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Crystallography
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Crystallography

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Greenside Minerals
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We specialize in minerals from the UK and Ireland

Crystallography and Minerals Arranged by Crystal Form

Amorphous ] Isometric ] Tetragonal ] Orthorhombic ] Hexagonal ] Trigonal ] Monoclinic ] Triclinic ]

Crystal Groups and Classes - Crystallography groups are composed of 32 classes of symmetry derived from observations of the external crystal form.  From these 32 classes, 230 space groups (see Crystallography 101) are distinguishable using x-ray analysis.  For additional information on crystal systems, please review an excellent on-line treatment of this subject, the Introduction to Crystallography and Mineral Crystal Systems by Mike and Darcy Howard.

Example Crystal Morphology - To further illustrate these symmetry elements, the example crystalline forms for each symmetry class were constructed using Faces (version 3.7) by Georges Favreau for older browsers and a JAVA language program called JCrystal by Steffen Weber for the java-capable browsers. The example crystals in each group and class were constructed using the following parameters:

This morphology was used in all the crystal groups and classes for drawing the examples and the stereo images. The higher order forms were selected to best illustrate some of the subtle differences in the symmetry classes. Remember, most real crystals will probably not have similar forms when compared to the examples.

Table Crystallography (Mason 68, p18) - The thirty-two crystal classes are summarized by symmetry elements in the following table which is linked to:

  1. Example crystal images within the crystallography group in the yellow columns.
  2. Stereo crystal images/java example and mineral listings of each group and class in the green columns.
  3. JAVA crystal examples on the individual crystal classes for detailed study. Please note that the rotational inversion axes of 3,(3BAR) 4 (4BAR), and 6 (6BAR) may not be visible to older browsers which don't use cascading style sheets (.css).
System (1) Class Name (2)

AXES

Planes Center
Hermann-
Maugin
Symbols (3)
2-Fold 3-Fold 4-Fold 6-Fold
Isometric

 

 

Tetartoidal 3 4 - - - - 23
Diploidal 3 4 - - 3 yes 2/m 3
Hextetrahedral 3 4 - - 6 - 4 3m
Gyroidal 6 4 3 - - - 432
Hexoctahedral 6 4 3 - 9 yes 4/m 3 2/m
Tetragonal

 

 

 

Disphenoidal 1 - - - - - 4
Pyramidal - - 1 - - - 4
Dipyramidal - - 1 - 1 yes 4/m
Scalenohedral 3 - - - 2 - 4 2m
Ditetragonal pyramidal - - - - 4 - 4mm
Trapezohedral 4 - 1 - - - 422
Ditetragonal-Dipyramidal 4 - 1 - 5 yes 4/m 2/m 2/m
Orthorhombic

 

Pyramidal 1 - - - 2 - mm2
Disphenoidal 3 - - - - - 222
Dipyramidal 3 - - - 3 yes 2/m 2/m 2/m
Hexagonal

 

 

 

Trigonal Dipyramidal - 1 - - 1 - 6
Pyramidal - - - 1 - - 6
Dipyramidal - - - 1 1 yes 6/m
Ditrigonal Dipyramidal 3 1 - - 4 - 6m2
Dihexagonal Pyramidal - - - 1 6 - 6mm
Trapezohedral 6 - - 1 - - 622
Dihexagonal Dipyramidal 6 - - 1 7 yes 6/m 2/m 2/m
Trigonal

 

 

Pyramidal - 1 - - - - 3
Rhombohedral - 1 - - - yes 3
Ditrigonal Pyramidal - 1 - - 3 - 3m
Trapezohedral 3 1 - - - - 32
Hexagonal Scalenohedral 3 1 - - 3 yes 3 2/m
Monoclinic

 

Domatic - - - - 1 - m
Sphenoidal 1 - - - - - 2
Prismatic 1 - - - 1 yes 2/m
Triclinic Pedial - - - - - - 1
Pinacoidal - - - - - yes 1

ISOMETRIC - Mike and Darcy Howard's Details on The Cubic (Isometric) System

wpe3B.jpg (11332 bytes)

Isometric

Crystallographic

Axes

Isometric Minerals Crystal Form Example

[214], [104], [024], [100], [010]

Class Unknown Mineral Listing

Diploidal.gif (975 bytes)

Isometric
Diploidal Mineral Listing
H-M Symbol (2/m 3)

Gyroidal.gif (1126 bytes)

Isometric
Gyroidal Mineral Listing
H-M Symbol (4 3 2)

Hexoctahedral.gif (1104 bytes)

Isometric
Hexoctahedral Mineral Listing
H-M Symbol (4/m 3 2/m)

Isometric
Hextetrahedral Mineral Listing
H-M Symbol (4 3m)

Isometric
Tetartoidal Mineral Listing
H-M Symbol (2 3)


TETRAGONAL - Mike and Darcy Howard's Details on The Tetragonal System

Tetragonal.gif (2030 bytes)

Tetragonal

Crystallographic

Axes

Tetragonal Mineral Crystal Form Example

[214], [104], [024], [100], [010]

Class Unknown Mineral Listing

Tet-dipyrimidal.gif (804 bytes)

Tetragonal
Dipyramidal Mineral Listing
H-M Symbol (4/m)

Tet-disphenoidal.gif (734 bytes)

Tetragonal
Disphenoidal Mineral Listing
H-M Symbol (4)

Tet-ditetragonal dipyramidal.gif (853 bytes)

Tetragonal
Ditetragonal Dipyramidal Mineral Listing
H-M Symbol (4/m 2/m 2/m)

Tet-pyramidal.gif (852 bytes)

Tetragonal
Pyramidal Mineral Listing
H-M Symbol (4)

Tet-ditetragonal_pyramidal.gif (984 bytes)

Tetragonal
Ditetragonal-pyramidal Mineral Listing
H-M Symbol (4mm)

Tet-scalenohedral.gif (814 bytes)

Tetragonal
Scalenohedral Mineral Listing
H-M Symbol (4 2m)

Tet-trapezohedral.gif (817 bytes)

Tetragonal
Trapezohedral Mineral
H-M Symbol (4 2 2)


ORTHORHOMBIC - Mike and Darcy Howard's Details on The Orthorhombic System

Orthorhombic.gif (1747 bytes)

Orthorhobic

Crystallographic

Axes

Orthorhombic Minerals Crystal Form Example

[214], [104], [024], [100], [010]

Class Unknown Mineral Listing.

Ortho-dipyramidal.gif (817 bytes)

Orthorhombic
Dipyramidal Mineral Listing
H-M Symbol (2/m 2/m 2/m)

Ortho-disphenoidalgif.gif (859 bytes)

Orthorhombic
Disphenoidal Mineral Listing
H-M Symbol (2 2 2)

Ortho-pyramidal.gif (884 bytes)

Orthorhombic
Pyramidal Mineral Listing
H-M Symbol (mm2)


HEXAGONAL - Mike and Darcy Howard's Details on The Hexagonal System (Hexagonal Division)

Hexagonal.gif (2087 bytes)

Hexagonal

Crystallographic

Axes

Hexagonal Minerals Crystal Form Example.

[214], [104], [024], [100], [010]

Class Unknown Mineral Listing.

Hex-dihexagonal-dipyramidal .gif (859 bytes)

Hexagonal
Dihexagonal Dipyramidal Mineral Listing
H-M Symbol (6/m 2/m 2/m)

Hex-dihexagonal-pyramidal.gif (877 bytes)

Hexagonal
Dihexagonal Pyramidal Mineral Listing
H-M Symbol (6mm)

Hex-dipyramidal.gif (768 bytes)

Hexagonal
Dipyramidal Mineral Listing
H-M Symbol (6/m)

Hex-ditrigonal-dipyramidal.gif (938 bytes)

Hexagonal
Ditrigonal Dipyramidal Mineral Listing
H-M Symbol (6 m2)

Hex-pyramidal.gif (806 bytes)

Hexagonal
Pyramidal Mineral Listing
H-M Symbol (6)

Hex-trapezohedral.gif (751 bytes)

Hexagonal
Trapezohedral Mineral Listing
H-M Symbol (6 2 2)

Hex-trigonal-dipyramidal.gif (751 bytes)

Hexagonal
Trigonal Dipyramidal Mineral
H-M Symbol (6)


TRIGONAL - Mike and Darcy Howard's Details on The Hexagonal System (Trigonal Division)

Hexagonal.gif (2087 bytes)

Trigonal
Crystallographic
Axes
Trigonal Minerals Crystal Form Example.

[214], [104], [024], [100], [010]

Class Unknown Mineral Listing.

Trig-ditrigonal-pyramidal.gif (890 bytes)

Trigonal
Ditrigonal Pyramidal Mineral Listing and Stereo image.
H-M Symbol (3m)

Trig-hexagonal-scalenohedral.gif (831 bytes)

Trigonal
Hexagonal Scalenohedral Mineral Listing and Stereo image.
H-M Symbol (3 2/m)

Trig-pyramidal.gif (889 bytes)

Trigonal
Pyramidal Mineral Listing and Stereo image.
H-M Symbol (3)

Trig-rhombohedral.gif (743 bytes)

Trigonal
Rhombohedral Mineral Listing and Stereo image.
H-M Symbol ( 3)

Trig-trapezohedral.gif (708 bytes)

Trigonal
Trapezohedral Mineral Listing and Stereo image.
H-M Symbol (3 2)


MONOCLINIC - Mike and Darcy Howard's Details on The Monoclinic System

Monoclinic.gif (2021 bytes)

Monoclinic
Crystallographic
Axes
b <> 90º
Monoclinic Minerals Crystal Form Example.

[214], [104], [024], [100], [010]

Class Unknown Mineral Listing.

Mono-domatic.gif (829 bytes)

Monoclinic
Domatic Mineral Listing
H-M Symbol (m)

Mono-prismatic.gif (743 bytes)

Monoclinic
Prismatic Mineral Listing
H-M Symbol (2/m)

Mono-sphenoidal.gif (707 bytes)

Monoclinic
Sphenoidal Mineral Listing
H-M Symbol (2)


TRICLINIC - Mike and Darcy Howard's Details on The Triclinic System

triclinic.gif (2084 bytes)

Triclinic
Crystallographic
Axes
a,b,g <> 90
Triclinic Minerals Crystal Form Example.

[214], [104], [024], [100], [010]

Class Unknown Mineral Listing.

Tri-pedial.gif (783 bytes)

Triclinic
Pedial Mineral Listing
H-M Symbol (1)

Tri-pinacoidal.gif (783 bytes)

Triclinic
Pinacoidal Mineral Listing
H-M Symbol ( 1)


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