Universal indicator
A universal indicator is a pH indicator made of a solution of several compounds that exhibit various smooth colour changes over a wide range pH values to indicate the acidity or alkalinity of solutions. A universal indicator can be in paper form or present in a form of a solution.[1]
History[edit]
Although there are several commercially available universal pH indicators, most are a variation of a formula patented by Yamada in 1933.[2][3][4]
Composition[edit]
A universal indicator is usually composed of water, 1-propanol, phenolphthalein, sodium hydroxide, methyl red, bromothymol blue, sodium bisulfite, and thymol blue.[5] The colours that indicate the pH of a solution, after adding a universal indicator, are:
| pH range | Description | Colour |
|---|---|---|
| < 3 | Strong acid | Red |
| 3–6 | Weak acid | Orange or Yellow |
| 7 | Neutral | Green |
| 8–11 | Weak alkali | Blue |
| > 11 | Strong alkali | Indigo or Violet |
The colors from yellow to red indicate an acidic solution, colours blue to violet indicate an alkaline solution and a green colour indicates that a solution is neutral.
| Indicator | Low pH colour | Transition pH range | High pH colour |
|---|---|---|---|
| Thymol blue (first transition) | Red | 1.2 – 2.8 | Yellow |
| Methyl orange | Red | 3.2 – 4.4 | Yellow |
| Methyl red | Red | 4.8 – 6.0 | Yellow |
| Bromothymol blue | Yellow | 6.0 – 7.6 | Blue |
| Thymol blue (second transition) | Yellow | 8.0 – 9.6 | Blue |
| Phenolphthalein | Colourless | 8.3 – 10.0 | Fuchsia |
Wide-range pH test papers with distinct colours for each pH from 1 to 14 are also available. Colour matching charts are supplied with the specific test strips purchased.
Types[edit]
- Paper form: It is a strip of coloured paper which changes colour to red if the solution is acidic and to blue, if the solution is basic. The strip can be placed directly onto a surface of a wet substance or a few drops of the solution can be dropped onto the universal indicator using dropping equipment. If the test solution is of a dark colour, it is preferable to use a paper universal indicator, such as Hydrion paper.
- Solution: The main components of a universal indicator, in the form of a solution, are thymol blue, methyl red, bromothymol blue, and phenolphthalein. This mixture is important because each component loses or gains protons depending upon the acidity or alkalinity of the solution being tested. It is beneficial to use this type of universal indicator in a colorless solution. This will increase the accuracy level of indication.
Influence on conductivity[edit]
The impact of an ethanol-based universal indicator may seem negligible at first glance. However, in the case of dilute solutions prepared with bidistilled water, this influence becomes readily discernible and measurable. [1]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Walker, Denise (2007). Acids and alkalis (1 ed.). London: Evans. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-237-53002-0. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
- ^ Jap. Pat. 99,664, Feb 21, 1933
- ^ Chem Abstr, 28, 2258 (1934)
- ^ Foster, L. S.; Gruntfest, I. J. (1937). "Demonstration experiments using universal indicators". Journal of Chemical Education. 14 (6): 274. Bibcode:1937JChEd..14..274F. doi:10.1021/ed014p274.
- ^ "Universal Indicator". ISCID Encyclopedia of Science and Philosophy. Archived from the original on September 25, 2006.