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Geologic temperature record -- This article is devoted to temperature changes in Earth's environment as determined from geologic evidence on multi-million to billion (109) year time scales. The last 3 million years have been ... > full article

Paleoclimatology -- Paleoclimatology is the study of climate change taken on the scale of the entire history of the earth. Glaciers are a widely employed instrument in paleoclimatology. The ice in glaciers has hardened ... > full article

Little Ice Age -- The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of cooling lasting approximately from the 14th to the mid-19th centuries, although there is no generally agreed start or end date: some confine the period to ... > full article

Sequence stratigraphy -- Sequence stratigraphy is a relatively new branch of geology that attempts to link prehistoric sea-level changes to sedimentary deposits. The 'sequence' part of the name refers to cyclic sedimentary ... > full article

Ice core -- An ice core is a core sample from the accumulation of snow and ice over many years that have recrystallized and have trapped air bubbles from previous time periods. The composition of these ice ... > full article

Temperature record of the past 1000 years -- The temperature record of the past 1000 years describes the reconstruction of temperature for the last 1000 years on the Northern Hemisphere. A reconstruction is needed because a reliable surface ... > full article

Sea level -- Mean sea level (MSL) is the average (mean) height of the sea, with reference to a suitable reference surface. Defining the reference level, however, involves complex measurement, and accurately ... > full article

Permian-Triassic extinction event -- The Permian-Triassic (P-T or PT) extinction event, sometimes informally called the Great Dying, was an extinction event that occurred approximately 251.0 million years ago (mya), forming the boundary ... > full article

Extinction event -- An extinction event (also extinction-level event, ELE) occurs when a large number of species die out in a relatively short period of time. Since life began on Earth, a number of major mass ... > full article

Stone tool -- A stone tool is, in the most general sense, any tool made of stone. Although stone-tool-dependent cultures exist even today, most stone tools are associated with prehistoric societies that no longer ... > full article

Radiocarbon dating -- Radiocarbon dating is a radiometric dating method that uses the naturally occurring isotope carbon-14 to determine the age of carbonaceous materials up to ca 60,000 years. Within archaeology it is ... > full article

Crust (geology) -- In geology, a crust is the outer layer of a planet, part of its lithosphere. Planetary crusts are generally composed of a less dense material than that of its deeper layers. The crust of the Earth is ... > full article

Supervolcano -- A supervolcano refers to a volcano that produces the largest and most voluminous kinds of eruption on Earth. The actual explosivity of these eruptions varies, but the sheer volume of extruded magma ... > full article

Seismic wave -- A seismic wave is a wave that travels through the Earth, most often as the result of a tectonic earthquake, sometimes from an explosion. There are two types of seismic wave, namely, 'body wave' and ... > full article

Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event -- The Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event was a period of massive extinction of species, about 65.5 million years ago. It corresponds to the end of the Cretaceous Period and the beginning of the ... > full article

Global warming -- Global warming is an increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and oceans. The Earth's average near-surface atmospheric temperature rose 0.6 (plus or minus 0.2) degrees Celsius ... > full article

Earthquake liquefaction -- Earthquake liquefaction, often referred to simply as liquefaction, is the process by which saturated, unconsolidated soil or sand is converted into a suspension during an earthquake. The effect on ... > full article

Stone Age -- The Stone Age is a broad prehistoric time period during which humans widely used stone for toolmaking. Stone tools were made from a variety of different kinds of stone. For example, flint and chert ... > full article

Volcano -- A volcano is an opening (or rupture) in the Earth's surface or crust, which allows hot, molten rock, ash, and gases to escape from deep below the surface. Volcanic activity involving the extrusion of ... > full article

Cenozoic -- The Cenozoic Era is the most recent of the four classic geological eras. The Cenozoic is divided into two periods, the Palaeogene and Neogene, and they are in turn divided into epochs. The Palaeogene ... > full article

 

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Summaries | Headlines

Greenhouse Gas Effect Consistent Over 420 Million Years (March 29, 2007) -- New calculations show that sensitivity of Earth's climate to changes in the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide has been consistent for the last 420 million years, according to an article in Nature by ... > full story

Microfossils Unravel Climate History Of Tropical Africa (March 26, 2007) -- Scientists obtained for the first time a detailed temperature record for tropical central Africa over the past 25,000 years. They developed an entirely new method to reconstruct the history of land ... > full story

New Evidence Puts 'Snowball Earth' Theory Out In The Cold (March 25, 2007) -- The theory that Earth once underwent a prolonged time of extreme global freezing has been dealt a blow by new evidence that periods of warmth occurred during this so-called "Snowball Earth" ... > full story

Turkey's Lake Van Provides Precise Insights Into Eurasia's Climate History (March 15, 2007) -- The mud at the bottom of Turkey's Lake Van stores information about the climate of the last 500,000 years. Millimeter-thin layers with embedded pollen reveal climate information with a year by ... > full story

Climate Change: Could It Be Random? (March 10, 2007) -- Severe climate changes during the last ice-age could have been caused by random chaotic variations on Earth and not governed by external periodic influences from the sun. This has been shown in new ... > full story

Improved Predictions Of Warming-induced Extinctions Sought; Species Persist More Than Models Assume, Researchers Say (March 2, 2007) -- A team of researchers notes that fewer species went extinct during the past 2.5 million years than many ecological models would predict. Unexpected persistence of some species in adverse conditions ... > full story

Birth Rate, Competition Are Major Players In Hominid Extinctions (February 28, 2007) -- Modern human mothers are probably happy that they typically have one, maybe two babies at a time, but for early hominids, low birth numbers combined with competition often spelled extinction. "The ... > full story

From Icehouse To Hothouse: Melting Ice And Rising Carbon Dioxide Caused Climate Shift (February 27, 2007) -- Three hundred million years ago, Earth's climate shifted dramatically from icehouse to hothouse, with major environmental consequences. That shift was the result of both rising atmospheric carbon ... > full story

An Ancient Greenhouse Window Into The Future (February 26, 2007) -- A University of Queensland researcher is going back 50 million years to get a glimpse of what a future greenhouse climate might be like. Dr. Patrick Moss, a lecturer in physical geography with the ... > full story

Largest North America Climate Change In 65 Million Years, Study Shows (February 8, 2007) -- The largest climate change in central North America since the age of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, a temperature drop of nearly 15 degrees Fahrenheit, is documented within the fossilized teeth ... > full story

Winds Of Change: North America's Wind Patterns Have Shifted Significantly In The Past 30,000 Years (January 24, 2007) -- Using 14,000- to 30,000-year-old wood samples from areas in the mid-latitudes of North America (40-50°N), researchers have learned that the prevailing winds in this region, which now blow from the ... > full story

Geologist Gets To The Bottom Of Chicxulub Impact Crater (January 22, 2007) -- About 65 million years ago, a massive disruption led to worldwide extinction of dinosaurs. The impact of a giant asteroid created massive tsunamis and spewed forth a global cloud of carbon gases that ... > full story

< more recent summaries | earlier summaries >

The Weather Makers : How Man Is Changing the Climate and What It Means for Life on Earth
Sometime this century the day will arrive when the human influence on the climate will overwhelm all other natural factors. Over the past decade, the world has seen the most powerful El Niņo ... > read more

The Winds of Change : Climate, Weather, and the Destruction of Civilizations
The Winds of Change places the horrifying carnage unleashed on New Orleans, Mississippi, and Alabama by Hurricane Katrina in context.Climate has been humanity's constant, if moody, companion. At ... > read more

The Little Ice Age: How Climate Made History, 1300-1850
"Climate change is the ignored player on the historical stage," writes archeologist Brian Fagan. But it shouldn't be, not if we know what's good for us. We can't judge what future climate change will ... > read more

Environmental Science : Toward a Sustainable Future (9th Edition)
This classic book explores the interactions of humans within the natural environment and probes issues thoroughly, examining their scientific basis, history, and society's response. Strong science, ... > read more

The Oxford Companion to Wine
With more than 3,000 entries on every aspect of wine from vine pests to specific grapes, this hefty tome has something for both the seasoned connoisseur and novice alike. Edited by one of today's ... > read more

National Geographic Atlas Of The World 7th Edition
When National Geographic published its first Atlas of the World more than 35 years ago, the world was indeed a different place. In order to cover today's world--including its oceans, stars, climate, ... > read more

Field Notes from a Catastrophe
An argument for the urgent danger of global warming in a book that is sure to be as influential as Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring.Known for her insightful and thought-provoking journalism, New ... > read more

Geosystems : An Introduction to Physical Geography (6th Edition)
Geosystems is written, organized, and illustrated to give new learners an accessible, systematic, and visually appealing start in the study of physical geography. This edition includes the brand new ... > read more

Primal Leadership: Realizing the Power of Emotional Intelligence
Business leaders who maintain that emotions are best kept out of the work environment do so at their organization's peril. Bestselling author Daniel Goleman's theories on emotional intelligence (EI) ... > read more

Bullying at School: What We Know and What We Can Do (Understanding Children's Worlds)
Bullying at School is the definitive book on bully/victim problems in school and on effective ways of counteracting and preventing such problems. On the basis of the author's large-scale studies and ... > read more

 
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