario
* [[Dominion Tire Plant]], 1919, Kitchener, Ontario
*[[Piquette Avenue Industrial Historic District|Fisher Body Plant 23]], 1919
* [[Piquette Avenue Industrial Historic District|Fisher Body Plant 23]], 1919
*[[First Congregational Church (Detroit)|First Congregational Church]] addition, 1921
* [[First Congregational Church (Detroit)|First Congregational Church]] addition, 1921
* Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant, 1921, Toronto, Ontario (redeveloped into [[Shoppers World Danforth]], 1962)
*[[Phoenix Mill]], 1921, [[Plymouth, Michigan]]
* [[Phoenix Mill]], 1921, [[Plymouth, Michigan]]
*[[First National Building]], 1922
*[[Park Avenue Building]], 1922
* [[First National Building]], 1922
* [[Park Avenue Building]], 1922
*Former Detroit Police Headquarters, 1923
* Former Detroit Police Headquarters, 1923
*[[Bethel Community Transformation Center|Temple Beth El]], 1923 (a new building to replace the [[Bonstelle Theatre|1903 temple]], currently occupied by the Bethel Community Transformation Center)
* [[Bethel Community Transformation Center|Temple Beth El]], 1923 (a new building to replace the [[Bonstelle Theatre|1903 temple]], currently occupied by the Bethel Community Transformation Center)
*Walker Power Plant, 1923, Windsor, Ontario
* Walker Power Plant, 1923, Windsor, Ontario
*[[The Flint Journal]] Building, 1924, [[Flint, Michigan]]
*Olde Building, 1924
* [[The Flint Journal]] Building, 1924, [[Flint, Michigan]]
* Olde Building, 1924
* Ford Motor Company assembly plant, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1924
* Ford Motor Company assembly plant, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1924
*[[Ford Motor Company Lamp Factory]], 1921–25, [[Flat Rock, Michigan]]
* [[Ford Motor Company Lamp Factory]], 1921–25, [[Flat Rock, Michigan]]
*[[Detroit Free Press Building]], 1925
* [[Detroit Free Press Building]], 1925
*Kalamazoo Gazette Building, 1925, now Bronson Labs - 2020
* Kalamazoo Gazette Building, 1925 (now Bronson Hospital Laboratory)
*[[Palmer Park Apartment Building Historic District|1001 Covington Apartments]], 1925
* [[Palmer Park Apartment Building Historic District|1001 Covington Apartments]], 1925
*Blake Building, 1926, [[Jackson, Michigan]]
* Blake Building, 1926, [[Jackson, Michigan]]
*Ford Hangar, 1926, [[Lansing Municipal Airport]], [[Lansing, Illinois]]
* Ford Hangar, 1926, [[Lansing Municipal Airport]], [[Lansing, Illinois]]
*[[Packard Motor Car Showroom and Storage Facility]], c. 1926, [[Buffalo, New York]]
* [[Packard Motor Car Showroom and Storage Facility]], c. 1926, [[Buffalo, New York]]
*[[Packard Proving Grounds]], 1926, [[Shelby Charter Township, Michigan]]
* [[Packard Proving Grounds]], 1926, [[Shelby Charter Township, Michigan]]
*Packard Showroom, 1926, New York City
* Packard Showroom, 1926, New York City
*Consumers Power Company headquarters, 1927, [[Jackson, Michigan]] (demolished, 2013)<ref>{{cite web|title=Brad Flory column: Good-bye to a landmark once 'the essence of Jackson'|publisher=MLive| url=https://www.mlive.com/opinion/jackson/index.ssf/2013/09/brad_flory_column_obituary_for.html<!--| DASHBot-->}}</ref>
* Consumers Power Company headquarters, 1927, [[Jackson, Michigan]] (demolished, 2013)<ref>{{cite web|title=Brad Flory column: Good-bye to a landmark once 'the essence of Jackson'|publisher=MLive| url=https://www.mlive.com/opinion/jackson/index.ssf/2013/09/brad_flory_column_obituary_for.html<!--| DASHBot-->}}</ref>
*[[Metropolitan Center for High Technology|S. S. Kresge World Headquarters]], 1927
* [[Metropolitan Center for High Technology|S. S. Kresge World Headquarters]], 1927
*[[Edsel and Eleanor Ford House|Edsel & Eleanor Ford House]], 1927, [[Grosse Pointe|Grosse Pointe Shores]], [[Michigan]]
* [[Edsel and Eleanor Ford House|Edsel & Eleanor Ford House]], 1927, [[Grosse Pointe|Grosse Pointe Shores]], [[Michigan]]
*[[Fisher Building]], 1927
* [[Fisher Building]], 1927
*[https://www.preservationready.org/Buildings/2505MainStreet Buffalo Ford Motor Company Car Showroom], 1927, [[Buffalo, New York]]
* [https://www.preservationready.org/Buildings/2505MainStreet Buffalo Ford Motor Company Car Showroom], 1927, [[Buffalo, New York]]
*Muskegon Chronicle Building, 1928, [[Muskegon, Michigan]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Chronicle Building now owned by Muskegon Community College|publisher=MLive| access-date=July 31, 2017|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/muskegon/index.ssf/2014/12/muskegon_chronicle_building_so.html<!--| DASHBot-->}}</ref>
* Muskegon Chronicle Building, 1928, [[Muskegon, Michigan]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Chronicle Building now owned by Muskegon Community College|publisher=MLive| access-date=July 31, 2017|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/muskegon/index.ssf/2014/12/muskegon_chronicle_building_so.html<!--| DASHBot-->}}</ref>
*[[Argonaut Building]] 1928 (General Motors laboratory, now owned by the [[College for Creative Studies]])
* [[Argonaut Building]] 1928 (General Motors laboratory, now owned by the [[College for Creative Studies]])
*Brooklyn Printing Plant (New York Times), 1929, Brooklyn, New York City
* Brooklyn Printing Plant (New York Times), 1929, Brooklyn, New York City
*[[Detroit Times]] Building, 1929 (demolished, 1978)<ref>{{cite web|title=Detroit Times Building|publisher=Buildings of Detroit|access-date=October 29, 2010| url=http://www.buildingsofdetroit.com/places/times| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026134611/http://buildingsofdetroit.com/places/times| archive-date=26 October 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Detroit Times]] Building, 1929 (demolished, 1978)<ref>{{cite web|title=Detroit Times Building|publisher=Buildings of Detroit|access-date=October 29, 2010| url=http://www.buildingsofdetroit.com/places/times| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026134611/http://buildingsofdetroit.com/places/times| archive-date=26 October 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Griswold Building Senior Apartments|Griswold Building]], 1929
* [[Griswold Building Senior Apartments|Griswold Building]], 1929
*Packard Service Building, 1929, New York City
* Packard Service Building, 1929, New York City
*[[Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant]], 1930, [[Richmond, California]]
* [[Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant]], 1930, [[Richmond, California]]
*[[Ford Engineering Laboratory]] and Powerhouse, 1930, Dearborn Michigan
* [[Ford Engineering Laboratory]] and Powerhouse, 1930, Dearborn Michigan
*[[New Center Building]], 1930 (adjacent to the Fisher Building)
* [[New Center Building]], 1930 (adjacent to the Fisher Building)
*[[The Dearborn Inn]], 1931, Dearborn, Michigan (world's first airport hotel)
* [[The Dearborn Inn]], 1931, Dearborn, Michigan (world's first airport hotel)
*Former [[Congregation Shaarey Zedek]] Building, 1932
* Former [[Congregation Shaarey Zedek]] Building, 1932
* Power Plant, [[University of Notre Dame]], [[Notre Dame, Indiana]], 1933 <ref>{{cite journal |title=New Heating Plant Under Constructio |journal=Notre Dame Scholastic Magazine |date=23 October 1931 |page=14 |url=http://www.archives.nd.edu/Scholastic/VOL_0065/VOL_0065_ISSUE_0005.pdf}}</ref>
* Power Plant, [[University of Notre Dame]], [[Notre Dame, Indiana]], 1933 <ref>{{cite journal |title=New Heating Plant Under Constructio |journal=Notre Dame Scholastic Magazine |date=23 October 1931 |page=14 |url=http://www.archives.nd.edu/Scholastic/VOL_0065/VOL_0065_ISSUE_0005.pdf}}</ref>
* General Motors Building, 1933, Chicago [[Century of Progress International Exposition]]
* General Motors Building, 1933, Chicago [[Century of Progress International Exposition]]
*[[Ford Rotunda]], 1934, Dearborn, Michigan (designed for the [[Century of Progress International Exposition|Chicago World's Fair]]; burned, 1963)
* [[Ford Rotunda]], 1934, Dearborn, Michigan (designed for the [[Century of Progress International Exposition|Chicago World's Fair]]; burned, 1963)
*Ann Arbor Daily News Building, 1936, Ann Arbor, Michigan (now University of Michigan Credit Union)
* Ann Arbor Daily News Building, 1936, Ann Arbor, Michigan (now University of Michigan Credit Union)
*Chevrolet/Fisher Body plant, Baltimore, Maryland, 1935 (demolished 2006)
* Chevrolet/Fisher Body plant, Baltimore, Maryland, 1935 (demolished 2006)
*Burroughs Adding Machine Plant, 1938, Plymouth, Michigan
* Burroughs Adding Machine Plant, 1938, Plymouth, Michigan
*Dodge Truck Plant, 1938, [[Warren, Michigan]]
* Dodge Truck Plant, 1938, [[Warren, Michigan]]
*[[Detroit Arsenal Tank Plant]], 1941, Warren, Michigan
* [[Detroit Arsenal Tank Plant]], 1941, Warren, Michigan
*[[Willow Run]] Bomber Plant, 1941 (used by Ford for bombers during the war, then by [[Kaiser (automobile)|Kaiser]] for cars, then by GM for transmissions)
* [[Willow Run]] Bomber Plant, 1941 (used by Ford for bombers during the war, then by [[Kaiser (automobile)|Kaiser]] for cars, then by GM for transmissions)
*Hangars A and B (later renumbered 110 and 111), 1943, [[Naval Air Station Barbers Point|NAS Barbers Point]], [[Kapolei, Hawaii]]
* Hangars A and B (later renumbered 110 and 111), 1943, [[Naval Air Station Barbers Point|NAS Barbers Point]], [[Kapolei, Hawaii]]
*Upjohn Tower, [[Kalamazoo, Michigan]] (designed for the [[Upjohn|Upjohn Company]]; demolished after [[Pfizer]] buyout, 2005)
* Upjohn Tower, [[Kalamazoo, Michigan]] (designed for the [[Upjohn|Upjohn Company]]; demolished after [[Pfizer]] buyout, 2005)
*Studebaker Factory, Building 84, 1923, South Bend, Indiana
* Studebaker Factory, Building 84, 1923, South Bend, Indiana
*Cold Spring Granite Company Main Plant, 1929, Cold Spring, Minnesota (demolished 2008)
* Cold Spring Granite Company Main Plant, 1929, Cold Spring, Minnesota (demolished 2008)
*King Edward Public School, 1905, Walkerville Neighbourhood, Windsor, Ontario. (demolished 1993, original front stone facade saved)
* King Edward Public School, 1905, Walkerville Neighbourhood, Windsor, Ontario. (demolished 1993, original front stone facade saved)
*General Motors Stamping Plant, 1930, Indianapolis, Indiana (demolished 2014)
* General Motors Stamping Plant, 1930, Indianapolis, Indiana (demolished 2014)
*Bedrock Woodward Building 1449 Woodward
* Bedrock Woodward Building 1449 Woodward
*Garden Court Apartments 2900 E. Jefferson
* Garden Court Apartments 2900 E. Jefferson
{{div col end}}<!--New entries above this line in order of year-->
{{div col end}}<!--New entries above this line in order of year-->


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*Engineering Building (now West Hall), 1904
* Engineering Building (now West Hall), 1904
*Psychopathic Hospital (demolished), 1906
* Psychopathic Hospital (demolished), 1906
*[[Hill Auditorium]], 1913
* [[Hill Auditorium]], 1913
*Helen Newberry Residence Hall, 1915
* Helen Newberry Residence Hall, 1915
*Natural Science Building (now School of Kinesiology Building), 1915
* Natural Science Building (now School of Kinesiology Building), 1915
*[[Betsy Barbour House|Betsy Barbour Residence Hall]], 1920
* [[Betsy Barbour House|Betsy Barbour Residence Hall]], 1920
*General Library (now Harlan Hatcher Graduate Library), 1920
* General Library (now Harlan Hatcher Graduate Library), 1920
*[[William L. Clements Library]], 1923
* [[William L. Clements Library]], 1923
*[[Angell Hall Observatory|Angell Hall]], 1924
* [[Angell Hall Observatory|Angell Hall]], 1924
*Physical Science Building (now Randall Laboratory), 1924
* Physical Science Building (now Randall Laboratory), 1924
*University Hospital (demolished), 1925
* University Hospital (demolished), 1925
*Couzens Hall, 1925
* Couzens Hall, 1925
*East Medical Building (previously C. C. Little Building, now North University Building<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://record.umich.edu/articles/u-m-remove-little-winchell-names-campus-facilities/ |title=U-M to remove Little, Winchell names from campus facilities | website=University of Michigan |access-date=2021-12-02 }}</ref>), 1925
* East Medical Building (previously C. C. Little Building, now North University Building<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://record.umich.edu/articles/u-m-remove-little-winchell-names-campus-facilities/ |title=U-M to remove Little, Winchell names from campus facilities | website=University of Michigan |access-date=2021-12-02 }}</ref>), 1925
*Thomas H. Simpson Memorial Institute, 1927
* Thomas H. Simpson Memorial Institute, 1927
*[[University of Michigan Museum of Natural History|Alexander G. Ruthven Museums Building]], 1928<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://umaec.umich.edu/projects/major-projects/alexander-g-ruthven-museums-building-renovation-and-addition/ |title=Major Projects: Alexander G. Ruthven Museums Building Renovation and Addition | website=University of Michigan |access-date=2019-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416123329/http://umaec.umich.edu/projects/major-projects/alexander-g-ruthven-museums-building-renovation-and-addition/ |archive-date=2018-04-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[University of Michigan Museum of Natural History|Alexander G. Ruthven Museums Building]], 1928<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://umaec.umich.edu/projects/major-projects/alexander-g-ruthven-museums-building-renovation-and-addition/ |title=Major Projects: Alexander G. Ruthven Museums Building Renovation and Addition | website=University of Michigan |access-date=2019-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416123329/http://umaec.umich.edu/projects/major-projects/alexander-g-ruthven-museums-building-renovation-and-addition/ |archive-date=2018-04-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Burton Memorial Tower]], 1936
* [[Burton Memorial Tower]], 1936
*Neuropsychiatric Institute (demolished), 1938
* Neuropsychiatric Institute (demolished), 1938
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


Greek Organization Buildings:
Greek Organization Buildings:
*[[Sigma Phi Society|Sigma Phi]] House (1900), 426 North Ingalls Street (demolished)
* [[Sigma Phi Society|Sigma Phi]] House (1900), 426 North Ingalls Street (demolished)
*[[Delta Upsilon]] House (1903), 1331 Hill Street
* [[Delta Upsilon]] House (1903), 1331 Hill Street
*[[Triangle Fraternity|Triangle]] House (1905–06), 1501 Washtenaw Avenue
* [[Triangle Fraternity|Triangle]] House (1905–06), 1501 Washtenaw Avenue
*[[Alpha Epsilon Phi]] House (1912), 1205 Hill Street <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fsl.umich.edu/resource/86|title=Alpha Epsilon Phi - ΑあるふぁΕいぷしろんΦふぁい {{!}} Greek Life|website=fsl.umich.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-05-25}}</ref>
* [[Alpha Epsilon Phi]] House (1912), 1205 Hill Street <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fsl.umich.edu/resource/86|title=Alpha Epsilon Phi - ΑあるふぁΕいぷしろんΦふぁい {{!}} Greek Life|website=fsl.umich.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-05-25}}</ref>
*[[Psi Upsilon]] House (1924), 1000 Hill Street
* [[Psi Upsilon]] House (1924), 1000 Hill Street

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px" caption="Selected works">
File:EdselFordHouseGarage.jpg|[[Edsel and Eleanor Ford House]] (1927) in [[Grosse Pointe Shores, Michigan]]
File:Anna Scripps Whitcomb Conservatory (3478836789).jpg|[[Belle Isle Conservatory]] (1904) in [[Belle Isle Park (Michigan)|Belle Isle]], Detroit
File:BethEl1905.jpg|[[Bonstelle Theatre|Temple Beth-El]] (1903) in [[Brush Park]], Detroit
File:First Congregational Church 1903.jpg|[[First Congregational Church (Detroit)|First Congregational Church]] addition (1921) in [[Midtown Detroit]]
File:Willisteada.jpg|[[Willistead Manor]] (1906) in [[Windsor, Ontario]]
File:Battle Creek Post Office.jpg|[[Battle Creek Post Office]] (1907) in [[Battle Creek, Michigan]]
File:DetroitAthleticClubnew.JPG|[[Detroit Athletic Club]] (1915) in [[Downtown Detroit]]
File:Fisherb straighten.jpg|[[Fisher Building]] (1927) in [[New Center]], Detroit
File:Vinton Building Detroit MI.jpg|[[Vinton Building]] (1916) in [[Downtown Detroit]]
File:Detroitkalesbldg.jpg|[[Kales Building]] (1914) in [[Downtown Detroit]]
File:First National Building, Detroit.jpg|[[First National Building]] (1922) in [[Downtown Detroit]]
File:AlbertKahnBuildingDetroit.jpg|[[New Center Building]] (1930) in [[New Center]], Detroit
File:Detroit Free Press Building 2011 05 08.jpg|[[Detroit Free Press Building]] (1925) in [[Downtown Detroit]]
File:ArgonautBuildingDetroit.jpg|[[Argonaut Building]] (1928) in [[New Center]], Detroit
File:GriswoldBuildingDetroit.jpg|[[Griswold Building]] (1929) in [[Downtown Detroit]]
File:Highland park plant 1.jpg|[[Highland Park Ford Plant]] (1908) in [[Highland Park, Michigan]]
File:River Rouge aerial 4a25915r.jpg|[[Ford River Rouge Complex]] (1917–28) in [[Dearborn, Michigan]]
</gallery>


==Death and legacy==
==Death and legacy==
Kahn died in Detroit on December 8, 1942.{{sfn|Blenz|1981|page=134}} Many of his personal working papers and construction photographs are housed at University of Michigan's [[Bentley Historical Library|Bentley History Library]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/b/bhlead/umich-bhl-0420|title=Bentley Historical Library Albert Kahn Associates Records 1825-2014}}</ref> His personal working library, the Albert Kahn Library Collection, is housed at [[Lawrence Technological University]] in [[Southfield, Michigan|Southfield]], Michigan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ltu.edu/library/kahn.asp|title=Albert Kahn Research Symposium}}</ref> The [[Archives of American Art]] at the [[Smithsonian]] house most of the family's correspondence and other materials.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/albert-kahn-papers-7638|title=Archives of American Art, Albert Kahn Papers}}</ref>
Kahn died in Detroit on December 8, 1942.{{sfn|Blenz|1981|page=134}} Many of his personal working papers and construction photographs are housed at University of Michigan's [[Bentley Historical Library|Bentley History Library]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/b/bhlead/umich-bhl-0420|title=Bentley Historical Library Albert Kahn Associates Records 1825-2014}}</ref> His personal working library, the Albert Kahn Library Collection, is housed at [[Lawrence Technological University]] in [[Southfield, Michigan|Southfield]], Michigan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ltu.edu/library/kahn.asp|title=Albert Kahn Research Symposium|access-date=2019-06-10|archive-date=2020-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724135522/https://www.ltu.edu/library/kahn.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Archives of American Art]] at the [[Smithsonian]] house most of the family's correspondence and other materials.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/albert-kahn-papers-7638|title=Archives of American Art, Albert Kahn Papers}}</ref>


The life and works of Kahn were celebrated in an exhibition of photographs, drawings, and models at the Detroit Institute of Arts from September 15 to November 1, 1970. It commemorated the 75th anniversary of the architectural firm which was founded by Kahn.{{sfn|Ferry|1970|pages=1-11}} Many of Detroit's leading industrialists who work in the buildings designed by Kahn were present at the celebration.<ref name=DFP9_15_1970>{{cite news |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87718591/ |title= Tribute Paid to Alfred Kahn |newspaper= Detroit Free Press|location= Detroit, Michigan|page=27 |date= September 15, 1970 |via= [[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}}|access-date= October 25, 2021}}</ref>
The life and works of Kahn were celebrated in an exhibition of photographs, drawings, and models at the Detroit Institute of Arts from September 15 to November 1, 1970. It commemorated the 75th anniversary of the architectural firm which was founded by Kahn.{{sfn|Ferry|1970|pages=1-11}} Many of Detroit's leading industrialists who work in the buildings designed by Kahn were present at the celebration.<ref name=DFP9_15_1970>{{cite news |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87718591/ |title= Tribute Paid to Alfred Kahn |newspaper= Detroit Free Press|location= Detroit, Michigan|page=27 |date= September 15, 1970 |via= [[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}}|access-date= October 25, 2021}}</ref>


A staff writer for the Times Herald newspaper in 1970 wrote that Kahn was often called the father of industrial architecture. He was referred to as Architect of the Colossal by [[Reader's Digest]] magazine. The science museum [[Franklin Institute]] in Philadelphia recognized him as an architectural pioneer and awarded him their gold medal. The [[American Institute of Architecture]] awarded him two of their gold medals in his lifetime. The staff writer estimated that Kahn was the architect of two billion dollars worth of structures before his death in 1942. The committee on science and arts of the Detroit Institute of Arts noted that none of Kahn's discoveries were ever patented, but instead were placed in the hands of architects and engineers engaged in construction during World Wars I and II. The 184 page catalogue put in book form called ''The Legacy of Albert Kahn'' consists of two essays on the works of Kahn, one by W. Hawkins Ferry the architectural writer and Honorary Curator of Architecture at the Detroit Institute of Arts and another written by Walter B. Sanders as a Professor of Architecture at the [[University of Michigan]].<ref name=TTH9_18_1970>{{cite news |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87718944/ |title= Institute Salutes Detroit Architect |newspaper= The Times Herald|location= Port Huron, Michigan|page=18 |date= September 18, 1970 |via= [[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}}|access-date= October 25, 2021}}</ref>
A staff writer for the Times Herald newspaper in 1970 wrote that Kahn was often called the father of industrial architecture. He was referred to as Architect of the Colossal by [[Reader's Digest]] magazine. The science museum [[Franklin Institute]] in Philadelphia recognized him as an architectural pioneer and awarded him their gold medal. The [[American Institute of Architects]] awarded him two of their gold medals in his lifetime. The staff writer estimated that Kahn was the architect of two billion dollars worth of structures before his death in 1942. The committee on science and arts of the Detroit Institute of Arts noted that none of Kahn's discoveries were ever patented, but instead were placed in the hands of architects and engineers engaged in construction during World Wars I and II. The 184 page catalogue put in book form called ''The Legacy of Albert Kahn'' consists of two essays on the works of Kahn, one by W. Hawkins Ferry the architectural writer and Honorary Curator of Architecture at the Detroit Institute of Arts and another written by Walter B. Sanders as a Professor of Architecture at the [[University of Michigan]].<ref name=TTH9_18_1970>{{cite news |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87718944/ |title= Institute Salutes Detroit Architect |newspaper= The Times Herald|location= Port Huron, Michigan|page=18 |date= September 18, 1970 |via= [[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}}|access-date= October 25, 2021}}</ref>


Detroit Free Press writer and historian John Gallagher notes that Kahn produced 1900 buildings, among them being the [[Fisher Building]], the [[General Motors]] headquarters, the [[Ford River Rouge Complex]], and many buildings on the campus of the [[University of Michigan]]. He points out that what was modern in 1920, like his automobile factories that he built between 1900 and 1920 were obsolete by 1990s standards and were being torn down. Some of his other buildings at that time no longer served the purpose for which they were constructed and were being remodeled for other uses.<ref name=DFP2_21_1994>{{cite news |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87720751/ |title= More gaps in the Kahn legacy |newspaper= Detroit Free Press|location= Detroit, Michigan|page=27 |date= February 21, 1994 |via= [[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}}|access-date= October 25, 2021}}</ref>
''Detroit Free Press'' writer and historian John Gallagher notes that Kahn produced 1900 buildings, among them being the [[Fisher Building]], the [[General Motors]] headquarters, the [[Ford River Rouge Complex]], and many buildings on the campus of the [[University of Michigan]]. He points out that what was modern in 1920, like his automobile factories that he built between 1900 and 1920 were obsolete by 1990s standards and were being torn down. Some of his other buildings at that time no longer served the purpose for which they were constructed and were being remodeled for other uses.<ref name=DFP2_21_1994>{{cite news |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87720751/ |title= More gaps in the Kahn legacy |newspaper= Detroit Free Press|location= Detroit, Michigan|page=27 |date= February 21, 1994 |via= [[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}}|access-date= October 25, 2021}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
{{Portal|Biography}}
{{Portal|Biography}}
*[[Kahn System]], the industrial construction technique developed by [[Julius Kahn (inventor)|Julius Kahn]]
* [[Kahn System]], the industrial construction technique developed by [[Julius Kahn (inventor)|Julius Kahn]]
*[[Architecture of metropolitan Detroit]]
* [[Architecture of metropolitan Detroit]]
*[[Joseph Nathaniel French]]
* [[Joseph Nathaniel French]]


==References==
==References==
Line 269: Line 284:
{{Refbegin}}
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book| last=Blenz| first= Beth | title=The Encyclopedia of Michigan| url= | year=1981 | publisher= Somerset Publishers| isbn= 9780403099733}}
* {{cite book| last=Blenz| first= Beth | title=The Encyclopedia of Michigan| url= | year=1981 | publisher= Somerset Publishers| isbn= 9780403099733}}
* {{cite book| last=Bryan| first= Ford R.| title=Henry's Lieutenants| url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/Henry_s_Lieutenants/pjBnYiyu4xkC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Albert+Kahn%22+(architect)+March+21+1869&pg=PA139&printsec=frontcover | year=2003 | publisher= Wayne State University Press| isbn= 9780814337714 }}
* {{cite book| last=Bryan| first= Ford R.| title=Henry's Lieutenants| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=pjBnYiyu4xkC&dq=%22Albert+Kahn%22+(architect)+March+21+1869&pg=PA139 | year=2003 | publisher= Wayne State University Press| isbn= 9780814337714 }}
* {{cite book| last=Ferry| first=W. Hawkins| title=The Legacy of Albert Kahn| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VocSPYK0Cm4C| year=1970| location=Detroit| publisher=Wayne State University Press| isbn=0-8143-1889-4}}
* {{cite book| last=Ferry| first=W. Hawkins| title=The Legacy of Albert Kahn| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VocSPYK0Cm4C| year=1970| location=Detroit| publisher=Wayne State University Press| isbn=0-8143-1889-4}}
* {{cite book| last=Galster| first=George| title=Driving Detroit| url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Driving_Detroit/ghwmAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Albert+Kahn%22++the+second+largest+office+building+in+the+world&pg=PA36&printsec=frontcover | year=2014| publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press| isbn=9780812222951}}
* {{cite book| last=Galster| first=George| title=Driving Detroit| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ghwmAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Albert+Kahn%22++the+second+largest+office+building+in+the+world&pg=PA36 | year=2014| publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press| isbn=9780812222951}}
* {{cite book|last=Herman|first=Arthur|title=Freedom's Forge| url=| year=2012| publisher=Random House| isbn=}}
* {{cite book|last=Herman|first=Arthur|title=Freedom's Forge| url=| year=2012| publisher=Random House| isbn=}}
* {{cite book| last=Ganem| first=Jennifer C.| title=Dearborn Inn| url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/Dearborn_Inn/sHCBsOBqqisC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Albert+Kahn%22++world%27s+first+airport+hotel&pg=PA108&printsec=frontcover| year=2011| publisher= Arcadia Publishing| isbn=9780738582702}}
* {{cite book| last=Ganem| first=Jennifer C.| title=Dearborn Inn| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sHCBsOBqqisC&dq=%22Albert+Kahn%22++world%27s+first+airport+hotel&pg=PA108| year=2011| publisher= Arcadia Publishing| isbn=9780738582702}}
* {{Cite book | last=Johnson |first= Donald L. | title=Makers of 20th Century Modern Architecture: A Bio-Critical Sourcebook | year=1997 | publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers | isbn=1136640568}}
* {{Cite book | last=Johnson |first= Donald L. | title=Makers of 20th Century Modern Architecture: A Bio-Critical Sourcebook | year=1997 | publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers | isbn=1136640568}}
{{Refend}}
{{Refend}}
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[[Category:Concrete pioneers]]
[[Category:Concrete pioneers]]
[[Category:Architects from Detroit]]
[[Category:Architects from Detroit]]
[[Category:Artists from Detroit]]
[[Category:Culture of Detroit]]
[[Category:Culture of Detroit]]
[[Category:Jewish architects]]
[[Category:Jewish architects]]
[[Category:19th-century German Jews]]
[[Category:19th-century German Jews]]
[[Category:German emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Emigrants from the German Empire to the United States]]
[[Category:People from Birkenfeld (district)]]
[[Category:People from Birkenfeld (district)]]
[[Category:People from the Rhine Province]]
[[Category:People from the Rhine Province]]
[[Category:20th-century American architects]]
[[Category:20th-century American architects]]
[[Category:Olympic competitors in art competitions]]
[[Category:Olympic competitors in art competitions]]
[[Category:University of Michigan campus]]

Revision as of 05:07, 29 April 2024

For other people named Albert Kahn, see Albert Kahn (disambiguation).
Albert Kahn
Born(1869-03-21)March 21, 1869
Rhaunen, Kingdom of Prussia (Germany)
DiedDecember 8, 1942(1942-12-08) (aged 73)
Detroit, Michigan, US
NationalityAmerican
Occupationarchitect
RelativesJulius Kahn, brother
Albert E. Kahn, nephew

Albert Kahn (March 21, 1869 – December 8, 1942) was an American industrial architect who designed industrial plant complexes such as the Ford River Rouge automobile complex.[1] He designed the construction of Detroit skyscrapers and office buildings as well as mansions in the city suburbs. He led an organization of hundreds of architect associates and in 1937, designed 19% of all architect-designed industrial factories in the United States. Under a unique contract in 1929, Kahn established a design and training office in Moscow, sending twenty-five staff there to train Soviet architects and engineers, and to design hundreds of industrial buildings under their first five-year plan. They trained more than 4,000 architects and engineers using Kahn's concepts. In 1943, the Franklin Institute posthumously awarded Kahn the Frank P. Brown Medal.

Biography

Kahn was born on March 21, 1869, to a Jewish family in Rhaunen, in the Kingdom of Prussia.[2] He received his early education in the school of Luxembourg.[3] At age twelve in 1881, Kahn immigrated with his family to Detroit, Michigan.[4] His father Joseph was trained as a rabbi; his mother Rosalie had a talent for the visual arts and music.[4] Kahn had four brothers, including Moritz, who became an engineer, and Julius Kahn, an engineer and inventor, who later collaborated with him in his architectural firm. They also had two sisters.[4]

Kahn quickly learned English and went to Detroit public schools. In 1883, he got a job at the architectural business of Mason and Rice where he got his initial architectural training.[4] While working there he primarily designed residences and bank buildings. In 1891, at age 22, he won a Rotch Traveling Fellowship to study in Europe, where he toured Germany, France, Italy, and Belgium with Henry Bacon, another young architecture student. Bacon later designed the Lincoln Memorial that is located in Washington, D.C.[4][5] After leaving Mason & Rice in 1895, Kahn joined in a partnership with Alexander B. Trowbridge and George W. Nettleton known as Nettleton, Kahn & Trowbridge.[6] He married Ernestine Krolik in 1896 and they had four children.[7]

From left to right: Packard Motor Corporation Building (1910–11) in Callowhill, Philadelphia; Packard Automotive Plant (1903) in Gratiot Town, Detroit

Kahn, in 1902, formed a partnership with his brother Julius, a civil engineer. Later that year, Julius developed a novel and scientific method of reinforcing concrete with steel, making reinforced concrete construction practical and economical. After receiving a patent on the "Kahn System" of construction in 1903, Julius left Kahn's firm and established the Trussed Concrete Steel Company, or Truscon, to market the product. Reinforced concrete allowed for much larger open spaces within factory interiors not obtainable with conventional wood construction and at a lower cost than steel frame construction. Concrete had other beneficial characteristics, such as far better protection from fire and greater load-bearing capacity. By 1905, hundreds of buildings within the United States were being constructed using the Kahn System, including the first reinforced concrete automobile plant, completed for the Cadillac Motor Car Company at 450 Amsterdam Street in TechTown, Detroit.[8] Julius Kahn collaborated with his brother on the design of many industrial projects throughout the US constructed with reinforced concrete, particularly automobile factories, with the result that Kahn became widely known for his expertise in the construction of concrete industrial structures.[9]

Kahn was also responsible for designing many of the buildings and houses built under the direction of the Hiram Walker family in Walkerville, Ontario, including Willistead Manor. Kahn's interest in historically styled buildings is also seen in his houses in Detroit's Indian Village, the Cranbrook House, the Edsel & Eleanor Ford House, and The Dearborn Inn, the world's first airport hotel.[10] Kahn's firm designed the Art Deco Fisher Building in Detroit's New Center area, a 28-story designated landmark. In 1929, the building was awarded a silver medal by the Architectural League of New York in the category of the year's most beautiful commercial building.[11] From 1917 to 1929, Kahn's firm also designed the corporate headquarters for all three of the major Detroit daily newspapers and the General Motors building, at the time of its completion in 1922, the second largest office building in the world.[11] His work was part of the architecture event in the art competition at the 1928 Summer Olympics.[12]

Michigan

General Motors building (1919) in New Center, Detroit, a U.S. National Historic Landmark, listed in 1985.

Henry Ford became interested in Kahn's unique designs that showed many benefits. Ford had Kahn design Ford Motor Company's Highland Park Ford Plant in 1909, for developing production techniques in the assembly line of manufacturing the Ford Model T on a large scale. In 1917, Kahn designed the half-mile-long Ford River Rouge Complex in Dearborn, Michigan. That factory complex was developed into the largest manufacturing cluster of plants in the United States and later the largest industrial manufacturer in the world with a workforce of 120,000 employees.[13][14]

Kahn also designed many of what are considered the classic buildings of the University of Michigan in the city of Ann Arbor. These include Angell Hall, Burton Memorial Tower, Hill Auditorium, Hatcher Graduate Library, and William L. Clements Library. Kahn said later in life that, of all the buildings he designed, he wanted most to be remembered for his work on the William L. Clements Library. Kahn frequently collaborated with architectural sculptor Corrado Parducci. In all, Parducci worked on about 50 Kahn commissions, including banks, office buildings, newspaper buildings, mausoleums, hospitals, and private residences.[15]

Kahn's firm was able to adapt to the changing needs of World War I and designed numerous army airfields and naval bases for the United States government during the war. During World War II, Kahn and his firm were in charge of several of the U.S. government's important construction projects that included aeronautical and tank arsenal plants. His 600-person office was involved in making Detroit industry part of America's Arsenal of Democracy. Among others, the office designed the Detroit Arsenal Tank Plant, and the Willow Run Bomber Plant, Kahn's last building, located in Ypsilanti, Michigan. The Ford Motor Company mass-produced Consolidated B-24 Liberator bombers here.[16]

University of Michigan Angell Hall (1924) in Ann Arbor, Michigan
Ford Engineering Laboratory (1930) in Dearborn, Michigan

In 1937, Albert Kahn Associates was responsible for 19% of all architect-designed industrial factories in the United States.[17] In 1941, Kahn received the eighth-highest salary and compensation package in the U.S., $486,936, of which he paid 72% in tax.[18] Kahn worked on more than 1,000 commissions from Henry Ford and hundreds from other automakers. Kahn designed showrooms for Ford Motor Company in several cities, including New York, Washington, D.C., and Boston.[4]

As of 2020, approximately 60 Kahn buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Five of these (the Fisher Building, Ford River Rouge complex, Edsel and Eleanor Ford House, General Motors Building, and Highland Park Ford Plant) were designated National Historic Landmarks.[19] Not all of Kahn's works have been preserved. Cass Technical High School in Detroit, designed by Malcomson and Higginbotham and built by Kahn's firm in 1922, was demolished in 2011, after vandals had stripped it of most of its fixtures.[20] The Donovan Building, later occupied by Motown Records, was abandoned for decades and deteriorated. The city demolished it as part of its beautification plan before the 2006 Super Bowl XL.[21] In Kalamazoo, Michigan, the Kahn designed Checker Cab Manufacturing plant was shuttered following the bankruptcy of Checker Motors Corporation, in 2009. It was leveled in 2015.[22]

Fifteen Kahn buildings are recognized by official Michigan historical markers:[23]

In the Soviet Union

On May 8, 1929, through an agreement signed with Kahn by Saul G. Bron, President of Amtorg, the Soviet government contracted Albert Kahn Associates to help design the Stalingrad Tractor Plant, the first tractor plant in the USSR. On January 9, 1930, a second contract with Kahn was signed for his firm to become consulting architects for all industrial construction in the Soviet Union.[24] Under these contracts, during 1929 to 1932 and the Great Depression, Kahn's firm established a design and training bureau in Moscow to train and supervise Soviet architects and engineers. This bureau, under the government's Gosproektstroi, was headed by Moritz Kahn and 25 others of Kahn Associates staff, who worked in Moscow during this project. They trained more than 4,000 Soviet architects and engineers;[25] and designed 521 plants and factories[4] under the nation's first five-year plan.[24][26]

Kahn-designed buildings

Kahn has been called the "architect of Detroit" and designed almost 900 buildings in the city.[27] Below is a listing of some of those buildings. All are located in Detroit, unless otherwise indicated.

Buildings at the University of Michigan

Below are University of Michigan campus structures built during Kahn's career.[7][34]

Greek Organization Buildings:

Death and legacy

Kahn died in Detroit on December 8, 1942.[7] Many of his personal working papers and construction photographs are housed at University of Michigan's Bentley History Library.[38] His personal working library, the Albert Kahn Library Collection, is housed at Lawrence Technological University in Southfield, Michigan.[39] The Archives of American Art at the Smithsonian house most of the family's correspondence and other materials.[40]

The life and works of Kahn were celebrated in an exhibition of photographs, drawings, and models at the Detroit Institute of Arts from September 15 to November 1, 1970. It commemorated the 75th anniversary of the architectural firm which was founded by Kahn.[41] Many of Detroit's leading industrialists who work in the buildings designed by Kahn were present at the celebration.[42]

A staff writer for the Times Herald newspaper in 1970 wrote that Kahn was often called the father of industrial architecture. He was referred to as Architect of the Colossal by Reader's Digest magazine. The science museum Franklin Institute in Philadelphia recognized him as an architectural pioneer and awarded him their gold medal. The American Institute of Architects awarded him two of their gold medals in his lifetime. The staff writer estimated that Kahn was the architect of two billion dollars worth of structures before his death in 1942. The committee on science and arts of the Detroit Institute of Arts noted that none of Kahn's discoveries were ever patented, but instead were placed in the hands of architects and engineers engaged in construction during World Wars I and II. The 184 page catalogue put in book form called The Legacy of Albert Kahn consists of two essays on the works of Kahn, one by W. Hawkins Ferry the architectural writer and Honorary Curator of Architecture at the Detroit Institute of Arts and another written by Walter B. Sanders as a Professor of Architecture at the University of Michigan.[43]

Detroit Free Press writer and historian John Gallagher notes that Kahn produced 1900 buildings, among them being the Fisher Building, the General Motors headquarters, the Ford River Rouge Complex, and many buildings on the campus of the University of Michigan. He points out that what was modern in 1920, like his automobile factories that he built between 1900 and 1920 were obsolete by 1990s standards and were being torn down. Some of his other buildings at that time no longer served the purpose for which they were constructed and were being remodeled for other uses.[44]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Ford River Rouge Complex | MiPlace".
  2. ^ Bryan 2003, p. 139.
  3. ^ Blenz 1981, p. 133.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Johnson 1997, pp. 161–164.
  5. ^ Borth, Christy. Masters of Mass Production, Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1945, pp. 97-100.
  6. ^ ""About Albert Kahn"". Albert Kahn Legacy Foundation. 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2021.
  7. ^ a b c Blenz 1981, p. 134.
  8. ^ Smith, Michael G., "The First Concrete Auto Factory: An Error in the Historical Record," Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians (2019) 78 (4): 442–453.
  9. ^ Ferry 1970, p. 11.
  10. ^ Ganem 2011, p. 108.
  11. ^ a b Galster 2014, p. 36.
  12. ^ "Albert Kahn". Olympedia. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  13. ^ Borth, Christy. Masters of Mass Production, pp. 107-8, Bobbs-Merrill Company, Indianapolis, IN, 1945.
  14. ^ Herman, Arthur. Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II, p. 22, Random House, New York, NY, 2012. ISBN 978-1-4000-6964-4.
  15. ^ Borth, Christy. Masters of Mass Production, pp. 109-10, 120-28, Bobbs-Merrill Co., Indianapolis, IN, 1945.
  16. ^ Herman 2012, pp. 51–2, 96–8, 148, 200, 227–9, 242.
  17. ^ Johnson 1997, p. 164.
  18. ^ "Compensation and the I.R.S.: It's not the 'Good' Old Days". The New York Times. 2010-12-01. (Business Day section). Retrieved 2014-01-21.
  19. ^ Hickman, Matt (27 October 2020). "Albert Kahn Associates celebrates 125th anniversary with launch of interactive map of projects in Detroit and beyond". The Architect's Newspaper. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
  20. ^ Cass Tech High School (old). Historic Detroit. Retrieved on November 20, 2014.
  21. ^ "Donovan Building". Historic Detroit Organization. 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
  22. ^ "Checker's Albert Kahn Designed Plant". Checker Car Club of America. 30 May 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
  23. ^ "Michigan Historical Markers". Retrieved 2020-06-17.
  24. ^ a b Melnikova-Raich, Sonia (2010). "The Soviet Problem with Two 'Unknowns': How an American Architect and a Soviet Negotiator Jump-Started the Industrialization of Russia, Part I: Albert Kahn". IA, The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology. 36 (2): 59–73. ISSN 0160-1040. JSTOR 41933723.
  25. ^ "Industry's Architect". Time. June 29, 1942. Archived from the original on January 14, 2009. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
  26. ^ "Albert Kahn Associates records". Bentley Historical Library. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
  27. ^ John L. Dorman (March 26, 2018). "In Energized Detroit, Savoring an Architectural Legacy". New York Times online. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
  28. ^ "Plans at old Shaw Walker site". MLive. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
  29. ^ James and Jennifer Crumbley found in century-old building with rich history Detroit Free Press
  30. ^ "Brad Flory column: Good-bye to a landmark once 'the essence of Jackson'". MLive.
  31. ^ "Chronicle Building now owned by Muskegon Community College". MLive. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
  32. ^ "Detroit Times Building". Buildings of Detroit. Archived from the original on 26 October 2010. Retrieved October 29, 2010.
  33. ^ "New Heating Plant Under Constructio" (PDF). Notre Dame Scholastic Magazine: 14. 23 October 1931.
  34. ^ "Ann Arbor Observer". Ann Arbor Observer Company. 2002. pp. 27–33. Retrieved July 28, 2021.
  35. ^ "U-M to remove Little, Winchell names from campus facilities". University of Michigan. Retrieved 2021-12-02.
  36. ^ "Major Projects: Alexander G. Ruthven Museums Building Renovation and Addition". University of Michigan. Archived from the original on 2018-04-16. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
  37. ^ "Alpha Epsilon Phi - ΑΕΦ | Greek Life". fsl.umich.edu. Retrieved 2018-05-25.
  38. ^ "Bentley Historical Library Albert Kahn Associates Records 1825-2014".
  39. ^ "Albert Kahn Research Symposium". Archived from the original on 2020-07-24. Retrieved 2019-06-10.
  40. ^ "Archives of American Art, Albert Kahn Papers".
  41. ^ Ferry 1970, pp. 1–11.
  42. ^ "Tribute Paid to Alfred Kahn". Detroit Free Press. Detroit, Michigan. September 15, 1970. p. 27. Retrieved October 25, 2021 – via Newspapers.com Open access icon.
  43. ^ "Institute Salutes Detroit Architect". The Times Herald. Port Huron, Michigan. September 18, 1970. p. 18. Retrieved October 25, 2021 – via Newspapers.com Open access icon.
  44. ^ "More gaps in the Kahn legacy". Detroit Free Press. Detroit, Michigan. February 21, 1994. p. 27. Retrieved October 25, 2021 – via Newspapers.com Open access icon.

Sources

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Albert Kahn.
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