Prefectures of Japan
Prefecture Todōfuken | |
---|---|
Category | First level administrative division of a unitary state |
Location | Japan |
Number | 47 Prefectures |
Populations | 605,000 (Tottori) – 14,135,000 (Tōkyō) |
Areas | 1,861.7 km2 (718.8 sq mi) (Kagawa) – 83,453.6 km2 (32,221.6 sq mi) (Hokkaido) |
Government |
|
Subdivisions |
|
Japan is divided into 47 prefectures (
Each prefecture's chief executive is a directly elected governor (
Under a set of 1888–1890 laws on local government[2] until the 1920s, each prefecture (then only 3 -fu and 42 -ken; Hokkaidō and Okinawa-ken were subject to different laws until the 20th century) was subdivided into cities (
Each prefecture has its own mon for identification, the equivalent of a coat of arms in the West.
Background[edit]
Administrative divisions of Japan |
---|
Prefectural |
Prefectures |
Sub-prefectural |
Municipal |
Sub-municipal |
The West's use of "prefecture" to label these Japanese regions stems from 16th-century Portuguese explorers and traders use of "prefeitura" to describe the fiefdoms they encountered there.[citation needed] Its original sense in Portuguese, however, was closer to "municipality" than "province". Today, in turn, Japan uses its word ken (
Those fiefs were headed by a local warlord or family. Though the fiefs have long since been dismantled, merged, and reorganized multiple times, and been granted legislative governance and oversight, the rough translation stuck.
The Meiji government established the current system in July 1871 with the abolition of the han system and establishment of the prefecture system (
In 2003, Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi proposed that the government consolidate the current prefectures into about 10 regional states (so-called dōshūsei). The plan called for each region to have greater autonomy than existing prefectures. This process would reduce the number of subprefecture administrative regions and cut administrative costs.[3] The Japanese government also considered a plan to merge several groups of prefectures, creating a subnational administrative division system consisting of between nine and 13 states, and giving these states more local autonomy than the prefectures currently enjoy.[4] As of August 2012, this plan was abandoned.
Powers[edit]
Japan is a unitary state. The central government delegates many functions (such as education and the police force) to the prefectures and municipalities, but retains the overall right to control them. Although local government expenditure accounts for 70 percent of overall government expenditure, the central government controls local budgets, tax rates, and borrowing.[5]
Prefectural government functions include the organization of the prefectural police force, the supervision of schools and the maintenance of prefectural schools (mainly high schools), prefectural hospitals, prefectural roads, the supervision of prefectural waterways and regional urban planning. Their responsibilities include tasks delegated to them by the national government such as maintaining most ordinary national roads (except in designated major cities), and prefectures coordinate and support their municipalities in their functions. De facto, prefectures as well as municipalities have often been less autonomous than the formal extent of the local autonomy law suggests, because of national funding and policies. Most of municipalities depend heavily on central government funding – a dependency recently further exacerbated in many regions by the declining population which hits rural areas harder and earlier (cities can offset it partly through migration from the countryside). In many policy areas, the basic framework is set tightly by national laws, and prefectures and municipalities are only autonomous within that framework.
Types of prefecture[edit]
Historically, during the Edo period, the Tokugawa shogunate established bugyō-ruled zones (
Despite the differences in terminology, there is little functional difference between the four types of local governments. The subnational governments are sometimes collectively referred to as todōfuken (
To[edit]
Tokyo, capital city of Japan is referred to as to (
Following the capitulation of shogunate Edo in 1868, Tōkyō-fu (an urban prefecture like Kyoto and Osaka) was set up and encompassed the former city area of Edo under the Fuhanken sanchisei. After the abolition of the han system in the first wave of prefectural mergers in 1871/72, several surrounding areas (parts of Urawa, Kosuge, Shinagawa and Hikone prefectures) were merged into Tokyo, and under the system of (numbered) "large districts and small districts" (daiku-shōku), it was subdivided into eleven large districts further subdivided into 103 small districts, six of the large districts (97 small districts) covered the former city area of Edo.[6] When the ancient ritsuryō districts were reactivated as administrative units in 1878, Tokyo was subdivided into 15 [urban] districts (-ku) and initially six [rural] districts (-gun; nine after the Tama transfer from Kanagawa in 1893, eight after the merger of East Tama and South Toshima into Toyotama in 1896). Both urban and rural districts, like everywhere in the country, were further subdivided into urban units/towns/neighbourhoods (-chō/-machi) and rural units/villages (-mura/-son). The yet unincorporated communities on the Izu (previously part of Shizuoka) and Ogasawara (previously directly Home Ministry-administrated) island groups became also part of Tokyo in the 19th century. When the modern municipalities – [district-independent] cities and [rural] districts containing towns and villages – were introduced under the Yamagata-Mosse laws on local government and the simultaneous Great Meiji merger was performed in 1889, the 15 -ku became wards of Tokyo City, initially Tokyo's only independent city (-shi), the six rural districts of Tokyo were consolidated in 85 towns and villages.[7] In 1893, the three Tama districts and their 91 towns and villages became part of Tokyo. As Tokyo city's suburbs grew rapidly in the early 20th century, many towns and villages in Tokyo were merged or promoted over the years. In 1932, five complete districts with their 82 towns and villages were merged into Tokyo City and organised in 20 new wards. Also, by 1940, there were two more cities in Tokyo: Hachiōji City and Tachikawa City.
In 1943, Tokyo City was abolished, Tōkyō-fu became Tōkyō-to, and Tokyo-shi's 35 wards remained Tokyo-to's 35 wards, but submunicipal authorities of Tokyo-shi's wards which previously fell directly under the municipality, with the municipality now abolished, fell directly under prefectural or now "Metropolitan" authority. All other cities, towns and villages in Tokyo-fu stayed cities, towns and villages in Tokyo-to. The reorganisation's aim was to consolidate the administration of the area around the capital by eliminating the extra level of authority in Tokyo. Also, the governor was no longer called chiji, but chōkan (~"head/chief [usually: of a central government agency]") as in Hokkaidō). The central government wanted to have greater control over all local governments due to Japan's deteriorating position in World War II – for example, all mayors in the country became appointive as in the Meiji era – and over Tokyo in particular, due to the possibility of emergency in the metropolis.
After the war, Japan was forced to decentralise Tokyo again, following the general terms of democratisation outlined in the Potsdam Declaration. Many of Tokyo's special governmental characteristics disappeared during this time, and the wards took on an increasingly municipal status in the decades following the surrender. Administratively, today's special wards are almost indistinguishable from other municipalities.
The postwar reforms also changed the map of Tokyo significantly: In 1947, the 35 wards were reorganised into the 23 special wards, because many of its citizens had either died during the war, left the city, or been drafted and did not return.[citation needed] In the occupation reforms, special wards, each with their own elected assemblies (kugikai) and mayors (kuchō), were intended to be equal to other municipalities even if some restrictions still applied. (For example, there was during the occupation a dedicated municipal police agency for the 23 special wards/former Tokyo City, yet the special wards public safety commission was not named by the special ward governments, but by the government of the whole "Metropolis". In 1954, independent municipal police forces were abolished generally in the whole country, and the prefectural/"Metropolitan" police of Tokyo is again responsible for the whole prefecture/"Metropolis" and like all prefectural police forces controlled by the prefectural/"Metropolitan" public safety commission whose members are appointed by the prefectural/"Metropolitan" governor and assembly.) But, as part of the "reverse course" of the 1950s some of these new rights were removed, the most obvious measure being the denial of directly elected mayors. Some of these restrictions were removed again over the decades. But it was not until the year 2000 that the special wards were fully recognised as municipal-level entities.
Independently from these steps, as Tokyo's urban growth again took up pace during the postwar economic miracle and most of the main island part of Tokyo "Metropolis" became increasingly core part of the Tokyo metropolitan area, many of the other municipalities in Tokyo have transferred some of their authority to the Metropolitan government. For example, the Tokyo Fire Department which was only responsible for the 23 special wards until 1960 has until today taken over the municipal fire departments in almost all of Tokyo. A joint governmental structure for the whole Tokyo metropolitan area (and not only the western suburbs of the special wards which are part of the Tokyo prefecture/Metropolis") as advocated by some politicians such as former Kanagawa governor Shigefumi Matsuzawa[8] has not been established (see also Dōshūsei). Existing cross-prefectural fora of cooperation between local governments in the Tokyo metropolitan area are the Kantō regional governors' association (Kantō chihō chijikai)[9][10] and the "Shutoken summit" (formally "conference of chief executives of nine prefectures and cities", 9 to-ken-shi shunō kaigi).[11] But, these are not themselves local public entities under the local autonomy law and national or local government functions cannot be directly transferred to them, unlike the "Union of Kansai governments" (Kansai kōiki-rengō)[12] which has been established by several prefectural governments in the Kansai region.
There are some differences in terminology between Tokyo and other prefectures: police and fire departments are called chō (
In Osaka, several prominent politicians led by Tōru Hashimoto, then mayor of Osaka City and former governor of Osaka Prefecture, proposed an Osaka Metropolis plan, under which Osaka City, and possibly other neighboring cities, would be replaced by special wards similar to Tokyo's. The plan was narrowly defeated in a 2015 referendum, and again in 2020.[13]
Dō[edit]
Hokkaidō is referred to as a dō (
Hokkai-dō (
The Meiji government originally classified Hokkaidō as a "Settlement Envoyship" (
When Hokkaidō was incorporated, transportation on the island was still underdeveloped, so the prefecture was split into several "subprefectures" (
"Hokkaidō Prefecture" is, technically speaking, a redundant term because dō itself indicates a prefecture, although it is occasionally used to differentiate the government from the island itself. The prefecture's government calls itself the "Hokkaidō Government" rather than the "Hokkaidō Prefectural Government".
Fu[edit]
Osaka and Kyoto Prefectures are referred to as fu (
Ken[edit]
43 of the 47 prefectures are referred to as ken (
Lists of prefectures[edit]
The different systems of parsing frame the ways in which Japanese prefectures are perceived:
By Japanese ISO[edit]
The prefectures are also often grouped into eight regions (
By English name[edit]
- The default alphabetic order in this sortable table can be altered to mirror the traditional Japanese regions and ISO parsing.
Prefecture | Capital | Region | Major Island | Population (April 1, 2023) |
Area (km2) [15] |
Density (per km2) |
Distr. | ISO | Area code | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aichi | Nagoya | Chūbu | Honshū | 7,475,630 | 5,173.07 | 1,458 | 7 | 54 | JP-23 | 052 | ||
Akita | Akita | Tōhoku | Honshū | 918,811 | 11,637.52 | 82.4 | 6 | 25 | JP-05 | 018 | ||
Aomori | Aomori | Tōhoku | Honshū | 1,190,685 | 9,645.64 | 128.3 | 8 | 40 | JP-02 | 017 | ||
Chiba | Chiba | Kantō | Honshū | 6,269,572 | 5,157.57 | 1,218.50 | 6 | 54 | JP-12 | 043 | ||
Ehime | Matsuyama | Shikoku | Shikoku | 1,296,061 | 5,676.19 | 235.2 | 7 | 20 | JP-38 | 089 | ||
Fukui | Fukui | Chūbu | Honshū | 746,733 | 4,190.52 | 183 | 7 | 17 | JP-18 | 077 | ||
Fukuoka | Fukuoka | Kyūshū | Kyūshū | 5,101,340 | 4,986.51 | 1,029.80 | 12 | 60 | JP-40 | 092 | ||
Fukushima | Fukushima | Tōhoku | Honshū | 1,773,723 | 13,784.14 | 133 | 13 | 59 | JP-07 | 024 | ||
Gifu | Gifu | Chūbu | Honshū | 1,933,019 | 10,621.29 | 186.3 | 9 | 42 | JP-21 | 058 | ||
Gunma | Maebashi | Kantō | Honshū | 1,902,834 | 6,362.28 | 304.8 | 7 | 35 | JP-10 | 027 | ||
Hiroshima | Hiroshima | Chūgoku | Honshū | 2,745,295 | 8,479.65 | 330.2 | 5 | 23 | JP-34 | 082 | ||
Hokkaido | Sapporo | Hokkaidō | Hokkaidō | 5,114,809 | 83,424.44 | 66.6 | 66 | 180 | JP-01 | 011–016 | ||
Hyōgo | Kōbe | Kansai | Honshū | 5,378,405 | 8,401.02 | 650.5 | 8 | 41 | JP-28 | 073 | ||
Ibaraki | Mito | Kantō | Honshū | 2,828,848 | 6,097.39 | 470.2 | 7 | 44 | JP-08 | 029 | ||
Ishikawa | Kanazawa | Chūbu | Honshū | 1,111,483 | 4,186.21 | 270.5 | 5 | 19 | JP-17 | 076 | ||
Iwate | Morioka | Tōhoku | Honshū | 1,168,771 | 15,275.01 | 79.2 | 10 | 33 | JP-03 | 019 | ||
Kagawa | Takamatsu | Shikoku | Shikoku | 926,866 | 1,876.78 | 506.3 | 5 | 17 | JP-37 | 087 | ||
Kagoshima | Kagoshima | Kyūshū | Kyūshū | 1,553,060 | 9,187.06 | 172.9 | 8 | 43 | JP-46 | 099 | ||
Kanagawa | Yokohama | Kantō | Honshū | 9,222,108 | 2,416.11 | 3,823.20 | 6 | 33 | JP-14 | 045 | ||
Kōchi | Kōchi | Shikoku | Shikoku | 669,516 | 7,103.63 | 97.3 | 6 | 34 | JP-39 | 088 | ||
Kumamoto | Kumamoto | Kyūshū | Kyūshū | 1,708,761 | 7,409.46 | 234.6 | 9 | 45 | JP-43 | 096 | ||
Kyōto | Kyōto | Kansai | Honshū | 2,537,860 | 4,612.20 | 559 | 6 | 26 | JP-26 | 075 | ||
Mie | Tsu | Kansai | Honshū | 1,731,863 | 5,774.49 | 306.6 | 7 | 29 | JP-24 | 059 | ||
Miyagi | Sendai | Tōhoku | Honshū | 2,264,921 | 7,282.29 | 316.1 | 10 | 35 | JP-04 | 022 | ||
Miyazaki | Miyazaki | Kyūshū | Kyūshū | 1,043,524 | 7,735.22 | 138.3 | 6 | 26 | JP-45 | 098 | ||
Nagano | Nagano | Chūbu | Honshū | 2,007,647 | 13,561.56 | 151 | 14 | 77 | JP-20 | 026 | ||
Nagasaki | Nagasaki | Kyūshū | Kyūshū | 1,270,358 | 4,130.98 | 317.7 | 4 | 21 | JP-42 | 095 | ||
Nara | Nara | Kansai | Honshū | 1,298,946 | 3,690.94 | 358.8 | 7 | 39 | JP-29 | 074 | ||
Niigata | Niigata | Chūbu | Honshū | 2,135,036 | 12,583.96 | 174.9 | 9 | 30 | JP-15 | 025 | ||
Ōita | Ōita | Kyūshū | Kyūshū | 1,098,383 | 6,340.76 | 177.2 | 3 | 18 | JP-44 | 097 | ||
Okayama | Okayama | Chūgoku | Honshū | 1,850,210 | 7,114.33 | 265.4 | 10 | 27 | JP-33 | 086 | ||
Okinawa | Naha | Kyūshū | Ryūkyū Islands | 1,462,871 | 2,282.59 | 642.9 | 5 | 41 | JP-47 | 098 | ||
Ōsaka | Ōsaka | Kansai | Honshū | 8,770,650 | 1,905.32 | 4,638.40 | 5 | 43 | JP-27 | 06x | ||
Saga | Saga | Kyūshū | Kyūshū | 795,157 | 2,440.69 | 332.5 | 6 | 20 | JP-41 | 095 | ||
Saitama | Saitama | さいたま |
Kantō | Honshū | 7,328,073 | 3,797.75 | 1,934 | 8 | 63 | JP-11 | 048 | |
Shiga | Ōtsu | Kansai | Honshū | 1,405,299 | 4,017.38 | 351.9 | 3 | 19 | JP-25 | 077 | ||
Shimane | Matsue | Chūgoku | Honshū | 650,900 | 6,707.89 | 100.1 | 5 | 19 | JP-32 | 085 | ||
Shizuoka | Shizuoka | Chūbu | Honshū | 3,561,252 | 7,777.35 | 467.2 | 5 | 35 | JP-22 | 054 | ||
Tochigi | Utsunomiya | Kantō | Honshū | 1,898,513 | 6,408.09 | 301.7 | 5 | 26 | JP-09 | 028 | ||
Tokushima | Tokushima | Shikoku | Shikoku | 697,733 | 4,146.75 | 173.5 | 8 | 24 | JP-36 | 088 | ||
Tōkyō | Tōkyō[16] | Kantō | Honshū | 14,063,564 | 2,194.03 | 6,402.60 | 1 | 39 | JP-13 | 03x/042 | ||
Tottori | Tottori | Chūgoku | Honshū | 539,190 | 3,507.14 | 157.8 | 5 | 19 | JP-31 | 085 | ||
Toyama | Toyama | Chūbu | Honshū | 1,009,050 | 4,247.58 | 243.6 | 2 | 15 | JP-16 | 076 | ||
Wakayama | Wakayama | Kansai | Honshū | 895,931 | 4,724.65 | 195.3 | 6 | 30 | JP-30 | 075 | ||
Yamagata | Yamagata | Tōhoku | Honshū | 1,031,642 | 9,323.15 | 114.6 | 8 | 35 | JP-06 | 023 | ||
Yamaguchi | Yamaguchi | Chūgoku | Honshū | 1,301,480 | 6,112.54 | 219.6 | 4 | 19 | JP-35 | 083 | ||
Yamanashi | Kōfu | Chūbu | Honshū | 796,231 | 4,465.27 | 181.4 | 5 | 27 | JP-19 | 055 |
Former prefectures[edit]
1870s[edit]
1880s[edit]
Prefecture | Japanese | Year of Abolition |
Fate |
---|---|---|---|
Kanazawa | 1869 | Renamed as Ishikawa | |
Sendai | 1871 | Renamed as Miyagi | |
Morioka | 1872 | Renamed as Iwate | |
Nagoya | 1872 | Renamed as Aichi | |
Nukata | 1872 | Merged into Aichi | |
Nanao | 1872 | Merged into Ishikawa and Shinkawa | |
Iruma | 1873 | Merged into Kumagaya and Kanagawa | |
Inba | 1873 | Merged into Chiba | |
Kisarazu | 1873 | Merged into Chiba | |
Utsunomiya | 1873 | Merged into Tochigi | |
Asuwa | 1873 | Merged into Tsuruga | |
Kashiwazaki | 1873 | Merged into Niigata | |
Ichinoseki→Mizusawa→Iwai | 1875 | Merged into Iwate and Miyagi | |
Okitama | 1875 | Merged into Yamagata | |
Niihari | 1875 | Merged into Ibaraki and Chiba | |
Sakata→Tsuruoka | 1876 | Merged into Yamagata | |
Taira→Iwasaki | 1876 | Merged into Fukushima and Miyagi | |
Wakamatsu | 1876 | Merged into Fukushima | |
Chikuma | 1876 | Merged into Nagano and Gifu | |
Tsuruga | 1876 | Merged into Ishikawa and Shiga | |
Niikawa | 1876 | Merged into Ishikawa | |
Sakai | 1881 | Merged into Osaka | |
Ashigara | 1876 | Merged into Kanagawa and Shizuoka | |
Kumagaya | 1876 | Merged into Gunma and Saitama | |
Aikawa | 1876 | Merged into Niigata | |
Hamamatsu | 1876 | Merged into Shizuoka | |
Hakodate | 1886 | Merged into Hokkaidō | |
Sapporo | 1886 | Merged into Hokkaidō | |
Nemuro | 1886 | Merged into Hokkaidō | |
Tokyo | 1943 | Reorganized as Tokyo Metropolis ( |
Lost after World War II[edit]
Here are some territories that were lost after World War II. This does not include all the territories of the Empire of Japan such as Manchukuo.
See also[edit]
- List of Japanese prefectural name etymologies
- List of Japanese prefectures by area
- List of Japanese prefectures by population
- List of Japanese prefectures by GDP
- List of Japanese prefectures by GDP per capita
- List of Japanese prefectures by Human Development Index
- List of Japanese prefectures by life expectancy
- List of Japanese prefectures by highest mountain
- List of prefectural capitals in Japan
- List of Prefecture songs of Japan
- ISO 3166-2 codes for Japan
- List of prefectural governors in Japan
- Flags of Japanese prefectures
- Provinces of Japan
General[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ a b Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric, 2002: "Provinces and prefectures" in Japan encyclopedia, p. 780.
- ^ prefectural code (
府県 制 , fukensei), district code (郡 制 , gunsei), city code (市制 , shisei), town and village code (町村 制 , chōsonsei) - ^ Mabuchi, Masaru, "Municipal Amalgamation in Japan" Archived 2015-11-06 at the Wayback Machine, World Bank, 2001.
- ^ "Doshusei Regional System" Archived 2006-09-26 at the Wayback Machine National Association for Research Advancement.
- ^ Mochida, "Local Government Organization and Finance: Japan", in Shah, Anwar (2006). Local Governance in Industrial Countries. World Bank. Archived from the original on 2014-01-08. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
- ^ National Archives of Japan: 『
明治 東京 全 図 』 Archived 2023-01-02 at the Wayback Machine - ^ Tokyo Metropolitan Archives:
大 東京 35区 物語 ~15区 から23区 へ~東京 23区 の歴史 Archived 2007-11-17 at the Wayback Machine - ^ The Japan Times, December 4, 2003: Few warm to greater-Tokyo assembly idea. Kanagawa chief pushes new administrative body to deal with regional issues Archived 2022-05-27 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Kanagawa prefectural government:
関東 地方 知事 会 Archived 2017-09-15 at the Wayback Machine - ^ Saitama prefectural government:
関東 地方 知事 会 Archived 2023-05-31 at the Wayback Machine - ^ "
九 都県 市 首脳 会議 ". www.9tokenshi-syunoukaigi.jp. Archived from the original on 2023-06-10. Retrieved 2017-07-26. - ^ "ホーム-
関西 広域 連合 ". Archived from the original on 2023-08-16. Retrieved 2017-07-26. - ^ "Osaka metropolis plan rejected by slim margin in 2nd referendum". Kyodo News. 2 Nov 2020. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
- ^ See ISO 3166
- ^ "
全国 都道府県 市区 町村 別 面積 調 (10月 1日 時点 )" [Areas of prefectures, cities, towns and villages (October 1)] (PDF). Geospatial Information Authority of Japan. Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism. October 1, 2020. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2021. - ^
都庁 は新宿 区 . Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Archived from the original on April 19, 2014. Retrieved April 12, 2014. Shinjuku is the location of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Office. But Tokyo is not a "municipality". Therefore, for the sake of convenience, the notation of prefectural is "Tokyo". - ^ Post-war administrative division changes are not reflected in this table. The capital of the former Japanese administration is not necessarily the capital of the present-day equivalent.
- ^ Administered by the United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands. Returned to Japan in 1972
- ^ Due to the division of Korea, Kōgen (Kangwon/Gangwon), Keiki (Gyeonggi) and Kōkai (Hwanghae) are divided between North Korea and South Korea. While each Korea has its own Kangwon/Gangwon Province, the North Korean portion of Gyeonggi and the South Korean portion of Hwanghae have been absorbed into other provinces.
- ^ Shunsen (Chuncheon) is in present-day South Korea.
- ^ After World War II, the islands of Taiwan and Penghu were placed under the administration of the Republic of China under General Order No. 1, although they nominally remained part of Japan. Before the post-war treaties were to be signed by the ROC and Japan, the ROC government was defeated in the Chinese Civil War to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and decamped to the island of Taiwan. Japan relinquished the claims to Taiwan and Penghu in the Treaty of San Francisco on 28 April 1952, but the sovereignty of the islands remained undetermined to this day. Excluding Kinmen and Matsu, which form the rump Fujian Province, Taiwan and Penghu are still today governed by the Republic of China in a post-war capacity recognized by a few states as the sole legitimate government of "China". See also Political status of Taiwan and Theory of the Undetermined Status of Taiwan.
- ^ Leased from Qing dynasty, subsequently Republic of China and Manchukuo.
- ^ After World War II, the Soviet Union occupied the territory. The Soviet Union turned it over to the People's Republic of China in 1955.
- ^ League of Nations mandate
- ^ Then administered by the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands