Mass media in Japan

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The mass media in Japan include numerous television and radio networks as well as newspapers and magazines in Japan. For the most part, television networks were established based on capital investments by existing radio networks. Variety shows, serial dramas, and news constitute a large percentage of Japanese evening shows.

Western movies are also shown, many with a subchannel for English. There are all-English television channels on cable and satellite (with Japanese subtitles).

TV networks[edit]

Main article: Television in Japan

There are 6 nationwide television networks, as follows:

In addition, there is the Japanese Association of Independent Television Stations (JAITS), which consists of independent stations in the three major metropolitan areas (excluding Ibaraki, Aichi, and Osaka), and includes TV stations affiliated with the Chunichi Shimbun newspaper such as Tokyo MX and TV Kanagawa. There is.

Radio networks[edit]

Main article: List of radio stations in Japan

AM radio[edit]

  1. NHK Radio 1, NHK Radio 2
  2. Japan Radio Network (JRN)—Flagship Station: TBS radio (TBSラジオ)
  3. National Radio Network (NRN)—Flagship Stations: Nippon Cultural Broadcasting (文化放送ぶんかほうそう) and Nippon Broadcasting System (ニッポン放送にっぽんほうそう)
  4. Radio Nikkei is an independent shortwave station broadcasts nationwide with two services.

FM radio[edit]

  1. NHK-FM
  2. Japan FM Network (JFN)—Tokyo FM Broadcasting Co.,ltd.
  3. Japan FM League—J-Wave Inc.
  4. MegaNet—FM Interwave (InterFM)

See also[edit]

Social media[edit]

Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Line, are the leading used media platforms in the Japanese industry.[2] Line is an app used for instant communication on electronic devices. Statistics show that Facebook use in Japan is at 47.75%, X (formerly Twitter) use is at 19.33%, YouTube use is at 13.9%, Pinterest use is at 10.69%, Instagram use is at 4.93%, and Tumblr use is at 2.29%.[3] In Japan, as of 2017, nearly 100% of residents are online, smartphone use is reaching 80%, and some form of social media is being used by over half of the population.[4]

Magazines[edit]

Weekly magazines[edit]

Main article: Shūkanshi
  1. Aera (アエラ) – Centre-left
  2. Friday (フライデー) – photo magazine
  3. Josei Jishin (女性じょせい自身じしん) – for women
  4. Nikkei Business (日経にっけいビジネス) – economic
  5. Shūkan Asahi (週刊しゅうかん朝日あさひ). Liberal.
  6. Shūkan Economist (週刊しゅうかんエコノミスト). Economic
  7. Shūkan Kinyoubi (週刊しゅうかん金曜日きんようび). Far-left.
  8. Shūkan Bunshun (週刊文春しゅうかんぶんしゅん). Conservative
  9. Shūkan Diamond (週刊しゅうかんダイヤモンド). Economic
  10. Shūkan Gendai (週刊しゅうかん現代げんだい)　Liberal.
  11. Shūkan Josei (週刊しゅうかん女性じょせい). For women
  12. Shūkan Post (週刊しゅうかんポスト). Conservative
  13. Shūkan Shinchou (週刊しゅうかん新潮しんちょう). Conservative
  14. Shūkan Toyo Keizai (週刊しゅうかん東洋とうよう経済けいざい). Economic
  15. Spa! (スパ!). Conservative
  16. Sunday Mainichi (サンデさんでー毎日まいにち).　Liberal

Monthly magazines[edit]

  1. Bungei Shunjuu (文藝春秋ぶんげいしゅんじゅう). Conservative.
  2. Chuuou Kouron (中央公論ちゅうおうこうろん). Affiliated with the Yomiuri Shimbun. Conservative.
  3. Seiron (正論せいろん). Published by the Sankei Shimbun Company. Conservative.
  4. Sekai (世界せかい). Progressive.

Manga magazines[edit]

Main article: List of manga magazines

Newspapers[edit]

Main article: Japanese newspapers
See also: List of newspapers in Japan

Major papers[edit]

  1. Yomiuri Shimbun (読売新聞よみうりしんぶん). Conservative. First ranked in daily circulation at around 7 million per day. The Yomiuri exchanged a special contract with The Times. Affiliated with Nippon Television. Nikkatsu Film is a grandchild company.
  2. Asahi Shimbun (朝日新聞あさひしんぶん). Liberal, Third way. Second ranked in daily circulation at around 5 million copies per day. Although Asahi does not support any political party politically, Asahi is former symbol of Japanese left-leaning discourse. They are pacifists and pursue Japanese war crimes. So, Asahi has suffered defamation and terrorism by Japanese radical nationalists and historical revisionists. that group companies include Toei (de facto), Asahi Broadcasting Company, TV Asahi, and Asahi Net.
  3. Mainichi Shimbun (毎日新聞まいにちしんぶん). Centre-left, Keynesian. Fifth ranked in daily circulation—around 2 million per day. Although the capital tie-up with Mainichi Broadcasting System / Tokyo Broadcasting System has been dissolved, it is still a friendship company that exchanges employees and cooperates with the press. In 2020, the circulation was overtaken by the Chunichi Shimbun alone (Tōkai version), which does not include the Tokyo Shimbun. Deep relationship with Kodansha and Shochiku Film.
  4. Nikkei Shimbun (日本経済新聞にほんけいざいしんぶん). Conservative, Economic liberal with more centre-right. Fourth ranked in daily circulation at around 2 million copies per day. Economic paper in the style of The Wall Street Journal. Affiliated with TV Tokyo.

Regional papers[edit]

There is the Sankei Shimbun (産経新聞さんけいしんぶん), which is a medium-sized newspaper published in Kansai and Kanto. They were nationwide newspaper until 2020, and considered major paper once.This newspaper publishes Sankei Sports and the tabloid Yukan Fuji. It belongs to the Fujisankei Communications Group, a media conglomerate. They are known as radical right newspaper. Their opinions and columns always blame Korea and China.

Chunichi Shimbun/Tokyo Shimbun (中日新聞ちゅうにちしんぶん/東京とうきょう新聞しんぶん). They are largest regional paper. Third ranked in daily circulation at around 2 million copies per day.In the Kanto region, it will be published under the title of the Tokyo Shimbun(東京とうきょう新聞しんぶん). Although it is not a nationwide newspaper, it is published in most of the Chubu and Kanto regions, and is a leading newspaper based in Nagoya. Center-left to left-wing, It is also the most liberal and progressive major news media in Japan.

Other nationally known regional papers include Nishinippon Shimbun (西日本にしにほん新聞しんぶん) in Kyushu, Hokkaido Shimbun (北海道新聞ほっかいどうしんぶん) in Hokkaido, Chugoku Shimbun (中国ちゅうごく新聞しんぶん) in Chugoku.

Specialty papers[edit]

Among niche newspapers are publications like the widely circulated Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun (The Business and Technology Daily News), the Buddhist organization Sōka Gakkai's daily Seikyo Shimbun (聖教せいきょう新聞しんぶん), and Shimbun Akahata, the daily organ of the Japanese Communist Party. Other niches include papers devoted entirely to predicting the results of horse races. One of the best-known papers in the genre is Keiba Book (競馬けいばブック). Shūkan Go (週刊しゅうかん碁ご) is a weekly newspaper that covers the results of professional Go tournaments and contains hints on Go strategy.

As in other countries, surveys tend to show that the number of newspaper subscribers is declining, a trend which is expected to continue.

Claims of media bias[edit]

Claims of media bias in Japanese newspapers and the mainstream media in general are often seen on blogs and right-leaning Internet forums, where the "mass media" (masu-komi in Japanese) are often referred to as "mass garbage" (masu-gomi). Signs with this epithet were carried by demonstrators in Tokyo on 24 October 2010, at what was reportedly the first demonstration in Japan to be organized on Twitter.[5] Among the general public, the credibility of the press suffered after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant crisis, when reporters failed to press government and industry sources for more information, and official reports turned out to be inaccurate or simply wrong.[6][7] Kazuo Hizumi, a journalist turned lawyer, details structural problems in his book, 「マスコミはなぜマスゴミと呼よばれるのか？」, "Masukomi wa naze masugomi to yobareru no ka?", ("Why is mass media called mass garbage?"), which argues that a complex network of institutions, such as elite bureaucrats, judiciary, education system, law enforcement, and large corporations, all of whom stand to gain from maintaining the status quo, shapes the mass media and communication in a way that controls Japanese politics and discourages critical thinking.[8]

Key stations: television and radio[edit]

In Japan, there are five broadcasting stations which take the lead in the network of commercial broadcasting. The five stations are Nippon Television, Tokyo Broadcasting System, Fuji Television, TV Asahi, and TV Tokyo. Their head offices are in Tokyo, and they are called zaikyō kī kyoku (在京ざいきょうキー局きょく, Key stations in Tokyo) or kī kyoku (キー局きょく, Key stations).

The key stations make news shows and entertainment programs, and wholesale them to local broadcasting stations through the networks. Although local broadcasting stations also manufacture programs, the usage of the key stations is very large, and 55.7% of the TV program total sales in the 2002 fiscal year (April 2002 to March 2003) were sold by the key stations. Furthermore, the networks are strongly connected with newspaper publishing companies, and they influence the media very strongly. For this reason, they are often criticized.[9]

In addition, there is CS broadcasting and Internet distribution by the subsidiaries of the key stations. The definition of key station has changed a little in recent years.

Outline[edit]

In Japan, every broadcasting company (except NHK and Radio Nikkei) which performs terrestrial television broadcasts has an appointed broadcast region. In Article 2 of the Japanese Broadcasting Law (放送ほうそう法ほう), the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications defines the fixed zone where the broadcast of the same program for every classification of broadcast is simultaneously receivable. So, the broadcasting company constructs a network with other regions, and with this network establishes the exchange of news or programs. The broadcasting companies which send out many programs to these networks are called key stations.

Presently the broadcasting stations located in Tokyo send out the programs for the whole country. However, although Tokyo MX is in the Tokyo region, it is only a Tokyo region UHF independent station.

Broadcasting stations in Nagoya and other areas are older than those in Tokyo. However, in order to meet the large costs of making programs key stations were established in Tokyo to sell programs nationwide. Some local stations have a higher profit ratio since they can merely buy programs from the networks.

Sub-key stations[edit]

Since the broadcasting stations which assign the head offices in Kansai region (especially in Osaka) have a program supply frame at prime time etc. and sent out many programs subsequently to kī kyoku, they are called jun kī kyoku (準じゅんキー局きょく,sub-key stations).

List of key stations[edit]

Media Network Kī kyoku (Kantō) Jun kī kyoku (Kansai) Kikan kyoku (Tōkai) Ref.
Terrestrial television Nippon News Network
(NNN) 		Nippon Television (NTV) Yomiuri Telecasting Corporation (ytv) Chūkyō Television Broadcasting (CTV) [10]
Japan News Network
(JNN) 		Tokyo Broadcasting System (TBS) Mainichi Broadcasting System (MBS) Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting (CBC) [11]
Fuji News Network
(FNN) 		Fuji Television (CX) Kansai Telecasting Corporation (KTV) Tōkai Television Broadcasting (THK) [12]
All-Nippon News Network
(ANN) 		TV Asahi (EX) Asahi Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) Nagoya Broadcasting Network (Mētere・NBN) [11]
TV Tokyo Network
(TXN) 		TV Tokyo (TX) Television Osaka (TVO) Aichi Television Broadcasting (TVA) [13]
AM Radio Japan Radio Network
(JRN) 		TBS Radio & Communications (TBS R&C) Mainichi Broadcasting System (MBS)
Asahi Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) 		Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting (CBC) [14]
National Radio Network
(NRN) 		Nippon Cultural Broadcasting (QR)
Nippon Broadcasting System (LF) 		Mainichi Broadcasting System (MBS)
Asahi Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)
Osaka Broadcasting Corporation (Radio Osaka, OBC) 		Tokai Radio Broadcasting (SF) [14]
FM Radio JFN Tokyo FM fm osaka FM Aichi [15]
JFL J-WAVE FM802 ZIP-FM [16]
MegaNet InterFM FM Cocolo Radio-i [17]

Advertising agencies[edit]

  1. Dentsu (電通でんつう). The largest advertising agency in Japan, and the fourth-largest worldwide. Dentsu has an enormous presence in television and other media, and has strong ties to the legislative branch of government.[citation needed] It is the informal communication department of the Liberal Democratic Party (Japan), and has its roots in the South Manchuria Railway Co Ltd Research Department.
  2. Hakuhodo (博報堂はくほうどう). The second-largest Japanese advertising agency. Advertisement agencies under its umbrella include Daiko (大広だいこう) and Yomiko Advertising (読売広告社よみうりこうこくしゃ, Yomiuri Kōkokusha). Also known as Showgate, the film production division.
  3. CyberAgent (サイバーエージェント, Saibā Ējento) The third-largest Japanese advertising agency, that is mainly Internet advertising.
  4. Asatsu-DK (アサツー ディ・ケイ). The fourth-largest Japanese advertising agency. a subsidiary of Bain Capital, LP.

Wire services[edit]

  1. Jiji Press (時事通信じじつうしん).
  2. Kyodo News (共同通信きょうどうつうしん).
  3. Radio Press (ラヂオプレス)

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ NHK 新しん放送ほうそうガイドライン, p41
  2. ^ "Social Media Landscape in Japan | Info Cubic Japan". Info Cubic Japan Blog. 2018-01-07. Retrieved 2018-10-22.
  3. ^ "Social Media Stats Japan | StatCounter Global Stats". StatCounter Global Stats. Retrieved 2018-10-22.
  4. ^ "Social Media in Japan 2018: Current Stage and Upcoming Trends". kitsune.pro. 2018-01-30. Retrieved 2018-10-22.
  5. ^ nico (26 October 2010). "1st Demonstration called for by Internet against Prosecutors & Mass Media held in Tokyo". nicoasia.wordpress.com. Archived from the original on 2014-09-11.
  6. ^ Fackler, Martin (May 2021). "Chapter 7: Media Capture: The Japanese Press and Fukushima". In Cleveland, Kyle; Knowles, Scott & Shineha, Ryuma (eds.). Legacies of Fukushima: 3-11 in Context. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 112–126. ISBN 9780812252989.
  7. ^ Kobayashi, Ginko (March 15, 2013). "After Tsunami, Japanese Media Swept up in Wave of Distrust". European Journalism Centre. Archived from the original on 2013-04-24.
  8. ^ "A champion of independent media". Japan Times. Retrieved 2014-09-12.
  9. ^ "【第だい7回かい】ネット進出しんしゅつより"おいしい"キー局きょくと地方ちほう局きょくの関係かんけい (ネット狂騒きょうそう時代じだい、テレビ局てれびきょくの憂鬱ゆううつ)：NBonline(日経にっけいビジネス オンライン)". Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2011-01-19.
  10. ^ *一般いっぱん番組ばんぐみ供給きょうきゅうはNNSがある。
  11. ^ a b *1975年ねんまでJNNとANNの準じゅんキー局きょくが互たがいに逆ぎゃくであった(ネットチェンジを参照さんしょう)。一般いっぱん番組ばんぐみ供給きょうきゅうはJNNにはTBSネットワーク、ANNにはテレビ朝日てれびあさひネットワークがある。
  12. ^ *一般いっぱん番組ばんぐみ供給きょうきゅうはFNSがある。
  13. ^ *テレビ大阪てれびおおさかおよびテレビ愛知てれびあいちは県域けんいき局きょく。なお、テレビ大阪てれびおおさかがプライムタイムに番組ばんぐみ供給きょうきゅう枠わくを有ゆうしているのは1番組ばんぐみ(「発進はっしん!時空じくうタイムス」- 2007年ねん6月がつ18日にちをもって放送ほうそう終了しゅうりょう)のみ。
  14. ^ a b *キー局きょくが全すべてを取とり仕切しきる一方いっぽう通行つうこう方式ほうしきである為ため、準じゅんキー局きょくは厳密げんみつには存在そんざいしない。
  15. ^ *各局かくきょくとも県域けんいき局きょく。番組ばんぐみ制作せいさく会社かいしゃであるジャパンエフエムネットワーク(JFNC)はキー局きょくに近ちかい形態けいたいで、地方ちほう局きょくに多数たすうの番組ばんぐみを供給きょうきゅうしている。
  16. ^ *各局かくきょくとも県域けんいき局きょく。なおJFLはキー局きょくを置おいていない(事実じじつ上じょうの幹事かんじ局きょくはJ-WAVE)。また、ネットワークとして密みつなものでなく、情報じょうほう交換こうかんや一部いちぶ番組ばんぐみ交換こうかんにとどまる。
  17. ^ *各局かくきょくとも放送ほうそう地域ちいきは、各かく広域こういき圏内けんないの外国がいこく語ご放送ほうそう実施じっし地域ちいき。ネットワークとして密みつなものでなく、情報じょうほう交換こうかんや一部いちぶ番組ばんぐみ交換こうかんにとどまる。

Further reading[edit]

  • (in English) Kondo, Motohiro (近藤こんどう 大博たいはく Kondō Motohiro) (Nihon University, Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies (大学院だいがくいん総合そうごう社会しゃかい情報じょうほう研究けんきゅう科か)). "The Development of Monthly Magazines in Japan." (総合そうごう雑誌ざっしの誕生たんじょうとその発展はってん) (." (総合そうごう雑誌ざっしの誕生たんじょうとその発展はってん) () Japanese Society for Global Social and Cultural Studies (日本にっぽん国際こくさい情報じょうほう学会がっかい).

External links[edit]

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