(Translated by https://www.hiragana.jp/)
Mind and Language Between the Organic and the Inorganic | SpringerLink
Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Mind and Language Between the Organic and the Inorganic

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Demystifying Bilingualism

  • 246 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter discusses two metaphors that academic discourse relied on at different moments in time to describe human brains and mental activities: the mind is an organism and the mind is a machine. In the course of the investigation period, researchers increasingly moved away from an organic understanding of language as being intimately interconnected with emotions, ways of thinking, as well as individual and collective identity, in order to adopt a mechanistic or computational view of mental processes and speech production. This shift allowed speed and efficiency to become core values in scientific discourse on bilinguals’ cognitive performance.

[T]hrough our inescapable reliance on language, even the most ardent efforts to rid natural law of cultural norms become subverted, and the machinery of life takes on not so much a life of its own as a life of our own.

—Keller (1990: 100)

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
JPY 3498
Price includes VAT (Japan)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
JPY 13727
Price includes VAT (Japan)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
JPY 17159
Price includes VAT (Japan)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
JPY 17159
Price includes VAT (Japan)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    In his ten-volume work Völkerpsychologie. Eine Untersuchung der Entwicklungsgesetze von Sprache, Mythus und Sitte (1911), Wilhelm Wundt deals with both the concept of Volksgeist and that of Volksseele, the latter being in the foreground and encompassing—just like Volksgeist in other authors—the language, myth, and customs of a people.

  2. 2.

    Note that Frank (2008b: 222; 224; 226; 230–231; 237) describes how the conflation of “language” with “species,” and with the concept of “race” resulted in a “language-species-race isomorphism” which gave rise to racialist positions towards the end of the nineteenth century as, given the organicist point of view, nations, tribes and peoples tended to be defined by and inseparable from the languages they spoke, the latter being natural objects. Harrington (1996) shows that the story of holism in Germany is a politically heterogeneous story with multiple endings that also paved the way to Nazism. Likewise, Bonfiglio (2010: 180–184) points out that the misappropriation of language for ideological purposes reached its most damaging extremes in the period of German fascism.

  3. 3.

    The third manifestation of the organism metaphor, of which August Schleicher‘s work Darwinische Theorie und die Sprachwissenschaft (1863) is a striking example, is only subliminally present in our corpus. It compares the evolution of historical languages to the development of organisms and species, testifying to the beginning of the great influence of evolutionary theory on the Humanities and especially on Philology, an issue that we will elaborate on in Chap. 8, Sect. 8.2.

  4. 4.

    How deep of an impact the studies of the researcher Wallace E. Lambert, especially the article published in collaboration with Elisabeth Peal in Peal and Lambert (1962), have had on the research in the following years up to the turn of the millennium, appears in an analysis of the keywords of sub-corpus 1962–1999 compared to 2000–today, in which Lambert figures as a positive keyword on position 14.

  5. 5.

    Compare, for example, the relatively frequent occurrences of metaphorical expressions such as circuit (linguistic circuits, neuron circuits, brain circuits, etc.) and (to a lesser degree) wire.

  6. 6.

    This is linked to the oldest problem of philosophy and brain research alike, the body–mind problem, that is, the relationship between mind and brain, consciousness and matter, which has remained the real driving force behind this discipline throughout the history of brain research (cf. Eckoldt 2016: 199, 204–205; Slaney and Maraun 2005: 155).

  7. 7.

    The use of the verb fine tune and of the adjective powerful in the following quote intensifies even more the mechanical conception of the brain.

  8. 8.

    The use of the mind-as-container metaphor should also be noted here.

Bibliography

Corpus Texts Analyzed in CQPweb

  • Abutalebi, Jubin, Della Rosa, Pasquale Anthony, David W. Green, Mireia Hernandez, Paola Scifo, and Roland Keim. 2012. Bilingualism Tunes the Anterior Cingulate Cortex for Conflict Monitoring. Cerebral Cortex 22 (9): 2076–2086.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akhtar, Nameera, and Jennifer A. Menjivar. 2012. Cognitive and Linguistic Correlates of Early Exposure to More Than One Language. Advances in Child Development and Behavior 42: 41–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Antón, Eneko, Yuriem Fernández García, Manuel Carreiras, and Jon Andoni Duñabeitia. 2016. Does Bilingualism Shape Inhibitory Control in the Elderly? Journal of Memory and Language 90: 147–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bak, Thomas H. 2016a. Cooking Pasta in La Paz. Bilingualism, Bias and the Replication Crisis. LAB 6 (5): 699–717.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2016b. The Impact of Bilinguism on Cognitive Aging and Dementia: Finding a Path Through a Forest of Confounding Variables. LAB 6 (1–2): 205–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bak, Thomas H., Jack J. Nissan, Michael M. Allerhand, and Ian J. Deary. 2014. Does Bilingualism Influence Cognitive Aging? Annals of Neurology 75 (6): 959–963.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bialystok, Ellen, and Michelle M. Martin. 2004. Attention and Inhibition in Bilingual Children: Evidence from the Dimensional Change Card Sort Task. Developmental Science 7 (3): 325–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bialystok, Ellen, and Gregory Poarch. 2014. Language Experience Changes Language and Cognitive Ability. Zeitschrift fur Erziehungswissenschaft: ZfE 17 (3): 433–446.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bialystok, Ellen, Fergus Craik, and Gigi Luk. 2008. Cognitive Control and Lexical Access in Younger and Older Bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition 34 (4): 859–873.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bobb, Susan C., Zofia Wodniecka, and Judith F. Kroll. 2013. What Bilinguals Tell Us about Cognitive Control: Overview to the Special Issue. Journal of Cognitive Psychology 25 (5): 493–496.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bogus, Mira Bechmizovna. 2015. Intellectual Development of Primary School-Aged Bilingual Learners. MJSS 6: 548–555.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Bruin, Angela, Barbara Treccani, and Sergio Della Sala. 2015. Cognitive Advantage in Bilingualism: An Example of Publication Bias? Psychological Science 26 (1): 99–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buchweitz, Augusto, and Chantel Prat. 2013. The Bilingual Brain: Flexibility and Control in the Human Cortex. Physics of Life Reviews 10 (4): 428–443.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coderre, Emily L., and Walter J.B. van Heuven. 2014. The Effect of Script Similarity on Executive Control in Bilinguals. Frontiers in Psychology 5 (1070): 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costa, Albert, and Núria Sebastián-Gallés. 2014. How Does the Bilingual Experience Sculpt the Brain? Nature Reviews: Neuroscience 15 (5): 336–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Costa, Albert, Mireia Hernández, and Núria Sebastián-Gallés. 2008. Bilingualism Aids Conflict Resolution: Evidence from the ANT Task. Cognition 106 (1): 59–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Costa, Albert, Mireia Hernández, Jordi Costa-Faidella, and Núria Sebastián-Gallés. 2009. On the Bilingual Advantage in Conflict Processing: Now You See It, Now You Don’t. Cognition 113 (2): 135–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, Simon R., Thomas H. Bak, Michael Allerhand, Paul Redmond, John M. Starr, Ian J. Deary, and Sarah E. MacPherson. 2016. Bilingualism, Social Cognition and Executive Functions: A Tale of Chickens and Eggs. Neuropsychologia 91: 299–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Craik, Fergus I.M. 2005. On Reducing Age-related Declines in Memory and Executive Control. In Measuring the Mind: Speed, Control, and Age, ed. John Duncan, Peter McLeod, and Louise H. Phillips, 1st ed., 265–292. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crivello, Cristina, Olivia Kuzyk, Monyka Rodrigues, Margaret Friend, Pascal Zesiger, and Diane Poulin-Dubois. 2016. The Effects of Bilingual Growth on Toddlers’ Executive Function. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 141: 121–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emmorey, Karen, Gigi Luk, Jennie E. Pyers, and Ellen Bialystok. 2008. The Source of Enhanced Cognitive Control in Bilinguals: Evidence from Bimodal Bilinguals. Psychological Science 19 (12): 1201–1206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garbin, G., A. Sanjuan, C. Forn, J.C. Bustamante, A. Rodriguez-Pujadas, V. Belloch, et al. 2010. Bridging Language and Attention: Brain Basis of the Impact of Bilingualism on Cognitive Control. NeuroImage 53 (4): 1272–1278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gollan, Tamar H., and Matthew Goldrick. 2012. Does Bilingualism Twist Your Tongue? Cognition 125 (3): 491–497.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gollan, Tamar H., Rosa I. Montoya, Cynthia Cera, and Tiffany C. Sandoval. 2008. More Use Almost Always a Means a Smaller Frequency Effect: Aging, Bilingualism, and the Weaker Links Hypothesis. Journal of Memory and Language 58 (3): 787–814.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grant, Angela, Nancy A. Dennis, and Ping Li. 2014. Cognitive Control, Cognitive Reserve, and Memory in the Aging Bilingual Brain. Frontiers in Psychology 5: 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hilchey, Matthew D., and Raymond M. Klein. 2011. Are There Bilingual Advantages on Nonlinguistic Interference Tasks? Implications for the Plasticity of Executive Control Processes. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 18 (4): 625–658.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hommel, Bernhard, Lorenza S. Colzato, Rico Fischer, and Ingrid K. Christoffels. 2011. Bilingualism and Creativity: Benefits in Convergent Thinking Come with Losses in Divergent Thinking. Frontiers in Psychology 2: 1–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janus, Monika, Yunjo Lee, Sylvain Moreno, and Ellen Bialystok. 2016. Effects of Short-Term Music and Second-Language Training on Executive Control. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 144: 84–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kormi-Nouri, Reza, Ali-Reza Moradi, Shahram Moradi, Saeed Akbari-Zardkhaneh, and Haedeh Zahedian. 2012. The Effect of Bilingualism on Letter and Category Fluency Tasks in Primary School Children: Advantage or Disadvantage? Bilingualism 15 (2): 351–364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kovács, Ágnes Melinda. 2007. Beyond Language: Childhood Bilingualism Enhances High-Level Cognitive Functions. In Cognitive Aspects of Bilingualism, Bd. 21, ed. Istvan Kecskes and Liliana Albertazzi, 301–323. New York, NY: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2012. Early Bilingualism and Theory of Mind: Bilinguals’ Advantage in Dealing with Conflicting Mental Representations. In Access to Language and Cognitive Development, ed. Luca Surian and Michael Siegal, 192–218. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kroll, Judith F., and Ellen Bialystok. 2013. Understanding the Consequences of Bilingualism for Language Processing and Cognition. Journal of Cognitive Psychology 25 (5): 497–514.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kruchinina, O.V., E.I. Galperina, E.E. Kats, and A.N. Shepoval’nikov. 2012. Factors Affecting the Variability of the Central Mechanisms for Maintaining Bilingualism. Human Physiology 38 (6): 571–585.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuo, Li-Jen, and Richard C. Anderson. 2012. Effects of Early Bilingualism on Learning Phonological Regularities in a New Language. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 111 (3): 455–467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luo, Lin, Fergus I.M. Craik, Sylvain Moreno, and Ellen Bialystok. 2013. Bilingualism Interacts with Domain in a Working Memory Task: Evidence from Aging. Psychology and Aging 28 (1): 28–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marton, Klara, Mira Goral, Luca Campanelli, Jungmee Yoon, and Loraine K. Obler. 2017. Executive Control Mechanisms in Bilingualism: Beyond Speed of Processing. Bilingualism 20 (3): 613–631.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morales, Julia, Alejandra Calvo, and Ellen Bialystok. 2013. Working Memory Development in Monolingual and Bilingual Children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 114 (2): 187–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moreno, Sylvain, Zofia Wodniecka, William Tays, Claude Alain, and Ellen Bialystok. 2014. Inhibitory Control in Bilinguals and Musicians: Event Related Potential (ERP) Evidence for Experience-Specific Effects. PloS One 9 (4): 1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paap, Kenneth R. 2014. The Role of Componential Analysis, Categorical Hypothesising, Replicability and Confirmation Bias in Testing for Bilingual Advantages in Executive Functioning. Journal of Cognitive Psychology 26 (3): 242–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peal, Elizabeth, and Wallace E. Lambert. 1962. The Relation of Bilingualism to Intelligence. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied 76 (27): 1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perani, Daniela, Mohsen Farsad, Tommaso Ballarini, Francesca Lubian, Maura Malpetti, Alessandro Fracchetti, et al. 2017. The Impact of Bilingualism on Brain Reserve and Metabolic Connectivity in Alzheimer’s Dementia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114 (7): 1690–1695.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poarch, Gregory J., and Ellen Bialystok. 2015. Bilingualism as a Model for Multitasking. Developmental Review: DR 35: 113–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Runnqvist, Elin, Kristof Strijkers, Jasmin Sadat, and Albert Costa. 2011. On the Temporal and Functional Origin of l2 Disadvantages in Speech Production: A Critical Review. Frontiers in Psychology 2: 1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sebastián-Gallés, Núria, Bàrbara Albareda-Castellot, Whitney M. Weikum, and Janet F. Werker. 2012. A Bilingual Advantage in Visual Language Discrimination in Infancy. Psychological Science 23 (9): 994–999.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, Lehe, Charlene S.L. Fu, Aishah A. Rahman, Waseem B. Hameed, Shamini Sanmugam, Pratibha Agarwal, et al. 2015. Back to Basics: A Bilingual Advantage in Infant Visual Habituation. Child Development 86 (1): 294–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, Frank. 1923. Bilingualism and Mental Development. British Journal of Psychology. General Section 13 (3): 271–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Sousa, Diana Soares. 2016. The Effect of Bilingualism and Working Memory in Monolingual and Bilingual Children in South Africa. In Bilingualism. Cultural Influences, Global Perspectives and Advantages/Disadvantages, ed. Carroll E. Wilson, 141–178. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publisher’s, Inc (Language and Linguistics).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stasenko, Alena, Georg E. Matt, and Tamar H. Gollan. 2017. A Relative Bilingual Advantage in Switching with Preparation: Nuanced Explorations of the Proposed Association between Bilingualism and Task Switching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 146 (11): 1527–1550.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valian, Virginia. 2015. Bilingualism and Cognition: A Focus on Mechanisms. Bilingualism 18 (1): 47–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2016. Bilingualism and Executive Function. LAB 6 (5): 565–574.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Videsott, Gerda, Della Rosa, Pasquale Anthony, Werner Wiater, Rita Franceschini, and Jubin Abutalebi. 2012. How Does Linguistic Competence Enhance Cognitive Functions in Children? A Study in Multilingual Children with Different Linguistic Competences. Bilingualism 15 (4): 884–895.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Werker, Janet. 2012. Perceptual Foundations of Bilingual Acquisition in Infancy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1251: 50–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Corpus Texts Analysed Manually

  • Arsenian, Seth. 1937. Bilingualism and mental development. New York: Teachers College, Colombia University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghibu, Onisifor. 1910. Der moderne Utraquismus oder Die Zweisprachigkeit in der Volksschule. Pädagogisches Magazin 414. Langensalza: Hermann Beyer & Söhne.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henss, Wilhelm. 1928. Erziehungsfragen der fremden Minderheiten, insbesondere das Problem der Zweisprachigkeit. Erfahrungen und Beobachtungen in deutschen Schulen im Ausland. In Le bilinguisme et l’éducation. Travaux de la conférence internationale tenue à Luxembourg du 2 au 5 avril 1928, publiés avec l’appui du Gouvernement Grand-Ducal, ed. Bureau international d’éducation, 69–86. Luxembourg: Maison du livre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Möckli, Th. 1928. Le bilinguisme dans le canton de Berne (Suisse). In Le bilinguisme et l’éducation. Travaux de la conférence internationale tenue à Luxembourg du 2 au 5 avril 1928, publiés avec l’appui du Gouvernement Grand-Ducal, ed. Bureau international d’éducation, 62–68. Luxembourg: Maison du livre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morton, J. Bruce, Harper, Sarah N. 2007. What did Simon say? Revisiting the bilingual advantage. Developmental Science 10 (6): 719–726.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ries, Nicolas. 1928. Le bilinguisme et le caractère luxembourgeois. In Le bilinguisme et l’éducation. Travaux de la conférence internationale tenue à Luxembourg du 2 au 5 avril 1928, publiés avec l’appui du Gouvernement Grand-Ducal, ed. Bureau international d’éducation, 16–25. Luxembourg: Maison du livre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saer, D.J. 1923. The Effect of Bilingualism on Intelligence. British Journal of Psychology 14 (1): 25–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saer, David John. 1928. L’étude des problèmes psychologiques du biliguisme. In Le bilinguisme et l’éducation. Travaux de la conférence internationale tenue à Luxembourg du 2 au 5 avril 1928, publiés avec l’appui du Gouvernement Grand-Ducal, ed. Bureau international d’éducation, 30–40. Luxembourg: Maison du livre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saer, D. J., Frank Smith, and John Hughes. 1924. The Bilingual Problem: A Study Based Upon Experiments and Observations in Wales. Aberystwyth: University College of Wales.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, Frank. 1928. Le bilinguisme et l’éducation à la lumière des recherches faites au Pays de Galles et au Bengale. In Le bilinguisme et l’éducation. Travaux de la conférence internationale tenue à Luxembourg du 2 au 5 avril 1928, publiés avec l’appui du Gouvernement Grand-Ducal, ed. Bureau international d’éducation, 43–52. Luxembourg: Maison du livre.

    Google Scholar 

Further References

  • Abram, David. 1991. The Mechanical and the Organic: On the Impact of Metaphor in Science. In Scientists on Gaia, ed. Stephen H. Schneider and Penelope J. Boston, 66–74. Cambridge [i.a.]: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, Benedict R. 2016 [1983]. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London and New York: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berthele, Rafael. 2008. A Nation Is a Territory with One Culture and One Language. In Cognitive Sociolinguistics, ed. Gitte Kristiansen and René Dirven, 301–331. Language Variation, Cultural Models, Social Systems. Berlin and New York: Mouton/De Gruyter.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bonfiglio, Thomas Paul. 2010. Mother Tongues and Nations. The Invention of the Native Speaker. New York: De Gruyter Mouton.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2013. Why is English Literature? Language and Letters for the Twenty-First Century. New York: Palgrave Macmillian.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Borck, Cornelius. 1999. Fühlfäden und Fangarme: Metaphern des Organischen als Dispositiv der Hirnforschung. In Ecce cortex: Beiträge zur Geschichte des modernen Gehirns, ed. Michael Hagner, 144–176. Göttingen: Wallstein.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2012. Toys Are Us: Models and Metaphors in the Neurosciences. In Critical Neuroscience: A Handbook of the Social and Cultural Contexts of Neuroscience, ed. S. Choudhury and J. Slaby, 113–133. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2019. Eine kurze Geschichte der Maschinenmodelle des Denkens. In Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion Handbuch zu Geschichte—Kultur—Ethik, ed. Kevin Liggieri and Oliver Müller, 15–17. Berlin: J.B. Metzler Verlag.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Charteris-Black, Jonathan. 2004. Corpus Approaches to Critical Metaphor Analysis. Houndsmille: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Craik, Kenneth J.W. 1943. The Nature of Explanation. Cambridge: University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Draaisma, Douwe. 2000. Metaphors of Memory. A History of Ideas about the Mind. Cambridge [i.a.]: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Du Bois-Reymond, Emil Heinrich. 1851. Ueber thierische Bewegung. Rede gehalten im Verein für wissenschaftliche Vorträge am 22 Februar 1851. Berlin: Reimer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Eckoldt, Matthias. 2016. Eine kurze Geschichte von Gehirn und Geist: woher wir wissen, wie wir fühlen und denken. München: Pantheon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernyhough, Charles. 2006. Metaphors of Mind. The Psychologist 19 (6): 356–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferron, Isabella. 2007. Die Sprache ist das bildende Organ des Gedankens. Ein Nachdenken über die Sprachreflexion Wilhelm von Humboldts und ihren Einfluss auf die Entstehung der modernen Sprachwissenschaft und Sprachphilosophie. Annali di Ca’ Foscari XLVI (1): 167–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank, Roslyn M. 2008b. The Language-Organism-Species Analogy: A Complex Adaptive System Approach to Shifting Perspectives on “Language”. In Body, Language and Mind. Vol. 2: Sociocultural Situatedness, ed. R. Frank, R. Dirven, T. Ziemke, and E. Bernández, 215–262. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, Thomas. 2002. Mind, Meaning, and the Brain. Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology 9 (3): 261–264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gentner, Dedre, and Jonathan Grudin. 1985. The Evolution of Mental Metaphors in Psychology: A 90-year Retrospective. American Psychologist 40 (2): 181–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goatly, Andrew. 2007. Washing the Brain: Metaphor and Hidden Ideology. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Goetz, Peggy. 2003. The Effects of Bilingualism on Theory of Mind Development. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 6 (1): 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gozzi, Raymond. 1991. Is the Computer a Valid Metaphor for the Human Mind? ETC: A Review of General Semantics 48 (4): 445–451.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grah, Gunnar, and Arvind Kumar. 2014. Wettstreit der Metaphern. Geist und Gehirn 7: 60–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, V.T. 1925. The Intelligence of Italian and Jewish Children in the Habit Clinic of the Massachusetts Division of Mental Hygiene. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 20: 371–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hackert, Stephanie. 2012. The Emergence of the English Native Speaker: A Chapter in Nineteenth-Century Linguistic Thought. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Haeckel, Ernst. 1923. Zellseelen und Seelenzellen. Vortrag, gehalten am 22. März 1878 in der “Concordia” zu Wien. Leipzig: Kröner. Second edition.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hakuta, Kenji. 1986. Mirror of Language: The Debate on Bilingualism. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, Robert A. 1952. Bilingualism and applied linguistics, in Zeitschrift für Phonetik und Allgemeine Sprachwissenshaft 6: 13–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrington, Anne. 1996. Reenchanted Science: Holism in German Culture from Wilhelm II to Hitler. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press

    Google Scholar 

  • von Herder, Johann Gottfried. 1791 [1784]. Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit. Riga [i.a.]: Hartknoch.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernández, Mireia, Albert Costa, Luis J. Fuentes, Ana B. Vivas, and Núria Sebastián-Gallés. 2010. The Impact of Bilingualism on the Executive Control and Orienting Networks of Attention. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 13 (3): 315–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hüning, Matthias, and Phillipp Krämer. 2018. Standardsprachenideologie als Exportprodukt. In Sprache und (Post)kolonialismus. Linguistische und interdisziplinäre Aspekte, ed. Birte Kellermeier Rehbein, Matthias Schulz, and Doris Stolberg, 1–24. Berlin et al.: De Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jansen, Silke. forthcoming-a. Are Bilinguals Brighter than Monolinguals? The Bilingual (Dis)advantage Debate in Light of Changing Attitudes and Policies towards Bilingualism. In La glotopolítica, un desafío para la renovación de la lingüística románica, ed. Lidia Becker, José del Valle, and Gabriele Knauer. Bern et al.: Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. forthcoming-b. The Path to Bilingualism, a Road to Better Cognitive Performance? Metaphors of Language Learning in Cognitive Science. In Cognition and Second Language Acquisition, ed. Anja Steinlein and Thorsten Piske. Tübingen: Narr.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, Janice. 1991. Constructive Processes in Bilingualism and Their Cognitive Growth Effects. In Language Processing in Bilingual Children, ed. Ellen Bialystok, 193–221. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, Evelyn Fox. 1998. Das Leben neu denken. Refiguring Life. Metaphern der Biologie im 20. Jahrhundert. München: Kunstmann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koller, Veronika. 2005. Critical Discourse Analysis and Social Cognition: Evidence from Business Media Discourse. Discourse and Society 16: 199–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kubota, Ryuko. 2016. The Multi/Plural Turn, Postcolonial Theory, and Neoliberal Multiculturalism: Complicities and Implications for Applied Linguistics. Applied Linguistics 37: 474–494.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laine, Matti, and Minna Lehtonen. 2018. Cognitive Consequences of Bilingualism: Where to Go from Here? Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 33 (9): 1205–1212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laurie, S. S. 1890. Lectures on Language and Linguistic Method in the School. London: C.J. Clay and Sons, Cambridge University Press Warehouse.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lodge, Anthony. 2016. Language Myths and the Historiography of French. In Constructing Languages. Norms, Myths and Emotions, ed. Francesc Feliu and Josep Maria Nadal, 199–214. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • McLeay, H. 2003. The Relationship between Bilingualism and the Performance of Spatial Tasks. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 6: 423–438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mechelli, A., J.T. Crinion, U. Noppeney, J. O’Doherty, J. Ashburner, R.S. Frackowiak, and C.J. Price. 2004. Neurolinguistics: Structural Plasticity in the Bilingual Brain. Nature 431 (7010): 757–757.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Minsky, Marvin Lee. 1979. Computer Science and the Representation of Knowledge. In The Computer Age: A Twenty-Year View, ed. Michael Dertouzos and Joel Moses, 392–421. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miyake, A., N.P. Friedman, M.J. Emerson, A.H. Witzki, A. Howerter, and T.D. Wager. 2000. The Unity and Diversity of Executive Functions and Their Contributions to Complex “frontal lobe” Tasks: A Latent Variable Analysis. Cognitive Psychology 41 (1): 49–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morpurgo Davies, Anna. 1998. History of Linguistics. 4. Nineteenth-century Linguistics. [History of Linguistics, edited by Giulio Lepschy]. London and New York: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2001. The Ecology of Language Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Popper, Karl R. 1959. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. New York: Basic Books, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Proctor, James D., and M.H. Larson Brendon. 2005. Ecology, Complexity, and Metaphor. Bioscience 55: 1065–1068.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Radwańska-Williams, Joanna. 2008. The “Native Speaker” as a Metaphorical Construct. In Metaphors for Learning. Cross-cultural Perspectives, ed. Erich A. Berendt, 139–158. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Rapatahana, Vaughan, and Pauline Bunce, eds. 2012. English Language as a Hydra: Its Impacts on Non-English Language Cultures. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards, Robert J. 2002. The Linguistic Creation of Man: Charles Darwin, August Schleicher, Ernst Haeckel, and the Missing Link in Ninetheenth-Century Evolutionary Theory. In Experimenting in Tongues. Studies in Science and Language, ed. Matthias Dörries, 21–48. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Rindfleisch, Marc. 1996. Marketing as Warfare: Reassessing a Dominant Metaphor. Business Horizons 39 (5): 3–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schleicher, August. 1863. Die Darwinsche Theorie und die Sprachwissenschaft. Offenes Sendschreiben an Herrn Dr. Ernst Häckel, a. o. Prof. der Zoologie u. Director des zool. Museums a. d. Univ. Jena. Weimar: Böhlau.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———, August. 1869. Darwinism Tested by the Science of Language. Translated by Dr. Bikkers, Alex V.W. London: John Camden Hotten & Piccadilly.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, Mike. 2015. WordSmith Tools Manual. Gloucestershire: Lexical Analysis Software Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saer, David John / Smith, Frank / Hughes, John (1924): The bilingual problem: A study based on experiments and observations in Wales, Wrexham: Hughes and Son.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherrington, Charles Scott. 1953. Man on His Nature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shields, David, and Brenda Bredemeier. 2011. Contest, Competition, and Metaphor. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 38: 27–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, Frank. 1917. Welsh schools and the language problem. Welsh Outlook 4 (1): 24–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C.U.M. 1993. The Use and Abuse of Metaphors in the History of Brain Science. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 2 (4): 283–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Specht, Benjamin. 2014. Epochale Metaphern. Strukturen und Funktionen kulturspezifischer Bildlichkeit. In Epoche und Metapher. Systematik und Geschichte kultureller Bildlichkeit, ed. Benjamin Specht, 123–142. Berlin and Boston: de Gruyter.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, S.L. 1926. A Demonstration of the Language Difficulty Involved in Comparing Racial Groups by Means of Verbal Intelligence Tests. Journal of Applied Psychology 10 (1): 102–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watts, Richard J. (2012). Language myths. In The Handbook of Historical Sociolinguistics, eds. J. M. Hernández-Campoy and J. Camilo Conde-Silvestre, 586–606. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinreich, Uriel. 1953. Languages in Contact, Findings and Problems. New York: Linguistic Circle of New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells, Rulon S. 1987. The Life and Growth of Language: Metaphors in Biology and Linguistics. In Biological Metaphor and Cladistic Classification. An Interdisciplinary Perspective, ed. H.M. Hoenigswald and L.F. Wiener, 39–80. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Welsh, Joshua. 2016. Patent Wars and Ecosystems: Metaphor and “Black Boxes”. Rhetoric Review 35: 348–360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolff, H.E. 2016. Language and Development in Africa. In Perceptions, Ideologies and Challenges. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Yngve, Victor H. 1996. From Grammar to Science. New Foundations for General Linguistics. Amsterdam [i.a.]: Benjamins.

    Book  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany

    Silke Jansen, Sonja Higuera del Moral, Jessica Stefanie Barzen, Pia Reimann & Markus Opolka

Authors
  1. Silke Jansen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sonja Higuera del Moral
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jessica Stefanie Barzen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Pia Reimann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Markus Opolka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Jansen, S., Higuera del Moral, S., Barzen, J.S., Reimann, P., Opolka, M. (2021). Mind and Language Between the Organic and the Inorganic. In: Demystifying Bilingualism. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87063-8_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87063-8_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-87062-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-87063-8

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation