降
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See also: 隆
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Translingual
[edit]Han character
[edit]Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1349, character 12
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41620
- Dae Jaweon: page 1852, character 4
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4126, character 18
- Unihan data for U+964D
Chinese
[edit]trad. | ||
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simp. # | ||
alternative forms | 夅 𨹓 𡲣 𡲛 𫱔 (kiung) Hakka |
Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character | |
---|---|
Shang | Western Zhou |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions |
Phono-semantic compound (
Pronunciation 1
[edit]Etymology
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): jiang4
- Cantonese (Jyutping): gong3
- Gan (Wiktionary): gong4
- Hakka
- Northern Min (KCR): go̿ng
- Eastern Min (BUC): gáung
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 5kaon
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): jian4
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄤˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: jiàng
- Wade–Giles: chiang4
- Yale: jyàng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jianq
- Palladius: цзян (czjan)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: jiang4
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: giang
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕiaŋ²¹³/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: gong3
- Yale: gong
- Cantonese Pinyin: gong3
- Guangdong Romanization: gong3
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɔːŋ³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: gong4
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɔŋ³⁵/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kong / kiung
- Hakka Romanization System: gong / giung
- Hagfa Pinyim: gong4 / giung4
- Sinological IPA: /koŋ⁵⁵/, /ki̯uŋ⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
Note:
- kiung - only in the sense “to give birth”;
- kong - all other senses.
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: go̿ng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɔŋ³³/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: gáung
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɑuŋ²¹³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- Wu
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: jian4
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕi̯æn⁴⁵/
- (Changsha)
- Middle Chinese: kaewngH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤruŋ-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*kruːŋs/
Definitions
[edit]- to fall; to drop; to descend; to come down
降 落 ― jiàngluò ― to fall; to land
- (honorific) to visit; to honor with one's presence
- to bestow; to confer
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Tiān jiàng sāngluàn, jījǐn jiànzhēn. [Pinyin]
- That Heaven [thus] sends down death and disorder?
Famine comes again and again.
天 降 喪 亂 ,饑饉 薦 臻。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]天 降 丧乱,饥馑荐臻。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
- to reduce; to decrease; to lower
- (music) flat (♭)
降 A大 調 /降 A大 调 ― jiàngēidàdiào ― A-flat major
- to be born
- (Hakka) to give birth
- a surname
Compounds
[edit]下降 (xiàjiàng)以降 (yǐjiàng)光 降 升 降 (shēngjiàng)升 降 機 (shēngjiàngjī)升 降 舵 (shēngjiàngduò)名 降 喜 從 天 降 /喜 从天降 - 崧生
嶽 降 /崧生岳 降 嵩 嶽 降 神 /嵩 岳 降 神 左 降 強迫 降 落/强迫 降 落從 天 而降/从天而降 (cóngtiān'érjiàng)打 降 技術 降 落/技 术降落明 降 昴 降 星 降 普 降 甘 霖牛 筋 牛 降 禍 從 天 降 /祸从天 降 空 降 (kōngjiàng)空 降 作戰 /空 降 作 战空 降 兵 (kōngjiàngbīng)空 降 部隊 /空 降 部 队- 紆尊
降 貴 /纡尊降 贵 (yūzūnjiàngguì) 調 降 /调降 (tiáojiàng)- 謫降/谪降
貴 降 /贵降- 賤降/贱降 (jiànjiàng)
迫 降 降下 (jiàngxià)降 世 (jiàngshì)降 乩降 交點 /降 交点 降 低 (jiàngdī)降 價 /降 价 (jiàngjià)降 元 音 降 冪 /降 幂 (jiàngmì)降 冪 排列 /降 幂排列 降 凡降 升 調 降 半旗 (jiàngbànqí)降 咎 降壓 器 /降 压器降 席 降 幅 (jiàngfú)降 心 相 從 /降 心 相 从降 志 辱 身 降 情 降旗 (jiàngqí)降 旨 (jiàngzhǐ)降格 (jiànggé)降格 以求降格 仿諷/降格 仿讽降水 (jiàngshuǐ)降水 量 (jiàngshuǐliàng)降 溫 /降 温 (jiàngwēn)降 火 (jiànghuǒ)降 災 /降 灾降 生 (jiàngshēng)降 真 香 降 神 (jiàngshén)降 祥 降 福 降 級 /降 级 (jiàngjí)降 級數 /降 级数降 罪 降職 /降 职 (jiàngzhí)降臨 /降 临 (jiànglín)降 落 (jiàngluò)降 落傘/降 落伞 (jiàngluòsǎn)降 薪 (jiàngxīn)降 詔 /降 诏 (jiàngzhào)降 調 /降 调 (jiàngdiào)降 貴 紆尊/降 贵纡尊 降 降 的 降 階 /降 阶降雨 (jiàngyǔ)降霜 (jiàngshuāng)降 香 (jiàngxiāng)陟 降 霜降 (Shuāngjiàng)頻頻 貶降/频频贬降- 驟降/骤降 (zhòujiàng)
- 黜降
Descendants
[edit]Pronunciation 2
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): hong4
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hòng
- Eastern Min (BUC): hòng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6ghaon
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄤˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: siáng
- Wade–Giles: hsiang2
- Yale: syáng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyang
- Palladius: сян (sjan)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕi̯ɑŋ³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: hong4
- Yale: hòhng
- Cantonese Pinyin: hong4
- Guangdong Romanization: hong4
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɔːŋ²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hòng
- Hakka Romanization System: hongˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: hong2
- Sinological IPA: /hoŋ¹¹/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: hòng
- Sinological IPA (key): /houŋ⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- Wu
- Middle Chinese: haewng
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*m-kˤru[ŋ]/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɡruːŋ/
Definitions
[edit]Compounds
[edit]Descendants
[edit]Japanese
[edit]Shinjitai | ||
Kyūjitai [1] |
󠄃 ?(Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
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The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |
Kanji
[edit]- to descend
- to fall
- to precipitate
- to surrender
Readings
[edit]- Go-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)←こう (kou, historical)、ごう (gō)←ごう (gou, historical)
- Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)←かう (kau, historical)
- Kun: おりる (oriru,
降 りる, Jōyō)←おる (oru,降 る, historical)、おろす (orosu,降 ろす, Jōyō)、ふる (furu,降 る, Jōyō)、くだす (kudasu,降 す)、くだる (kudaru,降 る)、ふらす (furasu,降 らす)、ふり (furi,降 り) - Nanori: ふり (furi)、ふる (furu)
Compounds
[edit]Compounds
References
[edit]- ^ “
降 ”, in漢字 ぺディア [Kanjipedia][1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2024
Korean
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Middle Chinese
Historical Readings | ||
---|---|---|
Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | Recorded as Middle Korean 가ᇰ〮 (Yale: káng) in Dongguk Jeongun ( | |
Middle Korean | ||
Text | Eumhun | |
Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] | ᄂᆞ릴 강 | Recorded as Middle Korean 강 (kang) (Yale: kang) in Sinjeung Yuhap ( |
Pronunciation
[edit]- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ka̠(ː)ŋ]
- Phonetic hangul: [강(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Hanja
[edit]Compounds
[edit]Compounds
- 강단 (
降 壇 , gangdan) - 강등 (
降 等 , gangdeung) - 강림 (
降臨 , gangnim) - 강설 (
降雪 , gangseol) - 강쇄 (
降 殺 , gangswae) - 강수 (
降水 , gangsu) - 강신 (
降 神 , gangsin) - 강우 (
降雨 , gang'u) - 강탄 (
降誕 , gangtan) - 강하 (
降下 , gangha) - 낙강/락강 (落降, nakgang/rakgang)
- 등강 (
登降 , deunggang) - 상강 (
霜降 , sanggang) - 승강 (
昇降 , seunggang) - 적강 (謫降, jeokgang)
- 척강 (
陟 降 , cheokgang) - 침강 (
沈降 , chimgang) - 탄강 (誕降, tan'gang)
- 하강 (
下降 , hagang) - 활강 (
滑降 , hwalgang) - 강수량 (
降水 量 , gangsuryang) - 강신술 (
降 神 術 , gangsinsul) - 승강기 (
昇降 機 , seungganggi)
Etymology 2
[edit]From Middle Chinese
Historical Readings | ||
---|---|---|
Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | Recorded as Middle Korean ᅘᅡᇰ (Yale: hhàng) in Dongguk Jeongun ( | |
Middle Korean | ||
Text | Eumhun | |
Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[3] | 항복 항[1] | Recorded as Middle Korean 항 (hang) (Yale: hang) in Sinjeung Yuhap ( |
|
Pronunciation
[edit]- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ha̠ŋ]
- Phonetic hangul: [항]
Hanja
[edit]Compounds
[edit]Compounds
References
[edit]- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (
國際 退 溪 學會 大邱 慶 北 支部 ) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子 字典 . [4]
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]
Compounds
[edit]降 級 (giáng cấp)降 禍 (giáng họa/giáng hoạ)降 福 (giáng phúc)降 生 (giáng sinh/Giáng sinh)降 世 (giáng thế)降 秩 (giáng trật)
References
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降 - Mandarin terms with usage examples
- Chinese honorific terms
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- zh:Music
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- Japanese sixth grade kanji
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- Japanese kanji with historical goon reading こう
- Japanese kanji with goon reading ごう
- Japanese kanji with historical goon reading ごう
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading こう
- Japanese kanji with historical kan'on reading かう
- Japanese kanji with kun reading お・りる
- Japanese kanji with historical kun reading お・る
- Japanese kanji with kun reading お・ろす
- Japanese kanji with kun reading ふ・る
- Japanese kanji with kun reading くだ・す
- Japanese kanji with kun reading くだ・る
- Japanese kanji with kun reading ふ・らす
- Japanese kanji with kun reading ふ・り
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading ふり
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading ふる
- Korean terms derived from Middle Chinese
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