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Jin Yong

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Template:Chinese name

Prof the Honourable

Louis Cha

GBM OBE
Jin Yong in July 2007
Jin Yong in July 2007
BornZha Liangyong (查良鏞)
10 March 1924
Haining, Zhejiang, Republic of China
Died (aged 94)
Happy Valley, Hong Kong
Pen nameJin Yong
OccupationNovelist, essayist, newspaper founder and editor, policymaker
NationalityChinese
Alma materSoochow University
University of Cambridge[1]
Peking University
Period1955–1972
GenreWuxia
Spouse
  • Du Zhifen (杜もり治ち芬; m. 1948–?)
  • Zhu Mei (朱しゅ玫; m. 1953–1976)
  • Lin Leyi (林はやし樂らく怡; m. 1976–2018, his death)
Childrentwo sons and two daughters
Relatives
  • Zha Shuqing (father)[2]
  • Xu Lu (mother)[2]
Chinese name
Chinese金きむ庸いさお
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinJīn Yōng
Wade–GilesChin Yung
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationGām yùhng
JyutpingGam1 Jung4
Birth name
Traditional Chinese查良鏞
Simplified Chinese查良镛
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhā Liángyōng
Wade–GilesCha Liang-yung
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationChàh Lèuhng Yùhng
JyutpingCaa4 Loeng4 Jung4
Sidney LauCha4 Leung4 Yung4
Website
www.jinyong.com

Louis Cha Jing-yong[3] GBM OBE (Chinese: 查良鏞; Sidney Lau: Cha4 Leung4 Yung4; 10 March 1924 – 30 October 2018), better known by his pen name Jin Yong, was a Chinese wuxia ("martial arts and chivalry") novelist and essayist who co-founded the Hong Kong daily newspaper Ming Pao in 1959 and served as its first editor-in-chief. He was Hong Kong's most famous writer.[4]

His wuxia novels have a widespread following in Chinese communities worldwide. His 15 works written between 1955 and 1972 earned him a reputation as one of the greatest and most popular wuxia writers ever. By the time of his death he was the best-selling Chinese author, and over 100 million copies of his works have been sold worldwide[5] (not including an unknown number of pirated copies).[6] According to The Oxford Guide to Contemporary World Literature, Jin Yong's novels are considered to be of very high quality and are able to appeal to both highbrow and lowbrow tastes.[4] His works have the unusual ability to transcend geographical and ideological barriers separating Chinese communities of the world, achieving a greater success than any other contemporary writer.[4]

His works have been translated into many languages including English, French, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese, Thai, Burmese, Malay and Indonesian. He has many fans outside of Chinese-speaking areas, as a result of the numerous adaptations of his works into films, television series, comics and video games.

The asteroid 10930 Jinyong (1998 CR2) is named after him.[7]

Jin Yong is named along with Gu Long and Liang Yusheng as the "Three Legs of the Tripod of Wuxia".

Early life

Cha was born Zha Liangyong in Haining, Zhejiang in Republican China, the second of six children. He hailed from the scholarly Zha clan of Haining (海うみ寧やすし查氏),[8] whose members included notable literati of the late Ming and early Qing dynasties such as Zha Jizuo (1601–1676), Zha Shenxing (查慎行ぎょう; 1650–1727) and Zha Siting (查嗣庭にわ; died 1727).[9] His grandfather, Zha Wenqing (查文清きよし), obtained the position of a tong jinshi chushen (third class graduate) in the imperial examination during the Qing dynasty. His father, Zha Shuqing (查樞卿きょう), was arrested and executed by the Communist government for allegedly being a counterrevolutionary during the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries in the early 1950s. Zha Shuqing was later posthumously declared innocent in the 1980s.[10]

Cha was an avid reader of literature from an early age, especially wuxia and classical fiction. He was once expelled from his high school for openly criticising the Nationalist government as autocratic. He studied at Jiaxing High School in 1937 but was expelled in 1941. He continued his high school education at Quzhou No. 1 Secondary School and graduated in 1943.[11]

Education

Cha was admitted to the Department of Foreign Languages at the Central University of Political Affairs in Chongqing.[12] Cha later dropped out of the school. He took the entrance exam and gained admission to the Faculty of Law at Soochow University, where he majored in international law with the intention of pursuing a career in the foreign service.

Career

Cha was a journalist. When Cha was transferred to New Evening Post (of British Hong Kong) as Deputy Editor, he met Chen Wentong, who wrote his first wuxia novel under the pseudonym "Liang Yusheng" in 1953. Chen and Cha became good friends and it was under the former's influence that Cha began work on his first serialised martial arts novel, The Book and the Sword, in 1955. In 1957, while still working on wuxia serialisations, he quit his previous job and worked as a scenarist-director and scriptwriter at Great Wall Movie Enterprises Ltd and Phoenix Film Company.

In 1959, Cha co-founded the Hong Kong newspaper Ming Pao with his high school classmate Shen Baoxin (沈寶新しん). Cha served as its editor-in-chief for years, writing both serialised novels and editorials, amounting to some 10,000 Chinese characters per day. His novels also earned him a large readership. Cha completed his last wuxia novel in 1972, after which he officially retired from writing novels, and spent the remaining years of that decade editing and revising his literary works instead. The first complete definitive edition of his works appeared in 1979. In 1980, Cha wrote a postscript to Wu Gongzao's taiji classic Wu Jia Taijiquan, where he described influences from as far back as Laozi and Zhuangzi on contemporary Chinese martial arts.[13]

By then, Cha's wuxia novels had gained great popularity in Chinese-speaking areas. All of his novels have since been adapted into films, TV shows and radio dramas in Hong Kong, Taiwan and China. The important characters in his novels are so well known to the public that they can be alluded to with ease between all three regions.

In the late 1970s, Cha was involved in Hong Kong politics. After Deng Xiaoping, a Jin Yong fan, came to power and initiated the reform and opening-up process, Cha became the first non-Communist Hong Konger to meet with Deng.[14] He was a member of the Hong Kong Basic Law drafting committee but resigned in protest after the Tiananmen Square incident in 1989. He was also part of the Preparatory Committee set up in 1996 by the Chinese government to monitor the 1997 transfer of sovereignty.[15]

In 1993, Cha prepared for retirement from editorial work and sold all his shares in Ming Pao.

Personal life

Cha had four brothers and two sisters. He was the second oldest among them. His brothers were Zha Liangjian (查良鏗; 1916–1988),[16] Zha Lianghao (查良浩ひろし; b. 1934)[17], Zha Liangdong (查良棟とう; fl. 1930s)[2] and Zha Liangyu (查良鈺; b. 1936).[18] His sisters are Zha Liangxiu (查良琇; b. 1926) and Zha Liangxuan (查良璇; 1928–2002).[19][20]

Cha married three times. His first wife was Du Zhifen (杜もり治ち芬), whom he married in 1948 but divorced later. In 1953, he married his second wife, Zhu Mei (朱しゅ玫), a newspaper journalist. They had two sons and two daughters: Zha Chuanxia (查傳俠), Zha Chuanti (查傳倜), Zha Chuanshi (查傳詩し) and Zha Chuanne (查傳訥). Cha divorced Zhu in 1976 and married his third wife, Lin Leyi (林はやし樂らく怡; b. 1953), who was 29 years his junior and 16 years old when they married.[21] In 1976, his son Zha Chuanxia, then 19 years old, committed suicide after a quarrel with his girlfriend while studying at Columbia University.[22][23]

Death

On 30 October 2018, Cha died after a long illness at the Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital in Happy Valley, Hong Kong. He was 94.[24] [25]

Decorations and conferments

In addition to his wuxia novels, Cha also wrote many non-fiction works on Chinese history. For his achievements, he received many honours.

Cha was awarded the Order of the British Empire (OBE) by the British government in 1981. He was awarded a Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur (1992) and a Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (2004) by the French government.[26]

Cha was also an honorary professor at Peking University, Zhejiang University, Nankai University, Soochow University, Huaqiao University, National Tsing Hua University, Hong Kong University (Department of Chinese Studies), the University of British Columbia, and Sichuan University. Cha was an honorary doctor at National Chengchi University, Hong Kong University (Department of Social Science), Hong Kong Polytechnic University, the Open University of Hong Kong, the University of British Columbia, Soka University and the University of Cambridge. He was also an honorary fellow of St Antony's College, Oxford and Robinson College, Cambridge, and a Waynflete Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford.

When receiving his honorary doctorate at the University of Cambridge in 2004, Cha expressed his wish to be a full-time student at Cambridge for four years to attain a non-honorary doctorate.[27] In July 2010, Cha earned his Doctor of Philosophy in oriental studies (Chinese history) at St John's College, Cambridge with a thesis on imperial succession in the early Tang dynasty.[28] [29]

Novels

Cha wrote a total of 15 fictional works, of which one ("Sword of the Yue Maiden") is a short story and the other 14 are novels and novellas of various lengths. Most of his novels were first published in daily instalments in newspapers, then later in book editions. The novels are:

English title Chinese title[T 1] Date of first publication[30] First published publication[30] Character count
The Book and the Sword 書しょ劍けん恩おん仇かたき錄ろく 8 February 1955 – 5 September 1956 New Evening Post 513,000
Sword Stained with Royal Blood 碧あお血ち劍けん 1 January 1956 – 31 December 1956 Hong Kong Commercial Daily 488,000
The Legend of the Condor Heroes 射い鵰英雄えいゆう傳でん 1 January 1957 – 19 May 1959 Hong Kong Commercial Daily 918,000
Fox Volant of the Snowy Mountain 雪山ゆきやま飛ひ狐きつね 9 February 1959 – 18 June 1959 New Evening Post 130,000
The Return of the Condor Heroes 神かみ鵰俠侶 20 May 1959 – 5 July 1961 Ming Pao 979,000
The Young Flying Fox 飛ひ狐きつね外傳がいでん 11 January 1960 – 6 April 1962 Wuxia and History (武たけ俠與歷史れきし) 439,000
White Horse Neighs in the Western Wind 白馬しろうま嘯西風ふう 16 October 1961 – 10 January 1962 Ming Pao 67,000
Blade-dance of the Two Lovers 鴛鴦えんおう刀がたな 1 May 1961 – 31 May 1961 Ming Pao 34,000
The Heavenly Sword and Dragon Saber 倚天屠ほふ龍りゅう記き 6 July 1961 – 2 September 1963 Ming Pao 956,000
A Deadly Secret 連れん城じょう訣 12 January 1964 – 28 February 1965 Southeast Asia Weekly (東南とうなん亞あ周しゅう刊かん) 229,000
Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils 天龍てんりゅう八はち部ぶ 3 September 1963 – 27 May 1966 Ming Pao and Nanyang Siang Pau 1,211,000
Ode to Gallantry 俠客行ぎょう 11 June 1966 – 19 April 1967 Ming Pao 364,000
The Smiling, Proud Wanderer 笑わらい傲江湖こうこ 20 April 1967 – 12 October 1969 Ming Pao 979,000
The Deer and the Cauldron 鹿しか鼎かなえ記き 24 October 1969 – 23 September 1972 Ming Pao 1,230,000
Sword of the Yue Maiden 越えつ女おんな劍けん 1 January 1970 – 31 January 1970 Ming Pao evening supplement 16,000
  1. ^ Click to sort in order of the first-character couplet "飛ひ雪ゆき連れん天てん射しゃ白しろ鹿しか 笑わらい書しょ神かみ俠倚碧あお鴛おしどり".
File:HKHM 沙すな田た Shatin 香港ほんこん文化ぶんか博物館はくぶつかん HK Heritage Museum 金きむ庸いさお展てん廳ちょう館かん Jin Yong Gallery March 2017 IX1 movie 曹達そうだ華はな Cho Tat Wah poster.jpg
The Legend of the Condor Heroes

Of these, the novels (The Legend of the Condor Heroes, The Return of the Condor Heroes, and The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber) make up the Condor Trilogy and should be read in that order; a number of his other works are also linked to this trilogy (Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils is a precursor to the Condor Trilogy). Fox Volant of the Snowy Mountain and The Young Flying Fox are companion works with the same protagonist and characters from The Book and the Sword appear. A few major characters from Sword Stained with Royal Blood also appear in his final novel The Deer and the Cauldron as minor characters.

Couplet

After Cha completed all his works, it was discovered that the first characters of the first 14 titles can be joined together to form a couplet with 7 characters on each line:

Traditional Chinese

飛ひ雪ゆき連れん天てん射しゃ白しろ鹿しか
笑わらい書しょ神かみ俠倚碧あお鴛おしどり

Simplified Chinese

飞雪连天射しゃ白しろ鹿しか
笑わらい书神侠倚碧あお鸳

Loose translation

Shooting a white deer, snow flutters around the skies;
Smiling, [one] writes about the divine chivalrous one, leaning against bluish lovebirds (or lover)

Cha stated that he had never intended to create the couplet. The couplet serves primarily as a handy mnemonic to remember all of Cha's works for his fans.

  • "Sword of the Yue Maiden" was left out because it would be an odd number, thus the couplet would not be complete, also because the "Sword of the Yue Maiden" was so short it was not even considered a book.

Editions

Most of Cha's works were initially published in instalments in Hong Kong newspapers, most often in Ming Pao. The Return of the Condor Heroes was his first novel serialised in Ming Pao, launched on 20 May 1959. Between 1970 and 1980, Cha revised all of his works. The revised works of his stories are known as the "New Edition" (新版しんぱん), also known as "Revised Edition" (修訂しゅうてい版ばん), in contrast with the "Old Edition" (舊版きゅうばん), which refers to the original, serialised versions. Some characters and events were written out completely, most notably mystical elements and 'unnecessary' characters, such as the "Blood Red Bird" (小しょう紅べに鳥とり) and "Qin Nanqin" (秦南はだみなみ琴きん), the mother of Yang Guo in the first edition.

In Taiwan, the situation is more complicated, as Cha's books were initially banned. As a result, there were multiple editions published underground, some of which were revised beyond recognition. Only in 1979 was Cha's complete collection published by Taiwan's Yuenching Publishing House (遠景えんけい出版しゅっぱん社しゃ).

In China, the Wulin (武林たけばやし) magazine in Guangzhou was the first to officially publish Cha's works, starting from 1980. Cha's complete collection in Simplified Chinese was published by Beijing's SDX Joint Publishing in 1994. Meanwhile, Mingheshe Singapore-Malaysia (明河みょうが社しゃ星ほし马分公司こうし) published his collection, in Simplified Chinese for Southeast Asian readers in 1995.

From 1999 to 2006, Cha revised his novels for the second and last time. Each of his works is carefully revised, re-edited and re-issued in the order in which he wrote them. This revision was completed in spring 2006, with the publication of the last novel, The Deer and the Cauldron. The newer revised edition, known variably as the "New Century Edition" (世紀せいき新しん修おさむ版ばん), "New Revised Edition" (新あたらし修おさむ版ばん) and "New New Edition" (新しん新版しんぱん), is noted for its annotations where Cha answers previous criticisms directed at the historical accuracy of his works. In the newer revision, certain characters' personae were changed, such as Wang Yuyan,[31] and many martial art skills and places have their names changed.[32] This edition faced a number of criticisms from Cha's fans, some of whom prefer the older storyline and names. The older 1970–80 "New Edition" (新版しんぱん) is no longer issued by Cha's publisher Mingheshe (明河みょうが社しゃ).

Patriotism, jianghu and development of heroism

Statue of Cha on Taohua Island, Zhejiang Province

Chinese nationalism or patriotism is a strong theme in Cha's works. In most of his works, Cha places emphasis on the idea of self-determination and identity, and many of his novels are set in time periods when China was occupied or under the threat of occupation by non-Han Chinese peoples such as the Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols and Manchus. However, Cha gradually evolved his Chinese nationalism into an inclusionist concept which encompasses all present-day non-Han Chinese minorities. Cha expresses a fierce admiration for positive traits of non-Han Chinese people personally, such as the Mongols and Manchus. In The Legend of the Condor Heroes, for example, he casts Genghis Khan and his sons as capable and intelligent military leaders against the corrupt and ineffective bureaucrats of the Han Chinese-led Song dynasty.

Cha's references range from traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture, martial arts, music, calligraphy, weiqi, tea culture, philosophical schools of thought such as Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism and imperial Chinese history. Historical figures often intermingle with fictional ones, making it difficult for the layperson to distinguish which are real.

His works show a great amount of respect and approval for traditional Chinese values, especially Confucian ideals such as the proper relationship between ruler and subject, parent and child, elder sibling and younger sibling, and (particularly strongly, due to the wuxia nature of his novels), between master and apprentice, and among fellow apprentices. However, he also questions the validity of these values in the face of a modern society, such as ostracism experienced by his two main characters – Yang Guo's romantic relationship with his teacher Xiaolongnü in The Return of the Condor Heroes. Cha also places a great amount of emphasis on traditional values such as face and honour.

In all but his 14th work, The Deer and the Cauldron, the protagonists or heroes are explored meticulously through their relationships with their teachers, their immediate kin and relatives, and with their suitors or spouses. In each, the heroes have attained the zenith in martial arts and most would be the epitome or embodiment of the traditional Chinese values in words or deeds, i.e. virtuous, honourable, respectable, gentlemanly, responsible, patriotic, and so forth.

In The Deer and the Cauldron, Cha departed from his usual writing style, creating in its main protagonist Wei Xiaobao an antihero who is greedy, lazy, and utterly disdainful of traditional rules of propriety. Cha intentionally created an anticlimax and an antihero possessing none of the desirable traditional values and no knowledge of any form of martial arts, and dependent upon a protective vest made of alloy to absorb full-frontal attack when in trouble and a dagger that can cut through anything. Wei is a street urchin and womanising weasel, with no admirable qualities whatsoever.[citation needed] The fiction writer Ni Kuang wrote a connected[clarification needed] critique of all of Cha's works and concluded that Cha concluded his work with The Deer and the Cauldron as a satire to his earlier work and to restore a balanced perspective in readers.

Criticisms

The study of Cha's works has spun off a specific area of study and discussion: Jinology. For years, readers and critics have written works discussing, debating and analysing his fictional world of martial arts; among the most famous are those by Cha's close friend and science fiction novelist, Ni Kuang. Ni is a fan of Cha, and has written a series of criticisms analysing the various personalities and aspects of his books called I Read Jin Yong's Novels (我わが看み金きむ庸いさお小說しょうせつ).

Despite Cha's popularity, some of his novels were banned outside of Hong Kong due to political reasons. A number of them were outlawed in the People's Republic of China in the 1970s as they were thought to be satires of Mao Zedong and the Cultural Revolution; others were banned in the Republic of China (Taiwan) as they were thought to be in support of the Communist Party of China. None of these bans are currently in force, and Cha's complete collection has been published multiple times in China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Many politicians on both sides of the Straits are known to be readers of his works; Deng Xiaoping, for example, was a well-known reader himself.

In late 2004, the People's Education Publishing House (人民じんみん教育きょういく出版しゅっぱん社しゃ) of the People's Republic of China sparked controversy by including an excerpt from Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils in a new senior high school Chinese textbook. While some praised the inclusion of popular literature, others feared that the violence and unrealistic martial arts described in Cha's works were unsuitable for high school students. At about the same time, Singapore's Ministry of Education announced a similar move for Chinese-learning students at secondary and junior college levels.[33]

Timeline

Era Novel
6th century BC Sword of the Yue Maiden
11th century Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils
13th century The Legend of the Condor Heroes
The Return of the Condor Heroes
14th century The Heavenly Sword and the Dragon Saber
16th century (The Smiling, Proud Wanderer)
(Ode to Gallantry)
17th century White Horse Neighs in the Western Wind
Sword Stained With Royal Blood
The Deer and the Cauldron
(A Deadly Secret)
18th century Blade-dance of the Two Lovers
The Book and the Sword
The Young Flying Fox
Fox Volant of the Snowy Mountain

Translations of Cha's works

English books currently available include:

(Legend of the Condor Heroes (1): A Hero Is Born was expected to be published in February 2018[34][35])

Other works available in English include:

Adaptations

See also: Category:Adaptations of works by Jin Yong

There are over 90 films and TV shows adapted from Cha's wuxia novels, including King Hu's The Swordsman (1990) and its sequel Swordsman II (1992), Wong Jing's 1992 films Royal Tramp and Royal Tramp II, and Wong Kar-wai's Ashes of Time (1994). Dozens of role-playing video games are based on Cha's novels, a notable example of which is Heroes of Jin Yong, which was based on the major characters and events in Cha's novels.

See also

References

  1. ^ "'Cha Stone' unveiled". St John's College, Cambridge. 31 July 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
  2. ^ a b c 金きむ庸いさお和わ他た的てき两位母はは亲 生母せいぼ是ぜ徐じょ志摩しま堂どう姑しゅうと妈
  3. ^ "THE PRECEDENCE LIST OF THE HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION" (PDF). Protocol Division Government Secretariat of Hong Kong. October 2018. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  4. ^ a b c John Sturrock (1997). The Oxford Guide to Contemporary World Literature. Oxford University Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-19-283318-1.
  5. ^ Jin Yong and Daisaku Ikeda (2013). Compassionate Light in Asia: A Dialogue. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1848851986.
  6. ^ Template:Zh icon 金きむ庸いさお与あずか武たけ侠影视 CCTV. 24 June 2004. Retrieved 4 August 2006.
  7. ^ Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (10001)-(15000) IAU: Minor Planet Center 13 July 2006. Retrieved 4 August 2006.
  8. ^ Frisch, Nick (13 April 2018). "The Gripping Stories, and Political Allegories, of China's Best-Selling Author" – via www.newyorker.com.
  9. ^ Chen, Mo (2001). Shijue Jin Yong (視覺しかく金きむ庸いさお) (in Chinese). Vol. Volume 1 (卷まき初はつ). Taiwan: Yuan-Liou Publishing Company. ISBN 9573244659. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  10. ^ "金きむ庸いさお父ちち亲查枢くるる卿きょう1950年ねん被ひ人民じんみん政府せいふ枪决内幕うちまく(图) [Behind the People's Government's execution of Jin Yong's father Zha Shuqing in 1950 (illustrated)]". wenxuecity.com (in Chinese). 18 October 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  11. ^ "Jin Yong and Quzhou". Zhejiang Quzhou No. 1 Middle School (in Chinese). 1 October 2004. Retrieved 9 August 2018. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  12. ^ Li, Wei. "Brief profile of Jin Yong". Jin Yong Inn (in Chinese). Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  13. ^ Wu, Kung-tsao (2006) [1980]. Wu Family T'ai Chi Ch'uan (吳くれ家か太極拳たいきょくけん). Chien-ch'uan T'ai-chi Ch'uan Association. ISBN 0-9780499-0-X.
  14. ^ Hamm, John Christopher (2006). Paper Swordsmen: Jin Yong And the Modern Chinese Martial Arts Novel. University of Hawaii Press. p. 198. ISBN 9780824828950.
  15. ^ "Novelist, newspaper founder and sage". Asiaweek. 24 September 1999. Archived from the original on 20 September 2001. Retrieved 22 November 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ "查良铿与金きむ庸いさお:"情じょう比ひ金きん坚"手足てあし情じょう [The relationship between Jin Yong and Zha Liangjian is "stronger than metal"]". www.xzbu.com (in Chinese). 3 April 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
  17. ^ "金きむ庸いさお大だい弟おとうと查良浩ひろし：代だい哥当上うえ董ただし事ごと长 [Jin Yong's brother Zha Lianghao: Replacing his brother as Board Chairman]". hao1111.cn (in Chinese). 2014. Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ Pan, Zeping. "金きむ庸いさお兄弟きょうだい的てき手足てあし情じょう [The relationships between Jin Yong and his brothers]". shuku.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 27 May 2016.
  19. ^ 金きむ庸いさお旧きゅう照あきら上じょう的てき印しるし痕こん- 蒋连根ね(图)
  20. ^ "金きむ庸いさお和わ他た的てき两个妹いもうと妹いもうと [Jin Yong and his two younger sisters]". www.xzbu.com (in Chinese). 7 October 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
  21. ^ "中国ちゅうごく最さい著名ちょめい的てき十じゅう大老たいろう夫おっと少しょう妻つま【图】 [Ten Most Famous Old Husband Young Wife Couples in China (Illustrated)]". laonanren.com (in Chinese). 13 August 2010. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
  22. ^ Swashbuckler Extraordinaire – A Profile of Jin Yong. Taiwan Panorama. 1998. Retrieved 10 January 2010 [dead link]
  23. ^ "揭"大だい侠"金きむ庸いさお4子女しじょ：长子查传侠19岁时为情自じ缢 [Jin Yong's four children: Eldest son Zha Chuanxia hanged himself at the age of 19 due to relationship problems]". culture.ifeng.com (in Chinese). 1 April 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
  24. ^ "Famed Chinese martial arts novelist Jin Yong dies aged 94: Hong Kong media". The Straits Times. 30 October 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
  25. ^ "Louis Cha 'Jin Yong', the man who united Chinese in the name of chivalry". SCMP. 31 October 2018. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  26. ^ Louis Cha Awarded French Honor of Arts Xinhua News Agency. 14 October 2004. Retrieved 4 August 2006.
  27. ^ Octogenarian novelist wants to be student Shenzhen Daily. 23 June 2004. Retrieved 4 August 2006.
  28. ^ 以盛唐から皇位こうい制度せいど作さく论文 金きん大だい侠考获剑大だい博士はかせ学位がくい 2010-09-12,
  29. ^ Louis, Cha, (14 April 2018). "The imperial succession in Tang China, 618-762". University of Cambridge. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ a b The dates conform to the data published in 陳ひね鎮輝,《武たけ俠小說しょうせつ逍遙しょうよう談だん》, 2000, 匯智出版しゅっぱん有限ゆうげん公司こうし, pp. 56–58; 創意そうい寫うつし作さく系列けいれつ：書寫しょしゃ香港ほんこん@文學ぶんがく故事こじ, 2008, Hong Kong Educational Publishing Company, p. 169; and the website 世上せじょう所有しょゆう的てき正せい版ばん金きむ庸いさお小しょう说清单, authorised by the author
  31. ^ While Wang Yuyan accompanied Duan Yu back to Dali in older revisions, in the new revision she refused and stayed to serve Murong Fu instead. See Chapter 50 of Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils.
  32. ^ See 金きむ庸いさお小しょう说.
  33. ^ Template:Zh icon 金きむ庸いさお小しょう说也走进本地ち教材きょうざい Lianhe Zaobao. 4 March 2005. Retrieved 4 August 2006.
  34. ^ "Female Oxford Grad to Publish Her Translation of Chinese Classical "Wuxia" Novel". Women of China. 28 October 2017.
  35. ^ Thorpe, Vanessa (26 November 2017). "A hero reborn: 'China's Tolkien' aims to conquer western readers". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 November 2017.

Further reading

  • Stateless Subjects: Chinese Martial Arts Literature and Postcolonial History, Chapters 3 and 4. Petrus Liu. (Cornell University, 2011).
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