|
on South East Asia |
| By: | Sabala, Ethan; Gale, Fred |
| Abstract: | Southeast Asia is a promising market for agricultural exports, with its growing population of middle-class consumers, especially for exporters such as the United States. The region consists of: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste, and Vietnam. Top markets in the region for U.S. agricultural and food products are the Philippines, Vietnam, and Indonesia. Leading U.S. exports are soybean products, wheat, cotton, skim milk powder, and distillers’ grains. U.S. agricultural exports to Southeast Asia increased from $9.4 to $14.2 billion from 2012 to 2022, and the U.S. share of Southeast Asia’s agricultural imports was steady at just over 11 percent. China and Brazil, two of the top competitors, were the only exporters that gained market share over the period. China surpassed the United States to become the largest foreign supplier of agricultural goods to Southeast Asia, but few of China’s products compete directly with U.S. products; Brazil’s soybean products, cotton, poultry, and beef do compete with U.S. products. There are numerous potential reasons that U.S. competitors have gained market share, varying by commodity. They include preferential treatment through trade agreements, along with price competition, geopolitical ties, and geographic distance from Southeast Asia. Currently, the primary U.S. competitors for major agricultural commodities exported to Southeast Asia are Brazil, Australia, New Zealand, the European Union, China, India, Canada, and Argentina. |
| Keywords: | International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersib:344803 |
| By: | Hornok, Cecília; Raeskyesa, Dewa Gede Sidan |
| Abstract: | Economic zones can be powerful drivers of economic growth in developing countries. However, less is known about their distributional impact on the local society. This paper provides empirical evidence from Indonesian provinces on the relationship between economic zones and within-province income inequality. We apply fixed-effects panel estimation to province-level data for the whole of Indonesia, which we then complement with separate studies on the opening of three economic zones in three provinces using the synthetic control method. The results suggest that the above relationship is positive overall. The estimated rise in income inequality after a zone opens is, however, relatively small on average and may be short-lived. Moreover, the average estimate masks large regional differences, which suggests that the inequality implications of economic zone policies depend on local conditions. One possible explanation for the rise in inequality is that the unskilled population benefits disproportionately less from the policy. |
| Keywords: | Economic zones, Income distribution, Indonesia, Place-based policy, Synthetic control method |
| JEL: | D31 F63 O15 O25 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkie:301881 |
| By: | Catherine Catherine (University of Surabaya); Dedhy Sulistiawan (University of Surabaya) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines factors related to tax avoidance in Indonesia. Previous studies indicate that the tax ratio in Indonesia is lower than that of ASEAN countries and the global average. Understanding these factors is crucial. In investigating the role of a Chief Executive Officer's (CEO) narcissism in tax avoidance, we introduce gender diversity as a moderating variable. Additionally, the study incorporates corporate profitability as a key factor. Our research focuses on non-financial sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for 2019-2021. Our examinations show that corporate profitability positively affects tax avoidance, with firms exhibiting higher net income tending to engage in tax avoidance. We support our hypothesis that narcissistic CEOs are inclined to reduce tax payments. Furthermore, the impact of narcissism on tax avoidance diminishes for firms with greater board gender diversity. Our findings contribute to tax studies in emerging countries by revealing that board gender diversity mitigates the impact of narcissistic CEOs on tax avoidance. |
| Keywords: | corporate profitability, CEO narcissism, board gender diversity, tax avoidance |
| JEL: | M41 M19 G02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:14216108 |
| By: | Villarino, Resti Tito (Cebu Technological University); Villarino, Maureen Lorence |
| Abstract: | Background: Online lending applications (OLAs) are rapidly gaining traction in the Philippines, offering previously unbanked individuals access to credit. However, this burgeoning sector is now under scrutiny due to numerous allegations of predatory practices, harassment, and even public shaming, raising significant concerns. Objective: This integrated review critically examines the landscape of OLAs in the Philippines, focusing on user experiences, regulatory constraints, and considerations related to financial equity and consumer protection. Methods: The authors followed Whittemore and Knafl's (2005) integrative review methodology, analyzing app ratings and reviews for 40 OLAs listed in the Google Play Store from January 1, 2024, to July 31, 2024. Cross-referencing was performed using the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) registration data. The analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS version 26 and MAXQDA version 2020. Results: The review found that 80% (32 out of 40) of OLAs were moderately rated (3.5-4.4 out of 5.0), suggesting general user satisfaction. However, only 25% (10 out of 40) of these OLAs were registered with the SEC. Critical themes such as high interest rates, hidden charges, and aggressive collection practices were more prevalent among non-registered OLAs. The absence of highly negative ratings (below 2.4) suggests possible rating manipulations. Thematic analysis revealed positive themes like convenience, speed, and accessibility, contrasted by negative themes including predatory practices, lack of transparency, and poor customer service. Conclusion: The OLA landscape in the Philippines is complex, balancing the need for accessible credit with the imperative of stronger regulatory oversight and consumer protection. This review highlights the necessity of enhancing regulatory monitoring and consumer safeguards to ensure financial innovation benefits vulnerable borrowers without exposing them to undue risk. Keywords: consumer protection, digital financial literacy, financial inclusion, fintech regulation, online lending in the Philippines, predatory practices |
| Date: | 2024–08–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:nr456 |
| By: | Bähr, Tobias; Wollni, Meike |
| Abstract: | Smallholders play an important role as producers of cash-crops in developing countries and are often responsible for land clearing and agricultural expansion into pristine environments where productivity is low. Closing yield-gaps of smallholders to industrial plantations as well as diversifying production systems has been identified as a mean to prevent further environmental degradation. At the same time, developing and emerging economies are beginning to struggle with an ageing farmer population, potentially hindering advances in land productivity. In Indonesia, increased income from oil palm cultivation has led to rapid educational attainments within one generation. While this opens job opportunities for children of oil palm smallholders, it inhibits farm succession and thus contributes to ageing among smallholders. Using primary data from a random sample of 417 oil palm smallholders in Indonesia, we investigate trends of farm succession and test, how these moderate possible effects of ageing on plantation investments and outcomes. Our results suggest, that older farmers are associated with lower productivity levels generally and are less likely to replant mature plots. These trends are moderated by succession plans of households. Succession generally moderates negative effects on productivity – indifferent of the successor’s involvement. Households with a successor are generally more likely to replant. We argue that these results hint towards strategic decision- making in ageing smallholders and that observed trends of lower productivity and technology adoption in ageing farmer populations are likely a mix of both decreasing ability and strategic decisions by the farmer. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2024–08–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344686 |
| By: | Sim, Armand (Monash University); Gultom, Sarah (Monash University); Widita, Alyas (Monash University); Lee, Wang-Sheng (Monash University); Khalil, Umair (Deakin University) |
| Abstract: | Promoting awareness and encouraging pro-sustainability behaviors to mitigate climate and environmental issues can be challenging due to their polarizing nature. We conduct a large-scale online experiment in Jakarta, the world's fastest sinking city, to examine the impact of messenger identity and narrative style on awareness and behavior regarding land subsidence, a human-induced climate change phenomenon. We vary the messenger identity (an actor portraying either a religious leader or a scientist) and the narrative style of the message (religious vs. scientific). Our results show that exposure to an environmental video message, as opposed to a placebo, increases beliefs, trust in institutions, and pro-sustainability behaviors. The largest impacts arise when a scientist delivers a message embedded with a religious narrative. The effects are more pronounced among individuals with low prior knowledge, high trust in authorities, and those less reliant on groundwater. However, we find limited evidence of heterogeneous treatment effects on actions. Our findings highlight the importance of carefully considering both the message and the messenger in communication strategies in a diverse population. |
| Keywords: | land subsidence, environmental awareness, religion, science, Indonesia |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 Z12 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17184 |
| By: | Ahsan, Md Nazmul; Emran, M. Shahe; Shilpi, Forhad |
| Abstract: | We analyze the challenges in adopting the rank-rank model of intergenerational mobility for policy evaluation. For rank-based analysis of intergenerational mobility, it is standard to calculate cohort-specific ranks from the national distribution, but separately for children's and parents' generations. This ensures that children's inherited socioeconomic status and their life outcomes are measured on common scales irrespective of location and social groups. However, national ranks put the treatment and comparison groups together, and thus, a policy intervention leads to mechanical changes in ranks in the comparison group when the ranks of the treated individuals change because of the policy. We discuss how to deal with this contaminated comparison problem in the context of widely-used research designs: RCTs, Instrumental Variables (IV), and Difference-inDifference (DiD). In a RCT design with a binary treatment assignment, a simple solution is to calculate the ranks separately for the treatment and control groups. In an IV design, the ranks should be calculated separately for different values of the instrument. For a DiD design, an additional concern is how to avoid mechanical changes in the ranks of the pre cohorts following the policy intervention: calculate the ranks separately for pre and post periods. If the policy affects only the children, then, for all research designs, it is desirable to keep the parental ranks at the national level so that children's inherited socioeconomic status is measured on a common scale. As an empirical application, we provide evidence on the effects of Inpres schools on intergenerational educational mobility in Indonesia using the DiD design developed by Duflo (2001). The evidence suggests that the conclusions regarding the impact of Inpres schools depend critically on the way ranks are calculated. If we follow the current practices when calculating the ranks, the DiD estimates suggest that the 61, 000 primary schools failed to affect relative mobility even though it improved absolute mobility for the children from low-educated families. In contrast, when the ranks are calculated to tackle the mechanical contamination problem, the evidence, especially from the correct functional form (quadratic), suggests that Inpres schools improved both relative and absolute mobility of the disadvantaged children. The Inpres schools led to higher intercept and quadratic coefficient of the mobility equation while reducing the linear coefficient. The analysis presented here has important implications for economists and sociologists working on intergenerational mobility. |
| Keywords: | Rank-Rank Model, Intergenerational Mobility, Causal Effects, Policy Evaluation, Mechanical Changes in Ranks, Contaminated Comparison, Inpres Schools, Indonesia |
| JEL: | D3 I24 J62 O12 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:121676 |
| By: | La, Meeryung (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Cheong, Jaewan (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Lee, Jaeho (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Shin, Mingeum (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)) |
| Abstract: | 본 연구는 무역·통상 협력관계부터 현재 진행 중인 미중 전략 경쟁과 공급망 재편에 이르기까지 광범위한 분야에 걸쳐 미/중과 아세안의 관계를 분석하였다. 미중 경쟁에 따른 공급망 재편이 아세안과 한국에 미치는 경제적 영향을 분석하고, 이러한 변화 속에서 아세안의 경제적 역할과 대응 내용을 살펴보았다. This study aims to explore cooperation strategies between ASEAN and Korea from a mid-to-long-term perspective, ensuring that engagement in the U.S.-China strategic competition does not lead to reduction in domestic production capacity and exclusion from the supply chain. To this end, this paper analyzes the relationship between the U.S. and ASEAN, as well as between China and ASEAN, in a wide range of areas from trade and economic cooperation to the ongoing U.S.-China strategic competition in the region. Additionally, the study examines the economic impact of supply chain restructuring due to U.S.-China rivalry on ASEAN and Korea, and investigates ASEAN’s responses. Finally, based on the research findings and Korea’s current policies toward ASEAN, the study suggests the direction of Korea’s supply chain cooperation with ASEAN. Chapter 2 examines the dynamics of U.S.-China strategic competition in the economic and trade sectors, focusing on ASEAN, and explores the cooperative relationship between the U.S. and ASEAN, as well as between China and ASEAN. While the United States is actively pursuing high-level security cooperation with ASEAN, economic and trade cooperation, including free trade agreements, is perceived as relatively favorable to China. China appears to be responding to the US strategy of containing China while ensuring a stable supply chain by establishinga regional production network with ASEAN. (the rest omitted) |
| Keywords: | cooperation strategy; ASEAN and ROK; production capacity; supply chain; U.S. China strategic competition |
| Date: | 2023–12–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kieppa:2023_034 |
| By: | Popov, Vladimir |
| Abstract: | This is a book about modern China, mainly about the economy (about half the text), but also about culture, history, religion, and politics. There are three main issues discussed in the book: (1) Why did China (and earlier other countries and territories of East Asia, largely based on the Chinese model – Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Southeast Asian countries) in the 18-19 centuries started to lag behind not only the West, but even many developing countries (Russian Empire, Latin America)? (2) Why since the middle of the 20th century have these countries and territories became the only major region that started to close the gap in economic development levels with the West? (3) Is the Chinese economic and social model (based on “Asian values”, the primacy of public over private interests) more competitive than the liberal Western model and how will their competition end? It is generally believed that the economic success of the West during and after the transition to capitalism is associated with the expansion of human rights (the abolition of slavery and serfdom, guarantees of property rights and contracts). In contrast, this book argues that the rise of the West has less to do with securing individual freedoms and more to do with rising rates of saving and investment as a result of the destruction of the agricultural community and associated rise in the inequality in income distribution. The expansion of human rights became later a consequence of economic success, a kind of luxury that successful and competitive countries could afford. Today, however, the liberal Western model is experiencing increasing difficulties. The unwillingness to limit human rights in a variety of areas (refusal to introduce progressive taxation and active income regulation, leading to increased inequality, indecisiveness in limiting greenhouse gas emissions in rich countries, inability to cope with populism in the media and in politics) stimulates internal conflicts, reduces competitiveness as compared to countries that more aggressively restrict the rights of individuals for the sake of the common good. The liberal West is beginning to lose out to collectivist East Asia, the Middle East and partly South Asia in economic and social progress. |
| Keywords: | Chinese model, economic growth, Great Divergence, convergence, inequality, liberalism |
| JEL: | N0 O1 O40 O47 P0 P2 P20 P27 P51 |
| Date: | 2024–08–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:121802 |
| By: | Hoang, Trang (Oregon State University); Mitra, Devashish (Syracuse University); Pham, Hoang (Oregon State University) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of an export market expansion created by the US-Vietnam Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) on competition among manufacturing firms in Vietnam's local labor markets. Using a nonparametric production function approach, we measure distortionary wedges between equilibrium marginal revenue products of labor (MRPL) and wages. We find that the median manufacturing firm pays workers 59% of their MRPL. Following the BTA, which significantly reduced US import tariffs for Vietnamese products, firms in industries exposed more to the tariff reductions saw faster employment growth and faster declines in their MRPL-wage wedge. We find that the BTA permanently decreases labor market distortion in manufacturing by 3.4%, and the effect concentrates on domestic private firms with a magnitude of 4.9%. We exploit information on the gender composition to estimate the MRPL-wage wedges separately for men and women. We find that the median distortion is 26% higher for women relative to men, and the decline in distortion for women, amounting to more than 12%, is the driver of the overall reduction in labor market distortion attributable to the BTA. Our theory and empirics suggest that the entry of FDI firms combined with differential aggregate labor supply elasticities explains these results. |
| Keywords: | international trade, export market access, labor market distortion, misallocation, income distribution, labor share, gender inequality, monopsony, oligopsony |
| JEL: | F16 F63 O15 O24 J42 J16 |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17196 |
| By: | Marc F. Bellemare (University of Minnesota); Eeshani Kandpal (Center for Global Development); Katherina Thomas (Universitat de Barcelona) |
| Abstract: | How much do the poor spend on food when their income increases? We estimate a key economic parameter—the income elasticity of food expenditures—using data from the randomized evaluations of five conditional cash transfer programs in Mexico, Nicaragua, the Philippines, and Uganda. The transfers provided routine, exogenous increases of 12 to 23 percent of baseline income for at least a year to recipients at or below the global poverty line. Using pooled ordinary least squares and Bayesian hierarchical models, we first show that expenditures on all food categories increase with income. But even among some of the poorest people in the world, all of whom are experiencing high hunger levels, our estimated income elasticity for food is 0.03, i.e., much smaller than many published estimates that either rely on cross-sectional variation or study responses to large income shocks. Next, we run the first credible test of Bennett’s Law—the empirical regularity whereby poor households respond to income increases by (i) shifting spending from coarse to fine staples, or (ii) spending more on protein than staples—and find partial support for it. While income increases lead consumers to substitute fine grains for coarse grains and protein for staples, again the estimated shifts are smaller than previous estimates. Quantifying how small and routine income changes affect food demand in low- and middle-income countries can inform the policy discourse on poverty reduction, nutrition, and social protection, as well as the debate on the impact of economic growth on global carbon emission patterns. |
| Keywords: | Food Demand, Elasticities, Conditional Cash Transfers, Low- and Middle- Income Countries |
| JEL: | D12 D13 O12 Q11 Q18 R22 |
| Date: | 2024–08–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgd:wpaper:701 |
| By: | Prabakusuma, Adhita Sri; Bounkham, Phonedalom |
| Abstract: | The Lao government has implemented various policies focused on the agricultural sector, particularly commercial crop production, as an effort to overcome economic weakening. Those policies have also been designed to reduce malnutrition and poverty. The current fast growth and expansion of commercial crop production have proven to trigger poverty alleviation in Laos. However, this condition led to the to the attenuation of farming communities, which accounted for 75% of the total population in Laos, raising the indebtedness number of farmer families, increasing the vulnerability of the communities, and sharpening disparities among producers. Recently, besides the increase in climate change influence, agricultural practices in Laos have also faced several economic risks. These economic risks include the intermittent nature of local market monopolies, fluctuation, and price games along the agricultural value chains, and instability of production contract implementation. Since 2014, the Lao government has evaluated the consequences of these agricultural practices based on the exploitation of natural resources and the environment. The Eco-Friendly Intensification and Climate-Resilient Agricultural Systems (EFICAS) project was funded and managed by Centre de Cooperation International en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (France International Cooperation Center for Agronomy Research Development, CIRAD) and the European Union Global Climate Change Alliance (EU-GCCA) during 2014-2018. CIRAD partnered with (Department of Agricultural Land Management, DALAM) under Laos Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) performed EFICAS together. This project aimed to improve Northern upland community livelihoods, strengthening food security, resilience to climate change, introducing innovative methods, and new intervention approaches to support farmers’ adoption of climate-smart systems based on sustainable agriculture. |
| Date: | 2024–07–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:q79ry |
| By: | Barriga Cabanillas, Oscar (World Bank); Bossuroy, Thomas (World Bank); Corral Rodas, Paul Andres (World Bank); Rodriguez Castelan, Carlos (World Bank); Skoufias, Emmanuel (National University of Singapore) |
| Abstract: | Poverty maps are a useful tool for the targeting of social programs on areas with high concentrations of poverty. However, a static focus on poverty ignores the temporal dimension of poverty. Thus, current nonpoor households still face substantial welfare volatility and are at risk of becoming poor in the face of shocks. We combine the methods of poverty mapping and vulnerability estimation to create highly disaggregated vulnerability maps. The maps include predictions of the share of chronically poor households (poverty-induced vulnerability) - the focus of traditional poverty maps - and the share of households showing a significant probability of falling into poverty (risk-induced vulnerability). As an application of the method, we estimate a vulnerability map Senegal that provides quotas for the expansion of the social registry. Accounting for the poor and the population at risk of poverty implies, in practice, the expansion of coverage into urban and periurban areas that tend to experience lower poverty rates. Also, the inclusion of nonpoor households serves as a first step toward supporting a dynamic social registry. |
| Keywords: | poverty, vulnerability, poverty maps, targeting, social protection |
| JEL: | C15 R11 I32 |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17193 |
| By: | Wencun Wang (Lyceum of the Philippines University); Di Zhao (Glink Artificial Intelligence Technology); Can Huang (China Citic Bank Corporation Limited); Jun Yao (Lyceum of the Philippines University) |
| Abstract: | This study aims to enhance the efficiency of service transaction management in the contemporary financial industry. The approach involves three main steps. First, a Hyperledger Fabric blockchain network is established, and smart contracts are deployed to ensure the tamper-proof nature and transparency of transaction data. Second, a hierarchical clustering algorithm (HCA) is applied to thoroughly analyze the transaction data, uncovering potential patterns and structures. Finally, a performance evaluation experiment of the model is conducted, wherein a variety of financial transaction data are collected, comprehensively processed, and analyzed. The research findings demonstrate that integrating blockchain technology with the hierarchical clustering method significantly boosts transaction management efficiency and data security. Specifically, this integrated approach improves transaction processing speed by more than 30% compared to traditional methods and shows marked efficiency improvements across various transaction volumes. Blockchain technology ensures data integrity, preventing tampering, while the detection rate of abnormal transactions increases to 99%, greatly enhancing system security. These results underscore the practical application value of the fusion method in financial service transaction management. This study not only promotes further development and innovation in financial service transaction management but also provides more efficient and secure solutions for the fintech sector. |
| Keywords: | Blockchain hierarchical clustering financial services transaction management, Blockchain, hierarchical clustering, financial services, transaction management |
| Date: | 2024–07–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04663079 |
| By: | Foster, Vivien; Trotter, Philipp A.; Werner, Sven; Niedermayer, Melin; Mulugetta, Yacob; Achakulwisut, Ploy; Brophy, Aoife; Dubash, Navroz K.; Fankhauser, Sam; Hawkes, Adam; Hirmer, Stephanie; Jenkins, Stuart; Loni, Sam; Mcgivern, Alexis; Nanthavong, Khamphone; Probst, Benedict; Pye, Steve; Russo, Vladimir; Semieniuk, Gregor; Shenga, Carlos; Sridharan, Vignesh; Srivastav, Sugandha; Sokona, Youba; Croxatto, Lucas Somavilla; Yang, Pu |
| Abstract: | The production and use of fossil fuels need to decline rapidly to limit global warming. Although global net-zero scenarios abound, the associated development ramifications for fossil fuel-producing low and lower–middle income countries (LLMICs), as well as adequate international responses, have been underexplored. Here we conceptualize that, depending on country context, three types of development transition follow from declining fossil fuel production and use for LLMIC producers, namely an energy transition, an economic transition and an equitable fossil fuel production transition. We propose a classification of these transitions, arguing that heterogeneity in LLMICs’ fossil fuel production and usage substantially impacts their pathways towards low-carbon development. We illustrate this by discussing different cases of fossil fuel-producing LLMICs, focusing on Mozambique, India, Lao PDR and Angola. We conclude by detailing context-specific international support portfolios to foster low-carbon development in fossil fuel-producing LLMICs, and call for a re-orientation of international support along principles of global solidarity. |
| JEL: | Q50 |
| Date: | 2024–03–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:122094 |
| By: | Kartolo, M.A.R.H.M.; Abdullah, R. |
| Abstract: | The issue of food security in Brunei justifies the need to increase the local agricultural production effectively due to the constraint of land scares for farming where the soil acidity in Brunei is high which affect the crop production. Furthermore, climate change has affected the way people do farming. Vertical Farming (VF) plays an important role in modern agricultural practices today. VF has the potential to produce crops all year round and using less land. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to highlight the challenges and solution of vegetables VF in Brunei. In depth interviews were conducted with respondents consist 12 modern farmers in Brunei, 1 officer in Department of Agriculture and Agrifood, 1 academics, and 1 services provider. The research findings reveal challenges encountered by farmers in Brunei practicing modern farming methods VF such as high investment cost; unpredictable weather condition; market dynamics and competition; Nutrient distribution, pest and disease; light distribution and the need of skilled labour. However, VF has the potential to attract youth to participate in the agriculture. The significant of the study provides valuable insight regarding the potential of VF as a solution for food security and may benefit farmers, youth and policy makers regarding modern application of VF in Brunei. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Food Security and Poverty, Labor and Human Capital, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2024–04–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:asea24:344436 |
| By: | Srithilat, K. |
| Abstract: | This study examines the impact of the Don Sahong Hydropower Dam on food and nutrition security in the Mekong River Basin. This study uses the Household Food Insecurity Access Score (HFIAS) and Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) to measure food insecurity and dietary diversity among households affected by the dam's construction. Preliminary results indicate higher levels of food insecurity and lower dietary diversity among these households. The study underscores the need for comprehensive impact assessments and sustainable planning practices in infrastructure development. It also calls for interventions to improve food security and dietary diversity among households affected by such projects. The findings from this study will contribute to a better understanding of the intricate interplay between infrastructure development, ecological preservation, and food security, providing valuable insights for policy-making and sustainable development practices. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2024–04–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:asea24:344452 |
| By: | Jane Mahathevan (Department of Computer Science and Information System, National University of Malaysia) |
| Abstract: | This study explores the application of Burger's equation, a nonlinear partial differential equation, in modeling phenomena in both biomedical and financial contexts. Specifically, it investigates the progression of skin cancer and the dynamics of asset prices. The research demonstrates the versatility of Burger's equation in capturing complex behaviors in disparate fields, offering insights into tumor growth and market volatility. The findings suggest that mathematical models like Burger's equation can provide unified approaches to solving problems in diverse areas, enhancing predictive accuracy and decision-making. This study explores the innovative application of Burger's equation in modeling two distinct complex systems: skin cancer progression and asset price dynamics. Burger's equation, a fundamental nonlinear partial differential equation known for its ability to capture the interplay between advection and diffusion, is adapted and extended to address the unique challenges presented by these fields. In the context of skin cancer, the equation is modified to incorporate biological processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and nutrient diffusion, providing a detailed and accurate simulation of tumor growth dynamics. In the financial domain, the equation is tailored to include nonlinear market sentiment effects and stochastic elements to reflect realistic asset price movements and volatility. Numerical simulations and sensitivity analyses validate the models against empirical data, demonstrating their robustness and predictive power. The results highlight the equation's versatility, offering new insights and practical applications in oncology and financial markets. This interdisciplinary approach underscores the potential of mathematical modeling to advance research and improve decision-making across diverse scientific and economic domains. |
| Keywords: | burger's equation, skin cancer, asset price |
| Date: | 2024–05–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04663198 |