Help:IPA/Greek

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The charts below show how the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents the Ancient Greek (AG) and Modern Greek (MG) pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. The Ancient Greek pronunciation shown here is a reconstruction of the Attic dialect in the 5th century BC. For other Ancient Greek dialects, such as Doric, Aeolic, or Koine Greek, please use |generic=yes. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See Ancient Greek phonology and Modern Greek phonology for a more thorough look at their sounds.

Consonants[1]
IPA AG MG Example English approximation
c κかっぱ κかっぱιόλας[2] skew
k κかっぱ, ξくしー κかっぱατά, ξくしーένος[3][2] scar
kʰ χかい χかいάρτης[2] car
x χかい Scottish English loch, German Bach
ç χかいέρι[2] hue
j ιいおた εいぷしろんἴηいーた[4] toy yacht
ʝ γがんま γがんまηいーた[2] similar to yes
ɣ γがんまάλα[2] Spanish amigo
ɡ γがんま again
γがんまκかっぱ
γがんまγがんま 		εいぷしろんγがんまκかっぱώμιο[2][5]
ɟ άγがんまγがんまελος[2][5] argue
p πぱい, ψぷさい πぱいέτρα, ψぷさいυχή[3] spy
pʰ φふぁい φふぁいως paint
f φふぁい four
v βべーた, υうぷしろん[6] βべーたέλος vet
b βべーた about
μみゅーπぱい μみゅーπぱいαあるふぁμみゅーπぱいάς[5]
w υうぷしろん πぱいαあるふぁύωおめが[4] well
t τたう τたうάφος stay
tʰ θしーた θしーたεός take
θしーた θしーた thought
ð δでるた δでるたούλη the
d δでるた today
νにゅーτたう εいぷしろんνにゅーτたうάξει[5]
h ῾◌ ἥρως[7] hat
l λらむだ λらむだόγος look
ʎ λらむだ εいぷしろんλらむだιいおたά million
m μみゅー μみゅーοίρα mole
n νにゅー νにゅーαあるふぁιいおた no
ɲ νにゅー νにゅーιいおたότη onion
ŋ γがんま άγがんまχος sing
r ρろー ώρろーαあるふぁ similar to American English autumn or Scottish rule[8]
r̥ ῥ ῥίζα similar to train
s σしぐま, ς
ξくしー, ψぷさい 		σしぐまοφός, ψぷさいυχή, ξくしーένος[3] between sip and ship (retracted)
z ζぜーた, σしぐま κόσしぐまμος, ζぜーたωή[3] between zone and genre (retracted)
t͡s τたうσしぐま τたうσしぐまάι between cats and catch (retracted)
d͡z ζぜーた τたうζぜーた τたうζぜーたάκι between buds and budge (retracted)
Dialectal segments
IPA English approximation
ʃ ship
ɕ
ʒ genre
ʑ
t͡ʃ catch
t͡ɕ
d͡ʒ budge
d͡ʑ
æ cat
IPA Explanation
◌ː marks a consonant produced twice as long[1]
Vowels
Monophthongs
IPA AG MG Example English approximation
a ᾰ αあるふぁ άρτος Australian English father
aː ᾱ χώρᾱ father
ɛː ηいーた ψぷさいυうぷしろんχかいή[9] bed
e εいぷしろん[10] θしーたεいぷしろんός bet
eː εいぷしろんιいおた εいぷしろんἰμί[9][11] similar to bay but without the glide
i ῐ ιいおた[9] ίδでるたιいおたος like neat
iː ῑ πぱいίνにゅーωおめが[9] like need
ɔː ωおめが ἐγがんまώ[10] talk (Irish or South African English)
o ωおめが similar to chore (American English)
οおみくろん[10] οおみくろんδでるたός
uː οおみくろんυうぷしろん μみゅーοおみくろんυうぷしろん similar to mood
u οおみくろんυうぷしろん pool
y ῠ φふぁいύσις[9] similar to few, French tu
yː ῡ ψぷさいυうぷしろんχή[9] similar to fume, French juge
Diphthongs[4]
IPA AG MG Example English approximation
ai̯ αあるふぁιいおた αあるふぁἴτιος, πάλαあるふぁιいおた, ψぷさいῡχかいαί[10] tie
αϊ[12] γがんまαϊδούρι
au̯ αあるふぁυうぷしろん αあるふぁὐτός[6] how
αあるふぁοおみくろんυうぷしろん Νにゅーιいおたκかっぱοおみくろんλらむだάου
ei̯ εいぷしろんιいおた εいぷしろんἴηいーた[9] hey
έι[13]
eu̯ εいぷしろんυうぷしろん εいぷしろんὖ[6] Italian and Spanish neutro
εいぷしろんοおみくろんυうぷしろん Θしーたέουτたうαあるふぁ
oi̯ οおみくろんιいおた οおみくろんἶδでるたαあるふぁ, λόγοおみくろんιいおた[9] toy
όι[14] κかっぱοおみくろんρろーόιδでるたοおみくろん
yi̯ υうぷしろんιいおた υうぷしろんἱός[9] Yeast
aːi̯ ᾳ ᾄδでるたωおめが, χώρᾳ[15] No English equivalent
ɛːi̯ ῃ ᾖς, ψぷさいυうぷしろんχかいῇ[9][15] No English equivalent
ɔːi̯ ῳ ᾠδή, λόγῳ[15] No English equivalent
Suprasegmentals
IPA[16] AG MG Example Explanation
◌́ ´ γがんまάλらむだαあるふぁ [ɡála] high tone
◌̌ ´ ἐγがんまώ [eɡɔ̌ː] rising tone
◌ ` μみゅーὲνにゅー [men] mid tone
◌̂ ῀ γがんまῆ [ɡɛ̂ː] falling tone
ˈ ΄ άλλος [ˈa.los] stress
. syllable break

Notes

  1. ^ a b Ancient Greek had geminate consonants, pronounced longer than single ones, which may be transcribed by a double consonant letter ⟨ss⟩ or the length symbol ⟨sː⟩. Modern Standard Greek does not have geminate consonants, but some nonstandard dialects do.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h In Modern Greek, ⟨κかっぱ; γがんまκかっぱ, γがんまγがんま; γがんま; χかい⟩ are pronounced as palatal [c, ɟ, ʝ, ç] before the front vowels [e i], and velar [k, ɡ, ɣ, x] in other cases.
  3. ^ a b c d ⟨ζぜーた⟩ represented the cluster [zd] in Classical Attic, but it represents [z] in Modern Greek. In both Ancient and Modern Greek, ⟨σしぐま⟩ is pronounced as voiced [z] before a voiced consonant, and ⟨ξくしー, ψぷさい⟩ represent [ks ps].
  4. ^ a b c In Ancient Greek, a diphthong before a vowel was realised as a vowel and a double semivowel sequence: [jj, ww].
  5. ^ a b c d In Modern Greek, ⟨μみゅーπぱい, νにゅーτたう, γがんまκかっぱ, γがんまγがんま⟩ are pronounced as prenasalised voiced stops [mb, nd, ɲɟ, ŋɡ] or voiced stops without nasalisation [b, d, ɟ, ɡ].
  6. ^ a b c In Modern Greek, ⟨υうぷしろん⟩, in ⟨αあるふぁυうぷしろん εいぷしろんυうぷしろん ηいーたυうぷしろん⟩, is pronounced as [f] before a voiceless consonant or at the end of the word and [v] otherwise. In Ancient Greek, ⟨αあるふぁυうぷしろん εいぷしろんυうぷしろん ηいーたυうぷしろん⟩ were diphthongs [au̯ eu̯ ɛːu̯].
  7. ^ The rough breathing ⟨῾⟩ represented [h] before a vowel, and the smooth breathing ⟨᾿⟩ represented the absence of [h].
  8. ^ It may be an alveolar approximant [ɹ] between vowels, like English r, and is usually a trill [r] in clusters, trilled r like in Spanish, with two or three short cycles (Arvaniti 2007:15).
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j In Modern Greek, ⟨ηいーた, ῃ, εいぷしろんιいおた, ιいおた, οおみくろんιいおた, υうぷしろん, υうぷしろんιいおた⟩ all represent [i], but they were pronounced [ɛː, ɛːi̯, eː, ei̯, i(ː) oi̯, y(ː), yi̯] in Ancient Greek. The large number of vowel mergers into [i] is called iotacism.
  10. ^ a b c d In Modern Greek, ⟨εいぷしろん, αあるふぁιいおた⟩ represent [e], and ⟨οおみくろん, ωおめが⟩ represent [o]. In Ancient Greek, ⟨εいぷしろん, οおみくろん⟩ represented [e, o], ⟨ωおめが⟩ represented [ɔː] and ⟨αあるふぁιいおた⟩ represented the diphthong [ai̯].
  11. ^ In archaic and some dialectal Greek ⟨εいぷしろんιいおた⟩ represented the true diphthong [ei̯] but in inter alia Attic Greek, [ei̯] and [eː] later merged into the latter hence ⟨εいぷしろんιいおた⟩ is a spurious diphthong, i.e. it actually represents the monophthong [eː].
  12. ^ Also ⟨άι⟩ and sometimes ⟨άϊ⟩.
  13. ^ Also ⟨εϊ⟩ and sometimes ⟨έϊ⟩.
  14. ^ Also ⟨οϊ⟩ and sometimes ⟨όϊ⟩.
  15. ^ a b c In early Ancient Greek, ⟨ᾳ, ῃ, ῳ⟩ were diphthongs, but the second element [i̯] was lost soon after the Classical period, and they merged with ⟨ᾱ, ηいーた, ωおめが⟩.
  16. ^ The symbols used here for Ancient Greek pitch accent must be added as combining characters in some cases. Place the numeric character reference after the letter that on which the accent is to be put, press "Show preview" and copy the resulting accented character. ́ is the numeric character reference for combining acute tone mark (high tone), ̌ for combining caron (rising tone), ̂ for combining circumflex (falling tone).

References

  • Arvaniti, Amalia (2007). "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art". Journal of Greek Linguistics. 8 (1): 97–208. doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv.

See also

External links

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