Japanese murrelet
Japanese murrelet | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Charadriiformes |
Family: | Alcidae |
Genus: | Synthliboramphus |
Species: | S. wumizusume
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Binomial name | |
Synthliboramphus wumizusume (Temminck, 1836)
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Synonyms | |
Uria wumizusume (protonym)[2] |
The Japanese murrelet or crested murrelet (Synthliboramphus wumizusume) is a small seabird in the auk family that occurs along the remote rocky coasts and in the offshore waters of Japan, and may also be found after the breeding season as far as Sakhalin to the north and in particular off South Korea.[3] With a small and declining population, estimated as of 2017 to total 2,500–10,000 individuals, it is the rarest alcid, and the most at risk of extinction.[4]
Taxonomy
[edit]The Japanese murrelet is a monotypic species first described by Coenraad Temminck, as Uria wumizusume, in the text accompanying an 1836 livraison in the ongoing series Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées d'oiseaux.[2][6]: 46 [7] The following year, Johann Friedrich von Brandt erected the genus Brachyramphus and subgenus Synthliboramphus, transferring to it the Japanese murrelet, to which he gave the new specific name temminckii.[8]: 346–7 Synthliboramphus has since been raised to generic rank, the specific name wumizusume having priority in accordance with Article 23 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.[9]
In its native Japan, the Japanese murrelet is known as the kanmuri-umisuzume or "crested sea sparrow" (
Description
[edit]The Japanese murrelet is a smallish seabird 24–26 cm (9.4–10.2 in) in length, with a wingspan of 43 cm (17 in), and weighing some 164–183 g (5.8–6.5 oz).[7][12] Its upperparts are blackish and bluish grey, its throat and underparts white, legs and feet a yellowish grey, and short, thick bill a bluish grey, the culmen being darker; the iris is a dark brown.[7] The black head features a white stripe from the top of each eye that meets on the nape, although this is less visible in winter.[7] It may be distinguished from the Ancient murrelet (Synthliboramphus antiquus), which also occurs in much of its range, in particular by its summer crest of black feathers 3–5 cm (1.2–2.0 in) in length,[12] although this again is absent in winter.[7] Juveniles resemble winter adults, though the head and upperparts are somewhat browner.[7]
The Japanese murrelet's calls include a quiet "ch-ch-chi-chi" (「チッ、チッ、チ、チ」), while in flight, "peee-p-p-p" (「ピィー、ピッ、ピッ、ピッ」) and "jee-jujjujju" (「ジージュッジュッジュッ」), and while at the nest "jijiji-pipewpipewkukukuku" (「ジジジ、ピピュウピピュウクククク」), "gugguwa-gugugu" (「グッグワ、グググ」), and "jukkukuwa-kuwakuwakuwa" (「ジュッククワ、クワクワクワ」).[10][11]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]The Japanese murrelet occurs in the boreo-cool and temperate-subtropical waters of the northwest Pacific.[7] It breeds on the small rocky islets and coasts of Japan from Nanatsujima in Ishikawa Prefecture in the north to Tori-shima in the Izu Islands of Tokyo Metropolis to the south, the chief areas being Birōjima in Miyazaki Prefecture,[12] followed by the Izu Islands,[13] and other small islands such as Mimiana Island (
Ecology
[edit]The Japanese murrelet's diet mostly comprises krill, other planktonic crustaceans, crangonid shimps, larval and small pelagic fish, including Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), sculpin (Triglops), and smelt (Osmerus), sand eels (Ammodytes), and sandlances (Hypoptychus dybowskii).[7]
It nests in rocky crevices and hollows, in the gaps between piles of stones, and among the grasses on uninhabited islands.[12] Typically two eggs are laid, a week apart, from late March to early April, though this takes place a little earlier on Tori-shima, at the southern end of its breeding range.[11][12] Month-long incubation duty is shared almost equally by both parents.[10][12] The precocial chicks are not fed in the nest, but leave it together with their parents on the second night after hatching.[10]
Conservation status
[edit]Ending up as by-catch in the drift nets of commercial fishing operations,[15] direct disturbance and the attraction of scavengers to waste left by recreational fishing, predation by rats (Rattus spp.),[16] feral cats (Felis catus), large-billed crows (Corvus macrorhynchos),[13] and black-tailed gulls (Larus crassirostris),[13] and, to a lesser extent, the ongoing danger from pollution, gives the Japanese murrelet its Vulnerable status on the IUCN Red List.[1] The "harvesting" of adults and in particular eggs for much of the twentieth century have also contributed to the low population,[1] while during the nesting season in 1951 and 1952 the Ōnohara Islands, then the main known nesting site, were used as a bombing range by the United States Air Force, resulting in significant collateral damage.[3]: 1513 The species is listed on Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals[17] and legally protected in Japan, having been designated in 1975 a Natural Monument under the 1950 Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties.[18] In 2009, the Japanese murrelet was adopted as a symbol of marine conservation by the Wild Bird Society of Japan.[12]
On the 2016 Red List of China's Vertebrates, Synthliboramphus wumizusume (Chinese:
References
[edit]- ^ a b c BirdLife International (2018). "Synthliboramphus wumizusume". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22694899A132580332. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22694899A132580332.en. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
- ^ a b Temminck, C.J.; Meiffren Laugier de Chartrouse, G. (1838). Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées d'oiseaux (in French). Vol. V. Paris: F.G. Levrault.
- ^ a b c d e Collar, N.J., ed. (2001). Threatened Birds of Asia: The BirdLife International Red Data Book (PDF). Vol. A. BirdLife International. pp. 1508–1516. ISBN 0-946888-42-6.
- ^ Nettleship, D.N.; Kirwan, G.M. (3 March 2017). "Japanese murrelet Synthliboramphus wumizusume". Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Cornell University. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
- ^ Temminck, C.J.; Meiffren Laugier de Chartrouse, G. (1838). Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées d'oiseaux (in French). Vol. V. Plate 579. Paris: F.G. Levrault.
- ^ Dickinson, E.C. (January 2001). "Systematic notes on Asian birds. 9. The "Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées" of Temminck & Laugier (1820–1839)". Zoologische Verhandelingen. 335. Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie: 7–53.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J., eds. (1996). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 3: Hoatzin to Auks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. p. 716. ISBN 84-87334-20-2.
- ^ Brandt, J.F. von (1837). "Rapport sur une monographie de la famille des alcadées". Bulletin scientifique publié par l'Académie impériale des sciences de St.-Pétersbourg (in French). 2 (22). cols. 344–349.
- ^ "The Code Online". International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
- ^ a b c d e Hidaka Toshitaka [in Japanese] (1996). 『
日本 動物 大 百科 第 3巻 鳥類 I』 [The Encyclopaedia of Animals in Japan] (in Japanese). Vol. III: Birds I. Heibonsha. pp. 126, 128. ISBN 4-582-54553-X. - ^ a b c Kabaya Tsuruhiko [in Japanese]; Matsuda Michio
松田 道生 (2001).日本 野鳥 大 図鑑 鳴 き声 420 [The Songs & Calls of 420 Birds in Japan] (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. p. 173. ISBN 4-09-480073-5. - ^ a b c d e f g h i j Ministry of the Environment, ed. (2014). レッドデータブック2014 —
日本 の絶滅 のおそれのある野生 生物 — 2鳥類 [Red Data Book 2014 — Threatened Wildlife of Japan — Volume 2, Aves] (in Japanese). Gyōsei Corporation. pp. 200–201. ISBN 978-4-324-09896-7. - ^ a b c Carter, H.R.; et al. (2002). "Status and Conservation of the Japanese Murrelet (Synthliboramphus wumizusume) in the Izu Islands, Japan". Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology. 33 (2): 61–87. doi:10.3312/jyio1952.33.61.
- ^ Iida, Tomohiko (2010). "The first confirmation of several family parties of Japanese Murrelet Synthliboramphus wumizusume in the western part of the Seto Inland Sea"
瀬戸内海 西部 におけるカンムリウミスズメSynthliboramphus wumizusumeの複数 家族 群 の初 確認 [2010. The first confirmation of several family parties of Japanese Murrelet Synthliboramphus wumizusume in the western part of the Seto Inland Sea.]. Japanese Journal of Ornithology. 59 (1): 73–75. doi:10.3838/jjo.59.73. - ^ a b Piatt, J.F.; Gould, P.J. (October 1994). "Postbreeding Dispersal and Drift-Net Mortality of Endangered Japanese Murrelets". The Auk. 111 (4): 953–961. doi:10.2307/4088827. JSTOR 4088827.
- ^ Takeishi Masayoshi (1987).
福岡 県 小屋 島 におけるカンムリウミスズメの大量 姥 死 について [The mass mortality of Japanese Murrelet Synthliboramphus wumizusume on the Koyashima lslet in Fukuoka] (PDF). Bulletin of the Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History (in Japanese). 7: 121–131. - ^ "Appendix I & II of CMS". CMS Secretariat. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
- ^ カンムリウミスズメ [Crested Murrelet] (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
- ^ Zhigang Jiang; et al. (2016).
中国 脊椎 动物红色名 录 [Red List of China's Vertebrates]. Biodiversity Science (in Chinese and English). 24 (5): 500–551. doi:10.17520/biods.2016076. - ^ Lin, R.-S.; Lu, Y.-J.; Yang, C.-H.; Tseng, T.-J.; Ko, C.-J.; Chen, W.-J. (2016). 2016
臺灣 鳥類 紅 皮 書名 錄 [The Red List of Birds of Taiwan, 2016] (in Chinese and English). Endemic Species Research Institute. ISBN 978-986-05-1406-3. - ^ a b Ephanov, V.N., ed. (2016). Красная книга Сахалинской области: Животные [Ref Data Book of Sakhalin Oblast: Animals] (in Russian). Moscow: Buki Vedi. ISBN 978-5-4465-1102-0.
- ^ Красная книга Хабаровского края: Растения, грибы и животные [Red Data Book of Khabarovsk Krai: Plants, Fungi, and Animals] (in Russian). Khabarovsk: Ministry of Natural Resources of Khabarovsk Krai. 2019. ISBN 978-5-6041794-2-0.
- ^ Красная книга Приморского края: Животные [Red Data Book of Primorsky Krai: Animals] (in Russian). Vladivostok: Apelsin. 2005.
- ^ 한국의 멸종위기 야생동·식물 적색자료집 조류 [Red Data Book of Endangered Birds in Korea] (in Korean). National Institute of Biological Resources. 2011. ISBN 978-89-94555-70-6.
- ^ a b レッドリスト2020
鳥類 [2020 Red List: Birds] (in Japanese). Ministry of the Environment. 27 March 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020. - ^
三重 県 指定 希少 野生 動植物 種 [Mie Prefectural Endangered Species] (in Japanese). Mie Prefecture. Retrieved 18 May 2022.