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Pang De

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Pang De
龐德 / 龐悳
A Qing dynasty illustration of Pang De at the Battle of Fancheng
General Who Establishes Righteousness
(立たて義ぎ將軍しょうぐん)
In office
216 (216)–219 (219)
MonarchEmperor Xian of Han
ChancellorCao Cao
General of the Household (中ちゅう郎ろう將しょう)
(under Ma Teng)
In office
202–?
MonarchEmperor Xian of Han
Assistant Officer (從事じゅうじ)
In office
?–?
MonarchEmperor Ling of Han
Personal details
BornUnknown
Longxi County, Gansu
Died219
Xiangyang, Hubei
Children
  • Pang Hui
  • three other sons
RelativesPang Rou (cousin)
OccupationMilitary general
Courtesy nameLingming (令れい明あかり)
Posthumous nameMarquis Zhuang (壯たけし侯こう)
PeerageMarquis of Guanmen Village (關門かんもん亭てい侯こう)
In this Chinese name, the family name is Pang.

Pang De (pronunciationⓘ) (died 219), courtesy name Lingming, was a Chinese military general who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty. He started his career under the warlord Ma Teng, who was based in Liang Province. In 211, Ma Teng's son Ma Chao, along with a coalition of warlords from Liang Province, started a rebellion against the Han central government, which was controlled by the warlord Cao Cao. After Cao Cao defeated Ma Chao and the coalition at the Battle of Tong Pass, Ma Chao fled to Hanzhong Commandery and took shelter under the warlord Zhang Lu. Pang De accompanied him to Hanzhong. When Ma Chao defected from Zhang Lu's side in order to join the warlord Liu Bei, Pang De remained in Hanzhong and eventually came to serve Cao Cao after Cao Cao defeated Zhang Lu at the Battle of Yangping and took over Hanzhong. In 219, Pang De fought at the Battle of Fancheng under Cao Ren's command against Liu Bei's forces led by Guan Yu. Pang De was captured in battle and eventually executed by Guan Yu when he refused to surrender.[1]

Biography

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Pang De was from Huandao County (狟道縣けん), Nan'an Commandery (南みなみ安やす郡ぐん), Liang Province, which is located east of present-day Longxi County, Gansu. In his youth, he served as an Assistant Officer (從事じゅうじ) in the local commandery office.

Early military career

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During the Chuping era (190–193) in the reign of Emperor Xian, the Liang Province Rebellion broke out. Pang De joined the warlord Ma Teng in suppressing the revolts by the Qiang and Di tribes, and was promoted to Colonel (校こう尉じょう) for his contributions in battle.[2]

In 202, the warlord Cao Cao, who controlled the Han central government, led his forces to attack rival warlords Yuan Tan and Yuan Shang at the Battle of Liyang. When Yuan Tan ordered his subordinates Guo Yuan and Gao Gan to lead a separate force to attack Hedong Commandery, Cao Cao ordered Zhong Yao to recruit forces from Liang Province to deal with Guo Yuan and Gao Gan. Ma Teng responded to Zhong Yao's call and sent his son Ma Chao and Pang De to assist Zhong Yao in attacking Guo Yuan and Gao Gan at Pingyang County (平たいら陽よう縣けん; west of present-day Linfen, Shanxi). Pang De led the vanguard, slew Guo Yuan in the midst of battle and took his head, without knowing that the man he killed was Guo Yuan. After the battle, when Zhong Yao's men searched the battlefield, they found Guo Yuan's headless body. Shortly after, Pang De went to meet Zhong Yao and he threw Guo Yuan's head in front of him. Zhong Yao cried when he recognised Guo Yuan's head because Guo was actually his maternal nephew. Pang De immediately apologised to Zhong Yao, who replied, "Even though Guo Yuan was my nephew, he was an enemy of the state. Why do you apologise?"[3] For his contributions, Pang De was appointed as a General of the Household (中ちゅう郎ろう將しょう) and made a Marquis of a Chief Village (都と亭てい侯こう).[4]

Later, Pang De followed Ma Teng to suppress a rebellion by Zhang Baiqi (張ちょう白しろ騎き) at Yao County (殽縣; present-day Luoning County, Henan). He was famous for his bravery in Ma Teng's army as Pang De recorded always personally charged inside the enemy formation during battles.[5] When Ma Teng was recalled to the imperial capital, Xu (許もと; present-day Xuchang, Henan), to serve as Minister of the Guards (衛まもる尉じょう), Pang De remained behind in Liang Province with Ma Chao.[6]

Battle of Tong Pass & submitting to Cao Cao

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Around 211, Ma Chao started a rebellion against the Han central government and led a coalition of warlords from Liang Province to attack Cao Cao, leading to the Battle of Tong Pass. Cao Cao defeated Ma Chao and his allies at the battle and caused the coalition to break up. Despite his defeat, Ma Chao, with assistance from the Qiang tribes and the warlord Zhang Lu in Hanzhong Commandery, continued to ravage the lands in Liang Province and even seized control of the provincial governorship at one point. However, he was eventually driven out of Liang Province and forced to take shelter under Zhang Lu in Hanzhong. Pang De accompanied Ma Chao to Hanzhong and became one of Zhang Lu's subordinates.[7]

In 215, Ma Chao defected to the warlord Liu Bei and aided him in seizing control of Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) from its provincial governor, Liu Zhang. Pang De remained in Hanzhong with Zhang Lu. Later that year, Cao Cao led his forces to attack Hanzhong and defeated Zhang Lu at the Battle of Yangping. Pang De joined Zhang Lu in surrendering to Cao Cao. As Cao Cao had heard of Pang De's valour, he immediately recruited Pang De as his subordinate and appointed him as General Who Establishes Righteousness (立たて義ぎ將軍しょうぐん). Pang De was also enfeoffed as the Marquis of Guanmen Village (關門かんもん亭てい侯こう) and given 300 taxable households to form his marquisate.[8]

Battle of Fancheng & death

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Main article: Battle of Fancheng

In 219, when Hou Yin (侯ほう音おと) and Wei Kai (衛まもる開ひらく) started a rebellion in Wan (宛あて; present-day Wancheng District, Nanyang, Henan), Cao Cao sent Pang De and Cao Ren to quell the uprising.[9] After accomplishing their mission, they garrisoned at Fan (樊; also called Fancheng, in present-day Fancheng District, Xiangyang, Hubei) to defend Cao Cao's territories in northern Jing Province from advances by Liu Bei's general Guan Yu, who guarded Liu Bei's territories in southern Jing Province.[9] As Ma Chao (Pang De's previous lord) and Pang Rou (龐柔; Pang De's cousin) both served under Liu Bei, many of Cao Cao's other subordinates were suspicious of Pang De's allegiance towards their lord.[10][11] Pang De often said, "I've received grace from the State and I'm willing to serve the State with my life in the name of righteousness. I'll personally slay Guan Yu. If I don't kill Guan Yu within this year, he'll kill me."

As Pang De arrived in Fan, he battled the rebel forces and managed to slay the rebel leaders under Hou Yin (侯ほう音おと) and Wei Kai (衛まもる開ひらく) who conspired with Guan Yu.[12] As Pang De often rode gray horse during the battle, so Guan Yu's men nicknamed him as "white-horse general" (baima jiangjun 白馬はくば將軍しょうぐん), which he famous for,[12] and feared him.[13] Pang De later engaged Guan Yu in battle and fired an arrow which hit Guan's forehead at one time, nearly killing the Shu general.

Cao Ren ordered Pang De to set up a separate camp ten li north of Fan. At the time, there were heavy rains for more than ten days and the Han River next to Fan burst its banks, with the water level reaching up to five-six zhang. Pang De and his subordinates retreated to the top of a dam. Guan Yu then led his marines to attack Fan and fired arrows from their warships at the dam. Pang De donned his armour, armed himself with a bow and arrows, and returned fire at the enemy, with not a single arrow missing its target. When Dong Heng (董ただし衡) and Dong Chao (董ただし超ちょう), two of Pang De's colleagues, wanted to surrender to Guan Yu, Pang De executed them on the spot. The battle dragged on from morning until afternoon, with Guan Yu's attacks increasing in intensity as time passed. By afternoon, Pang De and his men had expended all their arrows but they continued to engage the enemy in close quarters combat with short weapons. Pang De told his subordinate Cheng He (成なり何なに), "I heard a good general doesn't fear death, nor does he hope to be spared. A martyr won't violate his principles for the sake of preserving his life. Today is the day I die." The battle raged on as the water level rose higher. By then, many of Pang De's men had surrendered, leaving Pang with only three men. They boarded a small boat and attempted to escape and return to Cao Ren's main camp.[14] However, the boat capsized and Pang De fell into the water. While grabbing on to the boat to stay afloat, he was surrounded and captured by Guan Yu's soldiers.

When brought before Guan Yu, he refused to kneel down and surrender. Guan Yu told Pang De, "Your cousin is serving in Hanzhong, and I want to recruit you as a subordinate. Why don't you surrender now?" Pang De retorted angrily, "Mean fellow, what is surrender? The King of Wei has thousands of troops and his might trembles the Empire. Liu Bei is an inferior man. How can he hope to resist (the King of Wei)? I'd rather be a ghost of the State than be a servant of my enemy." An angered Guan Yu then had Pang De executed.[15]

Cao Cao was deeply grieved when he learnt of Pang De's death and he shed tears. In 220, after Cao Pi – Cao Cao's son and successor – forced Emperor Xian to abdicate the throne to him and established the state of Cao Wei, he granted Pang De the posthumous title "Marquis Zhuang", which literally means "robust marquis". He ordered an emissary to read out the imperial edict at Pang De's tomb.[16] According to the Shu Ji (蜀しょく記き; Records of Shu) by Wang Yin (王おう隱かくれ), when the state of Shu Han (founded by Liu Bei) was conquered by the state of Cao Wei in 263, the Wei general Zhong Hui had Pang De's body transported from Shu to Ye (鄴; in present-day Handan, Hebei) in Wei territory. Pang De seemed alive inside the tomb.[17] However, Pei Songzhi, who annotated Pang De's biography in the Sanguozhi, dismissed this account as nonsense. He wrote: "Pang De died in Fancheng. After Cao Pi ascended the throne, he sent an emissary to read out an imperial edict at Pang De's tomb, so Pang's body should not be in Shu. What Wang Yin wrote was nonsense."[18]

Appraisal

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Chen Shou, the author of Records of the Three Kingdoms, has likened Pang De defiance towards Guan Yu with Zhou Kao, a minister of Liu Bang, who stands and defying Xiang Yu even when he facing death.

According to Fu Xuan, Jin dynasty historian and politician, there is record that before the battle of Tong Pass, or more known as battle of Weinan, against Cao Cao, Ma Chao and Pang De broke into a stable which contained hundred horses.[19] Pang De were said taking the low quality horse while Ma Chao taken the finest horse, which caused Pang De being laughed at. However, it is said that Pang De horse were the fastest running during the battle of Tong Pass.[19]

According to Longxi County Chronicle and Shanxi tong zhi (chronicle of Shanxi), there are "White Horse General Temple" on the top of Chishan Mountain which commemorate the bravery of two Chinese warrior, the first were Li Guang and the second are Pang De, whose bravery were praised well during the battle of Fancheng against Guan Yu.[20][21]

Descendants

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After Pang De's death, two of his sons were granted marquis titles in recognition of their father's contributions. When Cao Pi ascended the throne, he granted the title of a Secondary Marquis (關せき內侯) to each of Pang De's four sons and gave them each 100 taxable households as their marquisates.[22] The names of Pang De's sons were not recorded in history, except for one – Pang Hui (龐會).

Pang Hui resembled his father in personality and served as a general in the Cao Wei state. The highest position he reached was Commandant-General of the Capital (中尉ちゅうい將軍しょうぐん). He was also enfeoffed as a marquis.[23] The Shu Ji (蜀しょく記き) recorded that he participated in the conquest of Wei's rival state, Shu Han, in 263. After the fall of Shu, he exterminated Guan Yu's family and descendants to avenge his father.[24]

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Pang De, as he appears in Dynasty Warriors 5.

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms

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Pang De appears as a character in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which romanticises the historical events before and during the Three Kingdoms period.

Serving under Ma Chao

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Pang De made his first appearance in chapter 58 as a trusted general under Ma Teng. At that time, Ma Teng had left Liang Province and travelled to the imperial capital Xu (許もと; present-day Xuchang, Henan) while Ma Chao remained in the province. One night, Ma Chao had a dream about being attacked by a pack of tigers in a snowy land so he consulted his subordinates about it. Pang De told him that it was not a good omen. Later, Ma Chao received news that his father Ma Teng was lured into a trap in Xu and had been killed by Cao Cao's men.[25] This led to the Battle of Tong Pass, but in the novel, the order of events related to the battle had been reversed and some fictional stories were included.[a]

Later, According to Zhang Chaoju,[b] Pang De participated in Cao Cao campaign against Shu, where faced against Shu general named Wei Yan.[26] Pang De managed to overpower Wei Yan in this battle and forced the latter to retreat.[26]

Battle of Fancheng

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Pang De's role in the Battle of Fancheng (mentioned in chapter 70) was largely exaggerated for dramatic effect. Prior to the battle, Pang De volunteered to lead the vanguard of a reinforcement army to relieve Cao Ren's forces, who were besieged in Fan by Guan Yu's army. Cao Cao was delighted and he granted Pang De the post. However, when others advised Cao Cao against granting Pang De command of the vanguard due to Pang's past associations with Ma Chao (who had become one of the Five Tiger Generals under Liu Bei), Pang knelt down in front of Cao and kowtowed until his face was covered in blood. Cao Cao was moved by Pang De's sincerity and he no longer doubted Pang's allegiance towards him, so he appointed Pang as the vanguard. Pang De later ordered a wooden coffin to be built and he told his men to place Guan Yu's body inside if he succeeded in killing Guan, or place his body inside if he died in battle.

Before Pang De left to fight at the Battle of Fancheng, he told his wife to take care of their son, Pang Hui, and said that if he died, his son would avenge him in the future.[27]

Pang De later engaged Guan Ping in a duel and neither of them managed to defeat his opponent after fighting for 30 rounds. The following day, he fought with Guan Yu but neither of them won after duelling for more than 100 rounds. Pang De later duelled with Guan Yu again and he feigned defeat and retreated after about 50 rounds. When Guan Yu pursued him, he suddenly turned around and fired an arrow, which hit Guan in the left arm. Pang De wanted to use the opportunity to attack but Yu Jin (who was his superior) stopped him.

The descriptions of Pang De's final moments at the Battle of Fancheng were generally similar to those mentioned in his historical biography. He attempted to flee towards Cao Ren's main camp on a small boat, but his boat was knocked over by a large raft steered by Guan Yu's subordinate Zhou Cang. Pang De's boat capsized and he fell into the water and was captured by Zhou Cang, who was a good swimmer. Before his death, Pang De refused to kneel before Guan Yu and he firmly rejected surrender, and was thus executed on Guan's order. Guan Yu later pitied Pang De and had the latter properly buried.[28]

Modern era depiction

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Pang De is featured as a playable character in Koei's Dynasty Warriors and Warriors Orochi video game series.

Pang De appears in Total War: Three Kingdoms, serving under Ma Teng's faction.

See also

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Bibliography

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Notes

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  1. ^ See Battle of Tong Pass (211)#In fiction for details.
  2. ^ Zhang Chaoju is a modern self taught historian and professor of finance who served as lecturer in University of Queensland and Harvard, he authored the trilogy books of Cao Cao historical biography and the biography of the Sima family which involved in the War of the Eight Princes

References

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  1. ^ de Crespigny (2007), p. 685.
  2. ^ (龐德字じ令れい明あきら，南みなみ安やす狟道人じん也。少しょう為ため郡ぐん吏州從事じゅうじ。初はつ平中たいらなか，從したがえ馬ば騰あが擊げき反はん羌叛氐。數かず有功ゆうこう，稍やや遷至校こう尉じょう。) Sanguozhi vol. 18.
  3. ^ (魏ぎ略りゃく曰：德とく手しゅ斬き一いち級きゅう，不知ふち是ぜ援。戰せん罷やめ之これ後ご，眾人皆みな言げん援死而不得とく其首。援，鍾繇之の甥おい。德とく晚ばん後ご於鞬中出なかで一いち頭とう，繇見之の而哭。德とく謝しゃ繇，繇曰：「援雖我わが甥おい，乃國賊こくぞく也。卿きょう何なん謝しゃ之の？」) Weilue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 18.
  4. ^ (建けん安やす中ちゅう，太ふとし祖そ討袁譚たん、尚なお於黎陽ひ，譚たん遣や郭かく援、高こう幹みき等とう略取りゃくしゅ河東かわとう，太ふとし祖そ使し鍾繇率りつ關せき中ちゅう諸しょ將しょう討之。德とく隨したがえ騰あが子こ超ちょう拒こばめ援、幹みき於平陽ひ，德とく為ため軍ぐん鋒ほこさき，進攻しんこう援、幹みき，大破たいは之の，親おや斬き援首。 ... 拜はい中ちゅう郎ろう將はた，封ふう都と亭ちん侯こう。) Sanguozhi vol. 18.
  5. ^ 陳ちん壽ひさし; 裴松之の; 盧の弼 (1955). 三國志さんごくし集しゅう解かい 65卷かん (ebook) (in Chinese). 藝文げいぶん印しるし書しょ館かん. p. 492. Retrieved 15 January 2022. 《三國志さんごくし》：後こう張ちょう白しろ騎き叛於弘ひろ農のう，德とく復ふく隨したがえ騰あが徵ちょう之の，破やぶ白しろ騎き於兩餚間。每まい戰たたかえ，常つね陷おちい陳ひね卻敵，勇いさむ冠かんむり騰あが軍ぐん。後ご騰あが徵ちょう為ため衞まもる尉じょう，德留とくどめ屬ぞく超ちょう。
  6. ^ (後ご張ちょう白しろ騎き叛於弘ひろ農のう，德とく復ふく隨したがえ騰あが征之まさゆき，破やぶ白しろ騎き於兩殽間。每まい戰たたかえ，常つね陷おちい陳ひね卻敵，勇いさむ冠かんむり騰あが軍ぐん。後ご騰あが徵ちょう為ため衛まもる尉じょう，德留とくどめ屬ぞく超ちょう。) Sanguozhi vol. 18.
  7. ^ (太ふとし祖そ破やぶ超ちょう於渭南みなみ，德とく隨したがえ超ちょう亡ほろび入にゅう漢かん陽ひ，保ほ冀城。後こう復ふく隨したがえ超ちょう奔漢中ちゅう，從したがえ張ちょう魯。) Sanguozhi vol. 18.
  8. ^ (太ふとし祖そ定じょう漢かん中ちゅう，德とく隨ずい眾降。太ふとし祖そ素もと聞其驍勇，拜はい立りつ義ぎ將軍しょうぐん，封ふう關門かんもん亭てい侯こう，邑三さん百ひゃく戶こ。) Sanguozhi vol. 18.
  9. ^ a b 三さん國こく誌し三さん十じゅう列傳れつでん 讀三國志也能如三國演義一樣輕鬆 (in Chinese). 谷たに月がつ社しゃ. 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2022. 本ほん祖そ定じょう漢かん中ちゅう,德とく隨ずい眾降。太ふとし祖そ素もと聞其騙,拜はい立りつ義ぎ將軍しょうぐん,封ふう關門かんもん亭てい侯こう,邑三さん百ひゃく戶こ。侯ほう音おと、衛まもる開ひらき等とう以宛叛,德とく將はた所領しょりょう與あずか曹仁共ども攻おさむ拔宛,斬き音おと、開ひらけ,遂とげ南みなみ屯たむろ樊,討關羽わ。樊下諸しょ將しょう以德兄けい在ざい漢かん中ちゅう,頗疑之の。魏ぎ略りゃく日び:德とく從兄じゅうけい名めい柔やわ,時とき在ざい蜀しょく。德常とくつね日び:「我わが受國恩おん,義よし在ざい效こう死し。我欲がよく身み自じ擊げき羽わ。
  10. ^ (魏ぎ略りゃく曰：德とく從兄じゅうけい名めい柔やわ，時じ在ざい蜀しょく。) Weilue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 18.
  11. ^ (侯ほう音おと、衛まもる開ひらき等とう以宛叛，德とく將はた所領しょりょう與あずか曹仁共ども攻おさむ拔宛，斬き音おと、開ひらけ，遂とげ南みなみ屯たむろ樊，討關羽わ。樊下諸しょ將しょう以德兄けい在ざい漢かん中ちゅう，頗疑之の。) Sanguozhi vol. 18.
  12. ^ a b Theobald, Ulrich (2000). "Pang De 龐悳". ChinaKnowledge.de - An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art. University of Tübingen, Germany: Ulrich Theobald. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  13. ^ (德常とくつね曰：「我わが受國恩おん，義よし在ざい效こう死し。我欲がよく身み自じ擊げき羽わ。今年ことし我わが不ふ殺ころせ羽わ，羽はね當とう殺ころせ我わが。」後ご親おや與あずか羽はね交戰こうせん，射しゃ羽中はなか額がく。時どき德常とくつね乘じょう白馬はくば，羽はね軍ぐん謂いい之の白馬はくば將軍しょうぐん，皆みな憚はばか之これ。) Sanguozhi vol. 18.
  14. ^ (仁じん使し德とく屯たむろ樊北十じゅう里り，會かい天てん霖雨十じゅう餘よ日にち，漢かん水すい暴溢，樊下平地ひらち五ご六ろく丈たけ，德とく與あずか諸しょ將しょう避水上じょう堤つつみ。羽はね乘船じょうせん攻おさむ之の，以大船せん四よん面めん射い堤上つつみのうえ。德とく被ひ甲かぶと持じ弓ゆみ，箭や不ふ虛きょ發はつ。將軍しょうぐん董ただし衡、部ぶ曲きょく將はた董ただし超ちょう等とう欲ほっ降くだ，德とく皆みな收おさむ斬き之これ。自じ平たいら旦だん力戰りきせん至いたり日び過か中なか，羽わ攻おさむ益えき急きゅう，矢や盡つき，短たん兵へい接戰せっせん。德とく謂いい督とく將はた成なり何なん曰：「吾われ聞良將はた不ふ怯おびえ死し以苟免まぬかれ，烈士れっし不ふ毀節以求生せい，今日きょう，我わが死し日び也。」戰せん益えき怒いか，氣き愈いよいよ壯たけし，而水浸ひた盛もり，吏士皆みな降くだ。德とく與あずか麾下きか將はた一人ひとり，五ご伯はく二に人にん，彎弓傅でん矢や，乘じょう小船こぶね欲ほし還かえ仁じん營。) Sanguozhi vol. 18.
  15. ^ (水盛みずもり船せん覆くつがえ，失しつ弓矢ゆみや，獨どく抱だき船せん覆水ふくすい中ちゅう，為ため羽わ所得しょとく，立たて而不跪。羽はね謂いい曰：「卿きょう兄けい在ざい漢かん中ちゅう，我欲がよく以卿為ため將はた，不ふ早はや降くだ何なに為ため？」德とく罵ののし羽はね曰：「豎子じゅし，何なに謂いい降くだ也！魏ぎ王おう帶たい甲かぶと百ひゃく萬まん，威い振ふ天下てんか。汝なんじ劉りゅう備庸才ざい耳みみ，豈あに能のう敵てき邪よこしま！我わが寧やすし為ため國家こっか鬼おに，不為ふため賊將ぞくしょう也。」遂とげ為ため羽わ所しょ殺ころせ。) Sanguozhi vol. 18.
  16. ^ (太ふとし祖そ聞而悲之，為之ためゆき流涕りゅうてい， ... 文ぶん帝みかど即そく王位おうい，乃遣使し就德墓ぼ賜たまもの諡おくりな，策さく曰：「昔むかし先さき軫喪元もと，王おう蠋絕脰，隕身徇節，前代ぜんだい美之みゆき。惟おもんみ侯こう式しき昭あきら果はて毅あつし，蹈難成なり名めい，聲こえ溢當時じ，義高よしたか在ざい昔むかし，寡人愍焉，諡おくりな曰壯侯こう。」) Sanguozhi vol. 18.
  17. ^ (王おう隱かくれ蜀しょく記き曰：鍾會平たいら蜀しょく，前後ぜんご鼓吹こすい，迎むかい德いさお屍かばね喪も還かえ葬そう鄴，冢中身なかみ首くび如生。) Shu Ji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 18.
  18. ^ (臣しん松まつ之の案あん德とく死し於樊城じょう，文ぶん帝みかど即位そくい，又また遣や使つかい至德しとく墓所はかしょ，則のり其屍喪も不ふ應おう在ざい蜀しょく。此王隱かくれ之の虛說きょせつ也。) Pei Songzhi's annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 18.
  19. ^ a b
    Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article:
    太平たいへい御覽ごらん·卷まき897Taiping Yulan·Volume 897
  20. ^ Yiping, Yuan (2018). 中ちゅう华名联：名声めいせい追つい踪风景けい、生活せいかつ [All-China Federation of Fame: Fame Tracks Landscape, Life] (ebook) (in Chinese). EIJING BOOK CO. INC. p. 江こう陵りょう县余烈れつ山やま牌ぱい坊ぼう联(牌ぱい坊ぼう后きさき是ぜ祭祀さいし关羽和白わじろ马将军庙)欣赏本ほん联写关羽与あずか庞德交战,先さき败后胜,反映はんえい广大群ぐん众渴望かつぼう和平わへい的てき心情しんじょう。附つけ注ちゅう:将はた军白马:三国时魏国大将庞德,善ぜん战、骑白马,曾射箭や射しゃ中ちゅう关羽额头, ... ISBN 9787554923122. Retrieved 4 February 2022. 乾いぬい隆たかし《隴西縣けん誌し·拾遺しゅうい》記載きさい："白馬はくば將軍しょうぐん廟びょう，舊きゅう在ざい城東じょうとう赤あか山頂さんちょう，世せい傳でん將軍しょうぐん為ため漢かん之の 李り廣ひろ，凡巫祝しゅく必祀之の，小兒しょうに有ゆう疾病しっぺい，祈いのり禳輒驗けん，雨あめ踢亦禱[dǎo]。"縣けん誌し纂修者しゃ徵ちょう引民間あいだ説法せっぽう以為該廟奉祀ほうし李り廣ひろ，但ただし也沒有加ゆか以肯定こうてい。
  21. ^ Shanxi tong zhi Volume 15 (in Chinese). the Bavarian State Library. 1811. p. 100. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  22. ^ (... 封ふう其二そのじ子こ為ため列侯れっこう。 ... 又また賜たまもの子こ會かい等とう四よん人にん爵關內侯，邑各百ひゃく戶こ。) Sanguozhi vol. 18.
  23. ^ (會かい勇いさむ烈れつ有ゆう父ちち風ふう，官かん至いたり中尉ちゅうい將軍しょうぐん，封ふう列侯れっこう。) Sanguozhi vol. 18.
  24. ^ (蜀しょく記き曰：龐德子こ會かい，隨ずい鍾、鄧伐蜀しょく，蜀しょく破やぶ，盡つき滅めつ關せき氏し家か。) Shu Ji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  25. ^ Sanguo Yanyi ch. 58.
  26. ^ a b Chaoju, Zhang (2019). 曹操そうそう3：铜雀春はる深ふか Volume 3 (ebook) (in Chinese). 百花洲文艺出版社. ISBN 9787550031944. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  27. ^ (德とく喚其妻つま李り氏し與あずか其子龐會出で，謂いい其妻曰：「吾われ今こん為ため先鋒せんぽう，義よし當とう效こう死し疆場。我わが若死わかじに，汝なんじ好生よしお看み養やしなえ吾われ兒じ。吾われ兒じ有ゆう異相いそう，長大ちょうだい必當與あずか吾われ報ほう讎也。」) Sanguo Yanyi ch. 74.
  28. ^ Sanguo Yanyi ch. 70.

Primary & secondary sources

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