Kitaro Nishida

Kitarō Nishida
Kitarō Nishida
Born	May 19, 1870; Unokema, Ishikawa, Japan
Died	June 7, 1945 (aged 75); Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
Nationality	Japanese
Alma mater	Tokyo Imperial University
Era	20th-century philosophy
Region	Japanese philosophy
School	Kyoto School
Institutions	Kyoto Imperial University
Main interests	Metaphysics, Aesthetics
Notable ideas	Logic of basho; absolute nothingness;

Kitarō Nishida (西田にしだ幾多郎きたろう, Nishida Kitarō, May 19,^[2] 1870 – June 7, 1945) was a Japanese moral philosopher, philosopher of mathematics and science, and religious scholar. He was the founder of what has been called the Kyoto School of philosophy. He graduated from the University of Tokyo during the Meiji period in 1894 with a degree in philosophy. He was named professor of the Fourth Higher School in Ishikawa Prefecture in 1899 and later became professor of philosophy at Kyoto University. Nishida retired in 1927. In 1940, he was awarded the Order of Culture (文化ぶんか勲章くんしょう, bunka kunshō). He participated in establishing the Chiba Institute of Technology (千葉工業大学ちばこうぎょうだいがく) from 1940.

Nishida Kitarō died at the age of 75 of a renal infection. His cremated remains were divided in three and buried at different locations. Part of his remains were buried in the Nishida family grave in his birthplace Unoke, Ishikawa. A second grave can be found at Tōkei-ji Temple in Kamakura, where his friend D. T. Suzuki organized Nishida's funeral and was later also buried in the adjacent plot. Nishida's third grave is at Reiun'in (霊れい雲くも院いん, Reiun'in), a temple in the Myōshin-ji compound in Kyoto.^[3]

Philosophy[edit]

Being born in the third year of the Meiji period, Nishida was presented with a new, unique opportunity to contemplate Eastern philosophical issues in the fresh light that Western philosophy shone on them. Nishida's original and creative philosophy, incorporating ideas of Zen and Western philosophy, was aimed at bringing the East and West closer. Throughout his lifetime, Nishida published a number of books and essays including An Inquiry into the Good and The Logic of the Place of Nothingness and the Religious Worldview. Taken as a whole, Nishida's life work was the foundation for the Kyoto School of philosophy and the inspiration for the original thinking of his disciples.

One of the most famous concepts in Nishida's philosophy is the logic of basho (Japanese: 場所ばしょ; usually translated as "place" or "topos"), a non-dualistic concrete logic, meant to overcome the inadequacy of the subject-object distinction essential to the subject logic of Aristotle and the predicate logic of Immanuel Kant, through the affirmation of what he calls the "absolutely contradictory self-identity", a dynamic tension of opposites that, unlike the dialectical logic of G.W.F. Hegel, does not resolve in a synthesis. Rather, it defines its proper subject by maintaining the tension between affirmation and negation as opposite poles or perspectives.

In David A. Dilworth's survey of Nishida's works, he did not mention the debut book, An Inquiry into the Good. There, Nishida writes about the experience, reality, good and religion. He argues that the most profound form of experience is the pure experience. Nishida analyzes the thought, the will, the intellectual intuition, and the pure experience among them.^[4] According to Nishida's vision as well as to the essence of Asian wisdom, one craves harmony in experience, for unity.^[5]

Legacy[edit]

According to Masao Abe, "During World War II right-wing thinkers attacked him as antinationalistic for his appreciation of Western philosophy and logic. But after the war left-wing thinkers criticized his philosophy as nationalistic because of his emphasis on the traditional notion of nothingness. He recognized a kind of universality in Western philosophy and logic but did not accept that it was the only universality."^[6]

Nishida considered God “indispensable and decisive”.^[7]

List of works[edit]

Collected Works [西田にしだ幾多郎きたろう全集ぜんしゅう], 2nd ed. (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店いわなみしょてん], 2003-20), 25 vols. [hereafter NKZ]

Selected Philosophical Essays [西田にしだ幾多郎きたろう哲学てつがく論集ろんしゅう], (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店いわなみしょてん], 1987-89), 3 vols. [hereafter SPE]

An Inquiry into the Good [善ぜんの研究けんきゅう] (Kōdōkan [弘道こうどう館かん], January 1911), reprinted in NKZ1.
Thoughts and Experiences, Vol. 1 [思索しさくと体験たいけん] (Senshōkan [千せん章しょう館かん], March 1915), reprinted in NKZ1.

‘On the Claims of Pure Logicists in Epistemology’ [認識にんしき論ろんにおける純じゅん論理ろんり派はの主張しゅちょうについて] (Geibun [芸文げいぶん], Vol. 2, No. 8 and No. 9, August-September 1911).
‘Laws’ [法則ほうそく] (Tetsugaku Zasshi [哲学てつがく雑誌ざっし], No. 300, February 1912).
‘Logical Understanding and Mathematical Understanding’ [論理ろんりの理解りかいと数理すうりの理解りかい] (Geibun [芸文げいぶん], Vol. 3, No. 9, September 1912).
‘Natural Sciences and the Study of History” [自然しぜん科学かがくと歴史れきし学がく] (Tetsugaku Zasshi [哲学てつがく雑誌ざっし], No. 319, September 1913).
‘Response to Takahashi Satomi’s Criticisms of My An Inquiry into the Good’ [高橋たかはし文学ぶんがく士しの拙著せっちょ『善ぜんの研究けんきゅう』に対たいする批評ひひょうに答こたえう] (Tetsugaku Zasshi [哲学てつがく雑誌ざっし], No. 308, September 1912).
‘Bergson’s Philosophical Method’ [ベルグソンの哲学てつがく的てき方法ほうほう論ろん] (Geibun [芸文げいぶん], Vol. 1, No. 8, August 1910).
‘Bergson’s Pure Duration’ [ベルグソンの純粋じゅんすい持続じぞく](Kyōiku Gakujutsu Kai [教育きょういく学術がくじゅつ界かい], Vo. 24, No. 2, November 1911).
‘Contemporary Philosophy’ [現代げんだいの哲学てつがく] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう], No. 1, April 1916).

Added in the 2nd edition of 1922.

‘Cohen’s Pure Knowledge’ [コーヘンの純粋じゅんすい意識いしき] (Geibun [芸文げいぶん], Vol. 7, No. 8, August 1916).

Added in the 2nd edition of 1922.

‘Lotze’s Metaphysics’ [ロッツェの形而上学けいじじょうがく] (Lotze, Hōbunkan [宝たから文ぶん館かん], May 1917).

Added in the 2nd edition of 1922.

‘Poincaré as Epistemologist’ [認識にんしき論ろん者しゃとしてのアンリ・ポアンカレ] (Geibun [芸文げいぶん], Vol. 3, No. 10, October 1912).

Removed in the 2nd edition of 1922 but restored in the 3rd edition of 1937.

‘On Tolstoy’ [トルストイについて] (Geibun [芸文げいぶん], Vol. 2, No. 1, January 1911).
‘Gutoku Shinran’ [愚禿ぐとく親鸞しんらん] (Shūsokan [宗祖しゅうそ観かん], April 1911).
‘Preface to Tanabe Ryuji, Koizumi Yakumo’ [『小泉こいずみ八雲やくも伝でん』の序ついで] (Waseda Daigaku Shuppanbu [早稲田大学わせだだいがく出版しゅっぱん部ぶ], April 1914).
‘Preface to Fujioka Sakutarō, Lectures on the History of Japanese Literature’ [『国文学こくぶんがく史し講話こうわ』の序ついで] (Kaiseikan [開成かいせい館かん], March 1908).
‘Preface to Henri Bergson, Matter and Memory’ [『物質ぶっしつと記憶きおく』の序文じょぶん] (trans. Takahashi Satomi, Seibunkan [星ほし文ぶん館かん], February 1914).

Removed in the 2nd edition of 1922.

Modern Idealist Philosophy [現代げんだいにおける理想りそう主義しゅぎの哲学てつがく] (Kōdōkan [弘道こうどう館かん], May 1917), reprinted in NKZ12.

‘Subjectivism’ [主観しゅかん主義しゅぎ].
‘Objectivism’ [客観きゃっかん主義しゅぎ].
‘A Historical Overview of Idealist Philosophy’ [理想りそう主義しゅぎ哲学てつがくの史的してき概観がいかん].
‘The School of Neo-Kantianism’ [新しんカント学派がくは].
‘The School of Brentano’ [ブレンタノ学派がくは].
‘Philosophy of Pure Experience [純粋じゅんすい経験けいけんの哲学てつがく].

Intuition and Reflection in Self-Consciousness [自覚じかくにおける直観ちょっかんと反省はんせい] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店いわなみしょてん], October 1917), reprinted in NKZ2.

Originally published as a serial in Geibun [芸文げいぶん] (September 1913 to March 1916) which was continued in Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう] (October 1916 to May 1917).

§§1-3 (Geibun [芸文げいぶん], Vol. 4, No. 9, September 1913).
§§4-6 (Geibun [芸文げいぶん], Vol. 4, No. 11, November 1913).
§§7-8 (Geibun [芸文げいぶん], Vol. 5, No. 3, March 1914).
§§9-10 (Geibun [芸文げいぶん], Vol. 5, No. 8, August 1914).
§§11-13 (Geibun [芸文げいぶん], Vol. 5, No. 11, November 1914).
§§14-15 (Geibun [芸文げいぶん], Vol. 6, No. 1, January 1915).
§§16-17 (Geibun [芸文げいぶん], Vol. 6, No. 3, March 1915).
§§18-20 (Geibun [芸文げいぶん], Vol. 6, No. 6, June 1915).
§§21-23 (Geibun [芸文げいぶん], Vol. 6, No. 12, December 1915).
§§24-26 (Geibun [芸文げいぶん], Vol. 7, No. 1, January 1916).
§§27-29 (Geibun [芸文げいぶん], Vol. 7, No. 3, March 1916).
§§30-32 (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう], No. 7, October 1916).
§§33-36 (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう], No. 8, November 1916).
§§37-38 (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう], No. 9, December 1916).
§39 (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう], No. 10, January 1917).
§§40-41 (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう], No. 11, February 1917).
§42 (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう], No. 13, April 1917).
§§43-44 (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう], No. 14, May 1917).

Problems of Consciousness [意識いしきの問題もんだい] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店いわなみしょてん], January 1920), reprinted in NKZ2.

‘What Consciousness Means’ [意識いしきとは何なにを意味いみするか] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう], No. 22, January 1918).
‘Sensation’ [感覚かんかく] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう], No. 27, June 1918).
‘Feeling’ [感情かんじょう] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう], No. 28, July 1918).
‘The True Meaning of Symbols’ [象徴しょうちょうの真ま意義いぎ] (Shichō [思潮しちょう], March 1918).
‘Will’ [意志いし] (Geibun [芸文げいぶん], Vol. 9, No. 9, September 1918).
‘The Various Continuities of the Content of Experience’ [経験けいけん内容ないようの種々しゅじゅなる連続れんぞく] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう], No. 35 and No. 36, February-March 1919).
‘The Place of the Realisation of the Will’ [意志いし実現じつげんの場所ばしょ] (Geibun [芸文げいぶん], Vol. 10, No. 4, April 1919).
‘The Content of the Will’ [意志いしの内容ないよう] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう], No. 38 and No. 39, May-June 1919).
‘On Relations’ [関係かんけいについて] (Geibun [芸文げいぶん], Vol. 9, No. 6, June 1919).
‘On the Degrees of Consciousness’ [意識いしきの明暗めいあんについて] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう], No. 42, September 1919).
‘The Concept of the Individual’ [個体こたい概念がいねん] (Shirin [史し林りん], Vol. 4, No. 1, January 1919).
‘Leibniz’s Ontological Proof’ [ライプニッツの本体ほんたい論ろん的てき証明しょうめい] (Geibun [芸文げいぶん], Vol. 9, No. 1, January 1918).

Art and Morality [芸術げいじゅつと道徳どうとく] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店いわなみしょてん], July 1923), reprinted in NKZ3.

‘The Essence of Beauty’ [美びの本質ほんしつ] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう], No. 48 and No. 49, March-April 1920).
‘Max Klinger’s Painting and Drawing’ [マックス・クリンゲルの『絵画かいがと線画せんが』の中なかから] (Geibun [芸文げいぶん], Vol. 11, No. 10, October 1920).
‘The Content of Feeling and the Content of the Will’ [感情かんじょうの内容ないようと意志いしの内容ないよう] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう], No. 61, April 1921).
‘The World of Objects of Reflective Judgement’ [反省はんせい的てき判断はんだんの対象たいしょう界かい] (Geibun [芸文げいぶん], Vol. 12, No. 11, November 1921).
‘The Intersection of the True, the Good and the Beautiful’ [真善美しんぜんびの合ごう一いち点てん] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう], No. 66, September 1921).
‘Society and the Individual’ [社会しゃかいと個人こじん] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう], No. 73, April 1922).
‘Consciousness of Acts’ [作用さようの意識いしき] (Geibun [芸文げいぶん], Vol. 13, No. 9 and No. 10, September to October 1922).
‘The Acting Subject’ [行為こうい的てき主観しゅかん] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう], No. 78, September 1923).
‘The Will and Syllogism’ [意志いしと推論すいろん式しき] (Shisō [思想しそう], No. 12, September 1922).
‘The Beautiful and the Good’ [美びと善ぜん] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう], No. 78, September 1922).
‘Law and Morality’ [法ほうと道徳どうとく] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう], No. 83, February 1923).
‘The True and the Beautiful’ [真しんと美よし] (Kaizō [改造かいぞう], February 1923).
‘The True and the Good’ [真しんと善ぜん] (Shisō [思想しそう], No. 18, March 1923).

From the Actor to the Seer [働はたらくものから見みるものへ] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店いわなみしょてん], October 1927), reprinted in NKZ3.

‘The Immediately Given’ [直接ちょくせつに与あたえられるもの] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう], No. 90, September 1923), reprinted in SPE1:37-66.
‘Intuition and Will’ [直観ちょっかんと意志いし] (Kōza [講座こうざ], November 1923).
‘What Lies Behind Physical Phenomena’ [物理ぶつり現象げんしょうの背後はいごにあるもの] (Shisō [思想しそう], No. 27, January 1924).
‘On Internal Perception’ [内部ないぶ知覚ちかくについて] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう], No. 96, No. 102 and No. 103, March-October 1924).
‘Acts of Expression’ [表現ひょうげん作用さよう] (Shisō [思想しそう], No. 41, March 1925).
‘The Actor’ [働はたらくもの] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう], No. 115, October 1925).
‘Place’ [場所ばしょ] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう], No. 123, June 1926), reprinted in SPE1:67-151.
‘Response to Dr. Sōda Ki’ichirō’ [左右田そうだ博士はかせに答こたえう] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう], No. 133, April 1927), reprinted in SPE1:153-187.

In response to Sōda’s ‘On the Method of Nishida’s Philosophy: A Request to Professor Nishida for Clarification’ [西田にしだ哲学てつがくの方法ほうほうについて——西田にしだ博士はかせの教きょうを乞こう] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう], No. 127, October 1926).

‘The Knower’ [知しるもの] (Shisō [思想しそう], No. 70 and No. 71, August-September 1927).

The System of Universals according to Self-Consciousness [一般いっぱん者しゃの自覚じかく的てき体系たいけい] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店いわなみしょてん], January 1930), reprinted in NKZ4.

‘The Logical Structure of the So-Called World of Objects of Knowledge’ [いわゆる認識にんしき対象たいしょう界かいの論理ろんり的てき構造こうぞう] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう], No. 145, April 1928).

Nishida is referring to »die Welt der Erkenntnisgegenstände«.

‘Logicism of the Predicate’ [述語じゅつご的てき論理ろんり主義しゅぎ] (Shisō [思想しそう], No. 78, April 1928).
‘The Place of That Which Sees Itself and the Place of Consciousness’ [自己じこ自身じしんを見みるもののおいてある場所ばしょと意識いしきの場所ばしょ] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう], No. 148, July 1928).
‘The Intelligible World’ [叡智えいち的てき世界せかい] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう], No. 151, October 1928), reprinted in SPE1:189-253.
‘Intuitive Knowledge’ [直観ちょっかん的てき知識ちしき] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう], No. 154, January 1929).
‘The Relationship between Being and What Lies Behind Being in the Self-Conscious Universal’ [自覚じかく的てき一般いっぱん者しゃにおいてあるもの及およびそれとその背後はいごにあるものとの関係かんけい] (Shisō [思想しそう], No. 83, No. 84 and No. 85, April-June 1929).
‘The Self-Determination of the Universal’ [一般いっぱん者しゃの自己じこ限定げんてい] (Shisō [思想しそう], No. 88 and No. 89, September-October 1929).

The Determination of the Nothing by Self-Consciousness [無むの自覚じかく的てき限定げんてい] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店いわなみしょてん], December 1932), reprinted in NKZ5.

‘The Self-Determination of the Expressive Self’ [表現ひょうげん的てき自己じこの自己じこ限定げんてい] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう], No. 172 and No. 173, July-August 1930).
‘Acts of Consciousness as the Self-Determination of Place’ [場所ばしょの自己じこ限定げんていとしての意識いしき作用さよう] (Shisō [思想しそう], No. 100, September 1930).
‘What I Call the Self-Conscious Determination of the Absolute Nothing’ [私わたしの絶対ぜったい無むの自覚じかく的てき限定げんていというもの] (Shisō [思想しそう], No. 105 and No. 106, February-March 1931).
‘The Self-Determination of the Eternal Now’ [永遠えいえんの今いまの自己じこ限定げんてい] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう], No. 184, July 1931).
‘The Temporal and the Atemporal’ [時間じかん的てきなるもの及および非ひ時間じかん的てきなるもの] (Shisō [思想しそう], No. 112, September 1931).
‘Love of the Self, Love of the Other and the Dialectic’ [自愛じあいと他愛たあい及および弁証法べんしょうほう] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう], No. 191 and No. 192, February-March 1932).
‘Free Will’ [自由じゆう意志いし] (Shisō [思想しそう], No. 120, May 1932).
‘I and Thou’ [私わたしと汝なんじ] (Iwanami Kōza: Tetsugaku [岩波いわなみ講座こうざ哲学てつがく], July 1932 and September 1932), reprinted in SPE1:265-355.
‘On the Philosophy of Life’ [生なまの哲学てつがくについて] (Risō [理想りそう], October 1932).

Fundamental Problems of Philosophy, Vol. 1: The World of Action [哲学てつがくの根本こんぽん問題もんだい——行為こういの世界せかい] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店いわなみしょてん], December 1933), reprinted in NKZ6.

‘Prolegomena to Metaphysics’ [形而上学けいじじょうがく序論じょろん] (Iwanami Kōza: Tetsugaku [岩波いわなみ講座こうざ哲学てつがく], February 1933).
‘I and the World’ [私わたしと世界せかい] (previously unpublished, begun in April 1933).

Fundamental Problems of Philosophy, Vol. 2: The Dialectical World [哲学てつがくの根本こんぽん問題もんだい続編ぞくへん——弁証法べんしょうほう的てき世界せかい] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店いわなみしょてん], October 1934), reprinted in NKZ6.

‘The Logical Structure of the Real World’ [現実げんじつの世界せかいの論理ろんり的てき構造こうぞう] (Shisō [思想しそう], No. 140, No. 141 and No. 142, January-March 1934).
‘The World as a Dialectical Universal’ [弁証法べんしょうほう的てき一般いっぱん者しゃとしての世界せかい] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう], No. 219, No. 220 and No. 221, June-August 1935), reprinted in SPE2:37-172.
‘Cultural Forms of the Ancient East and West as Viewed from the Standpoint of Metaphysics’ [形而上学けいじじょうがく的てき立場たちばから見みた東西とうざい古代こだいの文化ぶんか形態けいたい] (previously unpublished)

Philosophical Essays, Vol. 1: Plans for a System of Philosophy [哲学てつがく論ろん文集ぶんしゅう第だい1——哲学てつがく体系たいけいへの企図きと] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店いわなみしょてん], November 1935), reprinted in NKZ7.

‘The World’s Self-Identity and Continuity’ [世界せかいの自己じこ同一どういつと連続れんぞく] (Shisō [思想しそう], No. 152, No. 153 and No. 154, January-March 1935).
‘The Standpoint of Active Intuition’ [行為こうい的てき直観ちょっかんの立場たちば] (Shisō [思想しそう], No. 158, No. 159 and No. 160, July-September 1935).

Thoughts and Experiences, Vol. 2 [続ぞく思索しさくと体験たいけん] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店いわなみしょてん], May 1937), reprinted in NKZ7.

‘Remaining Problems of Consciousness’ [取残とりのこされたる意識いしきの問題もんだい] (in Festschrift for Tokunō Bun [得能とくのう博士はかせ還暦かんれき記念きねん哲学てつがく論ろん文集ぶんしゅう], Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店いわなみしょてん], July 1926).
‘Anthropology’ [人間にんげん学がく] (in Festschrift for Tomonaga Sanjūrō [朝永あさなが博士はかせ還暦かんれき記念きねん哲学てつがく論ろん文集ぶんしゅう], Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店いわなみしょてん], August 1930).
‘History’ [歴史れきし] (Iwanami Kōza: Tetsugaku [岩波いわなみ講座こうざ哲学てつがく], November 1931).
‘Hegel’s Dialectic as Seen from My Standpoint’ [私わたしの立場たちばから見みたヘーゲルの弁証法べんしょうほう] (in Hegel and Hegelianism [ヘーゲルとヘーゲル主義しゅぎ], Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店いわなみしょてん], February 1931).
‘On Pedagogy’ [教育きょういく学がくについて] (previously unpublished, finished in February 1933).
‘‘Being’ in Greek Philosophy’ [ギリシャ哲学てつがくにおいての「有あるもの」] (Iwanami Kōza: Sekai Shichō [岩波いわなみ講座こうざ世界せかい思潮しちょう], Vol. 3, April 1928).
‘Self-Consciousness in Augustine’ [アウグスチヌスの自覚じかく] (Iwanami Kōza: Sekai Shichō [岩波いわなみ講座こうざ世界せかい思潮しちょう], Vol. 7, July 1928).
‘The Essence of Platonic Ideas’ [プラトンのイデヤの本質ほんしつ] (Girisha-Raten Kōza [ギリシャ・ラテン講座こうざ], July 1931).
‘My Thoughts on French Philosophy’ [フランス哲学てつがくについての感想かんそう] (Shisō [思想しそう], No. 176, January 1937).
‘Bolzano’s Autobiography’ [ボルツァーノの自伝じでん] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう], No. 80, November 1922).
‘Abel the Mathematician’ [数学すうがく者しゃアーベル] (Asahi Shimbun, September 1933).
‘Goethe’s Background’ [ゲーテの背景はいけい] (Goethe-Jahrbuch [ゲーテ年鑑ねんかん], Vol. 1, May 1932).
‘The Beauty of Writing’ [書しょの美び] (previously unpublished, finished in May 1930).
‘The Flexibility of National Language’ [国語こくごの自在じざい性せい] (Kokugo [国語こくご], January 1936).
‘The Objectivity of Knowledge’ [知識ちしきの客観きゃっかん性せい] (Kaizō [改造かいぞう], February 1933).
‘Reminiscences of the Fourth Higher School’ [四よん高だかの思おもえ出で] (Shikō Dōsōkaihō, April 1927).
‘The Retirement Speech of a Certain Professor’ [ある教授きょうじゅの退職たいしょくの辞じ] (Shisō [思想しそう], No. 83, April 1929).
‘A Poem on Kamakura’ [鎌倉かまくら雑詠ざつえい] (Shisō [思想しそう], No. 84, May 1929).
‘Two Translated Poems’ [訳詩やくし] (The Muse, August 1928 and September 1929).

The poems translated by Nishida here are Goethe’s ‘Mignon’ and Browning’s ‘Home Thoughts from the Sea’.

‘A Fireside Chat’ [暖炉だんろの側がわから] (The Muse, February 1931).
‘My Copy of the Song Era Erya’ [書しょ影かげ宋そう本ほん爾なんじ雅みやび後ご] (previously unpublished, finished in May 1933).
‘Songs and Poems’ [歌うた并詩] (previously unpublished, composed between 1920 and 1935).

Philosophical Essays, Vol. 2 [哲学てつがく論ろん文集ぶんしゅう第だい2] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店いわなみしょてん], November 1937), reprinted in NKZ8.

‘Logic and Life’ [論理ろんりと生命せいめい] (Shisō [思想しそう], No. 170, No. 171 and No. 172, July-September 1936), reprinted in SPE2:173-300.
‘Praxis and the Knowledge of Objects: The Place of Knowledge in the Historical World’ [実践じっせんと対象たいしょう認識にんしき——歴史れきし的てき世界せかいにおいての認識にんしきの立場たちば] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう], No. 252, No. 253 and No. 254, March-May 1937).
‘Problems of Species Formation and Development’ [種たねの生成せいせい発展はってんの問題もんだい] (Shisō [思想しそう], No. 182, July 1937).
‘Active Intuition’ [行為こうい的てき直観ちょっかん] (Shisō [思想しそう], No. 183, August 1937), reprinted in SPE2:301-331.

Philosophical Essays, Vol. 3 [哲学てつがく論ろん文集ぶんしゅう第だい3] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店いわなみしょてん], November 1939), reprinted in NKZ8.

‘Human Existence’ [人間にんげん的てき存在そんざい] (Shisō [思想しそう], No. 190, March 1938), reprinted in SPE2:333-400.
‘The Standpoint of the Individual in the Historical World’ [歴史れきし的てき世界せかいにおいての個物こぶつの立場たちば] (Shisō [思想しそう], No. 195 and No. 196, August-September 1938).
‘Absolutely Contradictory Self-Identity’ [絶対ぜったい矛盾むじゅん的てき自己じこ同一どういつ] (Shisō [思想しそう], No. 202, March 1939), reprinted in SPE3:7-84.
‘The Science of Experience’ [経験けいけん科学かがく] (Shisō [思想しそう], No. 207 August 1939).

Problems of Japanese Culture [日本にっぽん文化ぶんかの問題もんだい] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店いわなみしょてん], March 1940), reprinted in NKZ9.
Philosophical Essays, Vol. 4 [哲学てつがく論ろん文集ぶんしゅう第だい4] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店いわなみしょてん], November 1941), reprinted in NKZ9.

‘Prolegomena to Practical Philosophy’ [実践じっせん哲学てつがく序論じょろん] (Iwanami Kōza: Rinrigaku [岩波いわなみ講座こうざ倫理りんり学がく], Vol. 2, August 1940).
‘Poiēsis and Praxis: An Appendix to the Prolegomena to Practical Philosophy’ [ポイエシスとプラクシス——実践じっせん哲学てつがく序論じょろん補ほ説せつ] (Shisō [思想しそう], No. 223, December 1940).
‘Artistic Creation as Historical Acts of Formation’ [歴史れきし的てき形成けいせい作用さようとしての芸術げいじゅつ的てき創作そうさく] (Shisō [思想しそう], No. 228 and No. 229, May-June 1941), reprinted in SPE3:85-176.
‘The Problem of Raison d’état’ [国家こっか理由りゆうの問題もんだい] (Iwanami Kōza: Rinrigaku [岩波いわなみ講座こうざ倫理りんり学がく], Vol. 8, September 1941).

Philosophical Essays, Vol. 5 [哲学てつがく論ろん文集ぶんしゅう第だい5] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店いわなみしょてん], August 1944), reprinted in NKZ9.

‘On the Objectivity or Knowledge: A New Foundation for Epistemology’ [知識ちしきの客観きゃっかん性せいについて——新あらたなる知識ちしき論ろんの基盤きばん] (Shisō [思想しそう], No. 248 and No. 249, January-February 1943).
‘On Self-Consciousness: Laying the Foundation for the Preceding Essay’ [自覚じかくについて——前ぜん論文ろんぶんの基礎きそ付づけ] (Shisō [思想しそう], No. 252 and No. 253, May-June 1943), reprinted in SPE3:177-267.

Philosophical Essays, Vol. 6 [哲学てつがく論ろん文集ぶんしゅう第だい6] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店いわなみしょてん], December 1945), reprinted in NKZ10.

‘The World of Physics’ [物理ぶつりの世界せかい] (Shisō [思想しそう], No. 260, January 1944).
‘Logic and Mathematics’ [論理ろんりと数理すうり] (Shisō [思想しそう], No. 262, March 1944).
‘Towards a Philosophy of Religion, Using Pre-Established Harmony as a Guide’ [予定よてい調和ちょうわを手引てびきとして宗教しゅうきょう哲学てつがくへ] (Shisō [思想しそう], No. 264, May/June 1944).
‘On Cartesian Philosophy’ [デカルト哲学てつがくについて] (Shisō [思想しそう], No. 265, July 1944), reprinted in SPE3:269-298.
‘Tradition’ [伝統でんとう] (Shisō [思想しそう], No. 256, September 1943).
‘Space’ [空間くうかん] (previously unpublished, finished in July 1944).
‘Laying the Philosophical Foundations of Mathematics’ [数学すうがくの哲学てつがく的てき基礎きそ付づけ] (previously unpublished, composed between December 1944 and January 1945).

Philosophical Essays, Vol. 7 [哲学てつがく論ろん文集ぶんしゅう第だい7] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店いわなみしょてん], February 1946), reprinted in NKZ10.

‘Life’ [生命せいめい] (Shisō [思想しそう], No. 267 and No. 268, October 1944-August 1945).
‘The Logic of Place and the Religious Worldview’ [場所ばしょ的てき論理ろんりと宗教しゅうきょう的てき世界せかい観かん] (previously unpublished, composed between February and April 1945), reprinted in SPE3:299-397.

Thoughts and Experiences, Vol. 3 [『続ぞく思索しさくと体験たいけん』以後いご] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店いわなみしょてん], March 1948), reprinted in NKZ10.

Shorter Writings, reprinted in NKZ11

‘An Outline of Green’s Ethics’ [グリーン氏し倫理りんり哲学てつがくの大意たいい] (Kyōiku Jiron, Nos. 362-4, May 1895), reprinted in NKZ11:3-22.

Nishida’s first published work.

‘Hume’s Law of Causation’ [ヒュームの因果いんが法ほう].
‘Debating the Existence of Innate Knowledge’ [先天せんてん智識ちしきの有無うむを論ろんず].
‘My Thoughts on Yamamoto Yasunosuke’s Essay ‘Religion and Reason’’ [山本やまもと安之助やすのすけ君くんの「宗教しゅうきょうと理性りせい」という論文ろんぶんを読よみて所感しょかんを述じゅつぶ].
‘An Explication of the Beautiful’ [美びの説明せつめい].
‘Benedictus Spinoza’ [ベネヂクトス、スピノーザ].
‘Kantianism in Ethics’ [カント倫理りんり学がく主義しゅぎ].
‘On Contemporary Religion’ [現今げんこんの宗教しゅうきょうについて].
‘The School of Self-Consciousness’ [自覚じかく主義しゅぎ].
‘My Contribution to Recommended Books for Edification’ [『静せい修おさむ書目しょもく答こたえ問とい』への回答かいとう].
‘The Essence of Religion’ [宗教しゅうきょうの本質ほんしつ].
‘Jakob Boehme’ [ヤコッブ、ベーメ].
‘The Inside and the Outside of the Soul’ [心しんの中なかと外そと].
‘Miscellaneous Thoughts’ [雑感ざっかん].
‘An Apology for Philosophy’ [哲学てつがくのアポロジー].
‘Reading’ [読書どくしょ].
‘On the So-Called Japaneseness’ [日本にっぽん的てきということについて].
‘On Reading Tanaka Ōdō’s Review’ [田中たなか王堂おうどう君くんの批評ひひょうを読よみて].
‘Augustine’s Theory of Trinity’ [アウグスチヌスの三位一体さんみいったい論ろん].
‘The World of Objects of Art’ [芸術げいじゅつの対象たいしょう界かい].
‘On Contemporary Idealism’ [現今げんこんの理想りそう主義しゅぎについて].
‘Russell as a Scholar’ [学者がくしゃとしてのラッスル].
‘The Meaning of My Voluntarism’ [私わたしの主意しゅい主義しゅぎの意味いみ].
‘Explanation of Philosophical Terms’ [哲学てつがく用語ようご解説かいせつ].
‘After the Great Earthquake’ [大震災だいしんさいの後のちに].

Lectures

‘Modern Idealist Philosophy’ [現代げんだいにおける理想りそう主義しゅぎの哲学てつがく], reprinted in NKZ12.
‘Fichte’s Philosophy’ [フイヒテの哲学てつがく], reprinted in NKZ12.
‘Cohen’s Philosophy’ [コーヘンの哲学てつがく], reprinted in NKZ12.
‘Plato’s Philosophy’ [プラトンの哲学てつがく], reprinted in NKZ12.
‘The Concept of Personality as the Ground of Reality’ [実在じつざいの根柢こんていとしての人格じんかく概念がいねん], reprinted in NKZ12.
‘The World of Action’ [行為こういの世界せかい], reprinted in NKZ12.
‘The Logical Structure of the Real World’ [現実げんじつの世界せかいの論理ろんり的てき構造こうぞう], reprinted in NKZ12.
‘The Body as Historical’ [歴史れきし的てき身体しんたい], reprinted in NKZ12.
‘Problems of Japanese Culture’ [日本にっぽん文化ぶんかの問題もんだい], reprinted in NKZ13.
‘The Reciprocal Relationship and Communication between Pure Experiences’ [純粋じゅんすい経験けいけん相互そうごの関係かんけいおよび連絡れんらくについて], reprinted in NKZ13.
‘Anti-Natural-Scientific Thought’ [反はん自然しぜん科学かがく的てき思想しそう], reprinted in NKZ13.
‘Contemporary Spiritualism’ [現今げんこんの唯心ゆいしん論ろん], reprinted in NKZ13.
‘The Concept of Scientific Truth in Contemporary Philosophy’ [現代げんだい哲学てつがくにおける科学かがく的てき真理しんりの概念がいねん], reprinted in NKZ13.
‘Contemporary Idealism’ [現今げんこんの理想りそう主義しゅぎ], reprinted in NKZ13.
‘Coincidentia oppositorum and Love’ [Coincidentia oppositorumと愛あい], reprinted in NKZ13.
‘The Standpoint of Religion’ [宗教しゅうきょうの立場たちば], reprinted in NKZ13.
‘Eckhart’s Mysticism and the Life at Ittōen’ [エックハルトの神秘しんぴ説せつと一いち燈とう園えん生活せいかつ], reprinted in NKZ13.
‘What I Call the Universal of Judgement’ [私わたしの判断はんだん的てき一般いっぱん者しゃというもの], reprinted in NKZ13.
‘Life, Reality and Logic’ [生なまと実在じつざいと論理ろんり], reprinted in NKZ13.
‘On Time and Personality’ [時ときと人格じんかく], reprinted in NKZ13.
‘On Personality’ [人格じんかくについて], reprinted in NKZ13.
‘The Logical Structure of the Real World’ [現実げんじつの世界せかいの論理ろんり的てき構造こうぞう], reprinted in NKZ13.
‘My Philosophical Position and Method’ [私わたしの哲学てつがくの立場たちばと方法ほうほう], reprinted in NKZ13.
‘On Traditionalism’ [伝統でんとう主義しゅぎについて], reprinted in NKZ13.

Lecture Notes

‘The Study of Religion’ [宗教しゅうきょう学がく] (1914-15), reprinted in NKZ14.

Nishida’s sources for these lectures include Leuba, The Psychological Study of Religion (1912); Starbuck, The Psychology of Religion (1899); Edward Scribner Ames, The Psychology of Religious Experience (1910); James, The Varieties of Religious Experience (1902); Tiele, Grundzüge der Religionswissenschaft (1904); Hermann Siebeck, Lehrbuch der Religionsphilosophie (1893); and Höffding, Religionsphilosophie (1901).

‘An Outline of Philosophy’ [哲学てつがく概論がいろん], reprinted in NKZ14.

Nishida gave these introductory lectures annually while at Kyoto Imperial University. This version is based on notes from the Taishō and Shōwa era.

‘Aristotle’s Metaphysics’ [アリストテレスの形而上学けいじじょうがく] (1924-25), reprinted in NKZ14.
‘Plotinus’ Philosophy’ [プロチノスの哲学てつがく] (1924-25), reprinted in NKZ14.
‘A History of Ethics in Britain’ [英国えいこく倫理りんり学がく史し] (ca. 1904), reprinted in NKZ14.

Nishida breaks this history into four periods: [1] The Beginning (Hobbes); [2] The First Phase (Cudworth, Cumberland, Locke); [3] The Second Phase (Shaftesbury, Hutcheson, Butler, Hume, Smith, Hartley); and [4] The Third Phase (Intuition School: Price, Reid; Utilitarianism: Paley, Bentham, Mill; Evolutional Ethics: Spencer).

‘Lectures on Psychology’ [心理しんり学がく講義こうぎ] (1904-05), reprinted in NKZ14.

Nishida’s sources for these lectures include Wundt, Grundriss der Psychologie (1896); Ziehen, Psychophysiologische Erkenntnistheorie (1898); and Külpe, Grundriss der Psychologie auf experimenteller Grundlage dargestellt (1893).

‘A Draft of Ethics’ [倫理りんり学がく草案そうあん] (1904-05), reprinted in NKZ14.

Nishida’s sources include Sidgwick, Outlines of the History of Ethics for English Readers (1886); Martineau, Types of Ethical Theory (1885); and James Mackintosh, Dissertation on the Progress of Ethical Philosophy: Chiefly During the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (1836)

‘An Outline of Philosophy’ [哲学てつがく概論がいろん], reprinted in NKZ15.

This version is based on notes from the late Meiji era, so the early incarnations of these introductory lectures.

‘Vorlesung 1926’, reprinted in NKZ15.
‘Ethics Lecture Notes’ [倫理りんり学がく講義こうぎノート], reprinted in NKZ25.
‘The Study of Religion Lecture Notes’ [宗教しゅうきょう学がく講義こうぎノート], reprinted in NKZ25.

Fragments and Notes, reprinted in NKZ16.

Diaries

Diary entries from 1897 to 1912, reprinted in NKZ17.
Diary entries from 1913 to 1945, reprinted in NKZ18.

Correspondence

Letters from 1887 to 1920, reprinted in NKZ19.
Letters from 1921 to 1930, reprinted in NKZ20.
Letters from 1931 to 1936, reprinted in NKZ21.
Letters from 1937 to 1941, reprinted in NKZ22.
Letters from 1942 to 1945, reprinted in NKZ23.

Other

‘On Reality’ [実在じつざいについて] (Tetsugaku Zasshi [哲学てつがく雑誌ざっし], No. 241, March 1907), revised and reprinted in An Inquiry into the Good.
‘A Theory of Ethics’ [倫理りんり学説がくせつ] (Tōa no Hikari [東亜とうあの光ひかり], Vol. 3, No. 3 and No. 4, March-April 1908), revised and reprinted in An Inquiry into the Good.
‘Pure Experience, Thought, Will and Intellectual Intuition’ [純粋じゅんすい経験けいけんと思惟しい、意志いし、および知的ちてき直観ちょっかん] (Tetsugaku Zasshi [哲学てつがく雑誌ざっし], No. 258, August 1908), revised and reprinted in An Inquiry into the Good.
‘Levels of Social Good’ [社会しゃかい的てき善ぜんの階級かいきゅう] (Seikyō Shinpō [正教せいきょう新報しんぽう], No. 666, September 1908).
‘The Reciprocal Relationship and Communication between Pure Experiences’ [純粋じゅんすい経験けいけん相互そうごの関係かんけいおよび連絡れんらくについて] (Tetsugaku Zasshi [哲学てつがく雑誌ざっし], No. 276, February 1910), revised and reprinted in An Inquiry into the Good.
‘The Self-Determination of the Universal and Self-Consciousness’ [一般いっぱん者しゃの自己じこ限定げんていと自覚じかく] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学てつがく研究けんきゅう], No. 163, October 1929).
‘Philosophy and Education’ [哲学てつがくと教育きょういく] (Iwanami Kōza: Kyōiku Kagaku [岩波いわなみ講座こうざ教育きょういく科学かがく], Vol. 18, March 1933).

Translated works[edit]

English[edit]

An Inquiry into the Good, trans. Masao Abe and Christopher Ives. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990.
"An Explanation of Beauty," trans. Steve Odin. Monumenta Nipponica vol. 42 no. 2 (1987): 211–217.
Intuition and Reflection in Self-Consciousness, trans. Valdo H. Viglielmo, Takeuchi Yoshinori and Joseph S. O'Leary. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1987.
Last Writings: Nothingness and the Religious Worldview, trans. David Dilworth. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1993.
- "Logic of the Place of Nothingness and the Religious Worldview"
- "Concerning My Logic"
Place and Dialectic: Two Essays by Nishida Kitaro, trans. John W. M. Krummel and Shigenori Nagatomo. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Ontology of Production: Three Essays, trans. William Haver. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2012.
The Unsolved Issue of Consciousness, trans. John W. M. Krummell, in Philosophy East and West 62, no 1 (2012): 44–59.

French[edit]

L’Éveil à soi, trans. Jacynthe Tremblay. Paris: CNRS Éditions, 2003, 298 p.
De ce qui agit à ce qui voit, trans. Jacynthe Tremblay. Montréal: Presses de l'Université de Montréal, 2015, 364 p.
Autoéveil. Le Système des universels, trans. Jacynthe Tremblay. Nagoya: Chisokudō Publications, 2017.

Footnotes[edit]

^ Nishida Kitaro at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
^ Yusa Michiko. Zen & Philosophy: An Intellectual Biography of Nishida Kitaro. University of Hawaii Press, 2002, p. 5.
^ Yusa Michiko. Zen & Philosophy: An Intellectual Biography of Nishida Kitaro. University of Hawaii Press, 2002, p. 337.
^ Nishida, Kitarō (1980), Zen no kenkyū An Inquiry into the Good, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
^ Iţu, Mircia (2005), Nishida Kitarō. O cercetare asupra binelui, Braşov: Orientul latin, page 240 ISBN 973-9338-77-1.
^ Abe, Maso (1987). An Inquiry Into the Good. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. xxv. ISBN 978-0-300-05233-6.
^ Rigsby, Curtis A. (2009). "Nishida on God, Barth and Christianity1". Asian Philosophy. 19 (2): 119–157. doi:10.1080/09552360902943761. S2CID 144992189.

External links[edit]

Nishida Kitaro at the Encyclopædia Britannica
Nishida Kitaro at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Nishida Kitarō Bibliography at the European Network of Japanese Philosophy (ENOJP).
Derrida and the Decentered Universe This article mentions Nishida's views in comparison with Derrida's.
Works of Nishida Kitarō at the Bibliographia: An Online Journal for the History of Philosophy

Preceded by unknown	Department of Philosophy (Chair), Kyoto University 1913-1928	Succeeded by Hajime Tanabe

[1] Nishida Kitaro at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

[2] Yusa Michiko. Zen & Philosophy: An Intellectual Biography of Nishida Kitaro. University of Hawaii Press, 2002, p. 5.

[3] Yusa Michiko. Zen & Philosophy: An Intellectual Biography of Nishida Kitaro. University of Hawaii Press, 2002, p. 337.

[4] Nishida, Kitarō (1980), Zen no kenkyū An Inquiry into the Good, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.

[5] Iţu, Mircia (2005), Nishida Kitarō. O cercetare asupra binelui, Braşov: Orientul latin, page 240 ISBN 973-9338-77-1.

[6] Abe, Maso (1987). An Inquiry Into the Good. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. xxv. ISBN 978-0-300-05233-6.

[7] Rigsby, Curtis A. (2009). "Nishida on God, Barth and Christianity1". Asian Philosophy. 19 (2): 119–157. doi:10.1080/09552360902943761. S2CID 144992189.

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The Buddha	Tathāgata Birthday Four sights Eight Great Events Great Renunciation Physical characteristics Life of Buddha in art Footprint Relics Iconography in Laos and Thailand Films Miracles Family Suddhodāna (father) Māyā (mother) Mahapajapati Gotamī (aunt, adoptive mother) Yaśodharā (wife) Rāhula (son) Ānanda (cousin) Devadatta (cousin) Places where the Buddha stayed Buddha in world religions
Bodhisattvas	Avalokiteśvara Guanyin Mañjuśrī Mahāsthāmaprāpta Ākāśagarbha Kṣitigarbha Samantabhadra Vajrapāṇi Skanda Tārā Metteyya/Maitreya
Disciples	Kaundinya Assaji Sāriputta Mahamoggallāna Ānanda Mahākassapa Aṅgulimāla Anuruddha Mahākaccana Nanda Subhūti Punna Upāli Mahapajapati Gotamī Khema Uppalavanna Asita Channa Yasa
Key concepts	Avidyā (Ignorance) Bardo Bodhicitta Buddha-nature Dhamma theory Dharma Enlightenment Five hindrances Indriya Karma Kleshas Mental factors Mindstream Parinirvana Pratītyasamutpāda Rebirth Saṃsāra Saṅkhāra Skandha Śūnyatā Taṇhā (Craving) Tathātā Ten Fetters Three marks of existence Anicca Dukkha Anatta Two truths doctrine
Cosmology	Ten spiritual realms Six realms Deva realm Human realm Asura realm Hungry Ghost realm Animal realm Naraka Three planes of existence
Branches	Mahayana Zen Chinese Chan Japanese Zen Korean Seon Vietnamese Thiền Pure Land Tiantai Huayan Risshū Nichiren Madhyamaka Yogachara Vajrayana Tibetan Buddhism Chinese Esoteric Buddhism Shingon Dzogchen Theravada Navayana Early Buddhist schools Pre-sectarian Buddhism Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
Practices	Bhavana Bodhipakkhiyādhammā Brahmavihara Mettā Karuṇā Mudita Upekkha Buddhābhiṣeka Dāna Devotion Deity yoga Dhyāna Faith Five Strengths Iddhipada Meditation Mantras Kammaṭṭhāna Recollection Smarana Anapanasati Samatha Vipassanā (Vipassana movement) Shikantaza Zazen Koan Ganana Mandala Tonglen Tantra Tertön Terma Merit Mindfulness Mindful Yoga Satipatthana Nekkhamma Nianfo Pāramitā Paritta Puja Offerings Prostration Chanting Refuge Sādhu Satya Sacca Seven Factors of Enlightenment Sati Dhamma vicaya Pīti Passaddhi Śīla Five precepts Eight precepts Bodhisattva vow Pratimokṣa Threefold Training Śīla Samadhi Prajñā Vīrya Four Right Exertions Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
Nirvana	Bodhi Bodhisattva Buddhahood Pratyekabuddha Four stages of awakening Sotāpanna Sakadagami Anāgāmi Arhat
Monasticism	Bhikkhu Bhikkhunī Śrāmaṇera Śrāmaṇerī Anagārika Ajahn Sayadaw Zen master Rōshi Lama Rinpoche Geshe Tulku Western tulku Kappiya Donchee Householder Upāsaka and Upāsikā Achar Śrāvaka The ten principal disciples Shaolin Monastery
Major figures	Gautama Buddha Nagasena Aśvaghoṣa Nagarjuna Asanga Vasubandhu Kumārajīva Buddhaghosa Buddhapālita Dignāga Bodhidharma Zhiyi Emperor Wen of Sui Songtsen Gampo Xuanzang Shandao Padmasambhāva Saraha Atiśa Naropa Karmapa Hōnen Shinran Dōgen Nichiren Shamarpa Dalai Lama Panchen Lama Ajahn Mun B. R. Ambedkar Ajahn Chah Thích Nhất Hạnh
Texts	Early Buddhist Texts Tripiṭaka Mahayana sutras Pāli Canon Chinese Buddhist canon Tibetan Buddhist canon Dhammapada Sutra Vinaya Madhyamakālaṃkāra Abhidharmadīpa
Countries	Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia China India Indonesia Japan Korea Laos Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Russia Buryatia Kalmykia Tuva (ru) Singapore Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Tibet Vietnam Africa Central Asia Middle East Iran Western countries Argentina Australia Brazil Canada France Mexico United Kingdom United States Venezuela
History	Timeline Ashoka Kanishka Buddhist councils History of Buddhism in India Decline of Buddhism in India Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution Greco-Buddhism Menander I Buddhism and the Roman world Buddhism in the West Silk Road transmission of Buddhism Persecution of Buddhists Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal Buddhist crisis Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism Buddhist modernism Vipassana movement 969 Movement Women in Buddhism
Philosophy	Abhidharma Atomism Buddhology Creator Buddhism and democracy Economics Eight Consciousnesses Engaged Buddhism Eschatology Ethics Evolution Humanism Logic Reality Secular Buddhism Socialism The unanswered questions
Culture	Architecture Temple Vihāra Kyaung Wat Ordination hall Stupa Pagoda Burmese pagoda Candi Dzong architecture List of Buddhist architecture in China Japanese Buddhist architecture Korean Buddhist temples Thai temple art and architecture Tibetan Buddhist architecture Art Greco-Buddhist Bodhi Tree Budai Buddha in art Calendar Cuisine Funeral Holidays Vesak Uposatha Māgha Pūjā Asalha Puja Vassa Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi Kasaya Mahabodhi Temple Mantra Om mani padme hum Mudra Music Pilgrimage Lumbini Maya Devi Temple Bodh Gaya Sarnath Kushinagar Poetry Prayer beads Hama Yumi Prayer wheel Symbolism Dharmachakra Flag Bhavacakra Swastika Thangka Temple of the Tooth Vegetarianism
Miscellaneous	Abhijñā Amitābha Brahmā Dharma talk Hinayana Kalpa Koliya Lineage Māra Ṛddhi Siddhi Sacred languages Pāḷi Sanskrit
Comparison	Baháʼí Faith Christianity Influences Comparison East Asian religions Gnosticism Hinduism Jainism Judaism Psychology Science Theosophy Violence Western philosophy
Lists	Bodhisattvas Buddhas Buddhists Suttas Sutras Temples Festivals
Category Religion portal

v t e Modern Buddhist writers (19th century to date)
Buddhism Buddhism in the West Buddhist modernism
Theravada / Vipassana movement	Ajahn Amaro Acharya Buddharakkhita Bhikkhu Analayo Balangoda Ananda Maitreya Thero B. R. Ambedkar Charles Henry Allan Bennett Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu Bhikkhu Bodhi Sylvia Boorstein Vidyamala Burch P. D. Premasiri Ajahn Chah Anagarika Dharmapala Gil Fronsdal S. N. Goenka Joseph Goldstein Henepola Gunaratana Jack Kornfield Stephen Levine Noah Levine Nyanatiloka Walpola Rahula Thero Sharon Salzberg Sangharakshita Rahul Sankrityayan Ajahn Sucitto Ajahn Sumedho Bhante Sujato Ñāṇavīra Thera Katukurunde Nyanananda Thera Nyanaponika Thera
Mahayana	David Brazier Chin Kung Tanaka Chigaku Daisaku Ikeda Nikkyō Niwano Yin Shun Kenneth K. Tanaka Gyomay Kubose Alfred Bloom Kenryu Takashi Tsuji Marvin Harada
Vajrayana	Pema Chödrön Surya Das Anagarika Govinda Kelsang Gyatso Tenzin Gyatso Namkhai Norbu Thinley Norbu Ole Nydahl Matthieu Ricard Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse Rinpoche Sogyal Rinpoche Thrangu Rinpoche Yongey Mingyur Rinpoche Robert Thurman Chögyam Trungpa
Zen	Reb Anderson Taisen Deshimaru Gil Fronsdal Steve Hagen Thích Nhất Hạnh Hsuan Hua Nan Huai-Chin Houn Jiyu-Kennett Philip Kapleau Dainin Katagiri David Loy Taizan Maezumi Kitaro Nishida Shōhaku Okumura Paul Reps Seungsahn Daewon Seongcheol Sheng-yen D. T. Suzuki Shunryū Suzuki Brad Warner Hakuun Yasutani Han Yong-un Hsing Yun
Secular Buddhism	Stephen Batchelor Robert Wright
Scholars	Alexander Berzin Robert Chalmers, 1st Baron Chalmers Lokesh Chandra Edward Conze Heinrich Dumoulin Nalinaksha Dutt Walter Evans-Wentz Richard Gombrich Herbert V. Günther Red Pine George de Roerich Caroline Rhys Davids Thomas Rhys Davids Fyodor Shcherbatskoy Lucien Stryk B. Alan Wallace David Kalupahana K. N. Jayatilleke Alfred Bloom
Westerners influenced by Buddhism	Edwin Arnold Helena Blavatsky Fritjof Capra Leonard Cohen Alexandra David-Néel Heinrich Harrer Hermann Hesse Carl Jung Jon Kabat-Zinn Friedrich Nietzsche Henry Steel Olcott Helena Roerich Ernest Reinhold Rost J. D. Salinger Arthur Schopenhauer Gary Snyder Alan Watts Alfred North Whitehead Western philosophy and Buddhism Buddhism and psychology
Lists	List of modern writers on Eastern religions List of writers on Buddhism
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Kitaro Nishida

Philosophy[edit]

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English[edit]

French[edit]

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Further reading[edit]

Books[edit]

English[edit]

French[edit]

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