A-Z Browse

British lawyer and jurist (b. Oct. 19, 1913, Idle, West Yorkshire, Eng.—d. Aug. 4, 2004, Cambridge, Eng.), served as Whewell Professor of International Law at the University of Cambridge (1955–82) and as a judge on the International Court of Justice (1982–95, president 1991–94) at The Hague. Although Jennings was not a prolific writer, the edition of Oppenheim...

American country music singer and songwriter (b. June 15, 1937, Littlefield, Texas—d. Feb. 13, 2002, Chandler, Ariz.), recorded some 60 albums and 16 number one country hits and sold more than 40 million records worldwide; in the 1970s he spearheaded, with Willie Nelson, a movement known as “outlaw music,” which blended folk lyrics, rock rhythms, and honky-tonk-style instrumen...

...Bricusse, Henry Mancini for Victor/VictoriaOriginal Song: “Up Where We Belong” from An Officer and a Gentleman; music by Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte-Marie, lyrics by Will JenningsHonorary Award: Mickey Rooney...

She first began writing at the age of 30 with the encouragement of her cousin August Lewald, a journalist and editor. The novels Clementine (1842) and Jenny (1843) describe circumscribed lives built around family virtues. Die Familie Darner, 3 vol. (1888; “The Darner Family”), and Von Geschlecht zu Geschlecht, 8 vol. (1863–65; “From Generatio...

...of World War I, Curtiss emerged as a major supplier of flying boats to the United States and allied European governments. He was a leading producer of aircraft engines, notably the famous OX-5. The Curtiss JN-4 (“Jenny”) was the standard training and general-purpose aircraft in American military service during the years prior to the U.S. entry into World War I. The NC-4, a......

...with floral motifs. The style often featured turned legs (i.e., legs shaped on a lathe), split spindles, and other hallmarks of earlier periods. Turned furniture of this type was also called “Jenny Lind,” in honour of the famous Swedish soprano Jenny Lind, whose American concert tour with the American showman P.T. Barnum during the period of this style’s introduction made h...

...and, especially, the piano-box, or square-box, buggy enjoyed great popularity. Without a top a buggy was usually called a runabout, or a driving wagon, and if it had a standing top it was called a Jenny Lind....

series of caves constituting one of Australia’s best known tourist attractions, in east central New South Wales, 70 mi (113 km) west of Sydney. They comprise a series of tunnels and caverns formed by two converging streams in a thick bed of limestone at an elevation of 2,600 ft (800 m) on the western margin of the Blue Mountains. The caves are on different levels and contain unique limeston...

...His belief in the importance of the Übermensch made him talk of ordinary people as “the herd,” who did not really matter. In Beyond Good and Evil (1886), he wrote with approval of “the distinguished type of morality,” according to which “one has duties only toward one’s equals; towar...

The most widely quoted example of the dema deity complex is the version of the Ceramese myth of Hainuwele, by the Danish anthropologist Adolf E. Jensen. According to this myth, a dema man named Amenta found a coconut speared on a boar’s tusk and in a dream was instructed to plant it. In six days a palm had sprung from the nut and flowered. Amenta cut his finger, and his blood....

dancer, choreographer, and teacher who was founder-president of the Royal Academy of Dancing....

Danish actress who, with her frequent stage partner, the character actor Poul Reumert, reilluminated the dramas of Henrik Ibsen and August Strindberg....

Danish silversmith and designer who achieved international prominence for his commercial application of modern metal design. The simple elegance of his works and their emphasis on fine craftsmanship, hallmarks of Jensen’s products, are recognized around the world....

royal cabinetmaker of Louis XIV-style furniture, who became one of the most fashionable and foremost designers and craftsmen of his time. Apparently the first cabinetmaker to earn individual distinction in England, he became famous for his technique of metal- inlaid furniture and is therefore sometimes called the English Boulle, after the renowned contemporary French cabinetmaker Andr...

German physicist who shared half of the 1963 Nobel Prize for Physics with Maria Goeppert Mayer for their proposal of the shell nuclear model. (The other half of the prize was awarded to Eugene P. Wigner for unrelated work.)...

highly original landscape architect whose public and private works, mostly in the U.S. Midwest, are marked by harmonious use of natural terrain and native flora....

German physicist who shared half of the 1963 Nobel Prize for Physics with Maria Goeppert Mayer for their proposal of the shell nuclear model. (The other half of the prize was awarded to Eugene P. Wigner for unrelated work.)...

Danish novelist, poet, essayist, and writer of many myths, whose attempt, in his later years, to depict man’s development in the light of an idealized Darwinian theory caused his work to be much debated. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1944....

Danish novelist, poet, essayist, and writer of many myths, whose attempt, in his later years, to depict man’s development in the light of an idealized Darwinian theory caused his work to be much debated. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1944....

publisher and printer who developed the roman-style typeface....

...Ring Original Song: “If I Didn’t Have You” from Monsters, Inc.; music and lyrics by Randy NewmanAnimated Feature Film: Shrek, directed by Andrew Adamson and Vicky JensonHonorary Award: Sidney Poitier, Robert Redford...

...areas from the southwestern United States to southern Mexico. It is an agile animal with rounded ears and semiretractile claws. It is sometimes kept as a pet and is an excellent mouser. The species B. (formerly Jentinkia) sumichrasti ranges in forests from Central America to Peru. Larger, darker-furred, and more arboreal than the ringtail, it has pointed ears and......

...catalogues with profound resource the vulnerability of human philosophies of life to humiliation at the hands of life itself. Johnson’s forensic brilliance can be seen in his relentless review of Soame Jenyns’s Free Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Evil (1757), which caustically dissects the latter’s complacent attitude to human suffering, and ...

...players of that instrument in its modern form. His first opera-ballet, Les Fêtes de l’été, was produced in 1716. His best known opera, or tragédie-lyrique, Jephté (1732), was banned by the Archbishop of Paris because of its biblical subject. It has a grandeur reminiscent of Lully and is known to have influenced Rameau. Other works include ...

...fusion of the lyrical and the dramatic, and when working on a large scale his pronounced feeling for tonality prevents any tendency to diffuseness. His genius is well displayed in his oratorio Jephtha, lasting about 20 minutes, where both solo narrator and chorus act as commentators and the latter also take the roles of opposing groups in the story. George Frideric Handel expanded this.....

...which he celebrated the peace of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. Handel now began to experience trouble with his sight. He managed with great difficulty to finish the last of his oratorios, Jephtha, which was performed at Covent Garden Theatre, London, in 1752. He kept his interest in musical activities alive until the end. After his death on April 14, 1759, he was buried in......

a judge or regent (often a hero figure) of Israel who dominates a narrative in the Book of Judges, where he is presented as an exemplar of faith for Israel in its monotheistic commitment to Yahweh. Of the Israelite tribe in Gilead (present northwest Jordan), he was banished from his home and became the head of a powerful band of brigands. Oppressed by the rapacity of the non-Israelite peoples of ...

U.S. mail pilot, barnstormer with a flying circus, and expert navigator who used his detailed terrain notes to chart the skies and create a multimillion-dollar business that published air-navigation charts and other flying aides (b. 1907?--d. Nov. 26, 1996)....

American singer and stunning blond beauty whose career as a lyric soprano at the Metropolitan Opera and other companies in the 1930s and ’40s was launched by radio performances (b. Nov. 28, 1904--d. Sept. 16, 1997)....

city, southeastern Bahia estado (state), northeastern Brazil, on the Contas River, at 653 feet (199 metres) above sea level. It was elevated to city status in 1910. Jequié is the trade centre for a zone yielding mainly livestock and other agricultural products, as well as some manufactured products. Goods are transported by railr...

(Abrus precatorius), plant of the pea family (Fabaceae), found in tropical regions. The hard, red and black seeds are attractive and are strung into necklaces and rosaries in India and other tropical areas, though they are highly poisonous. The seeds are also used as a unit of weight (ratti), equivalent to about one or two grains Troy, in India....

river, eastern Brazil, rising in the Serra do Espinhaço, south of Diamantina, Minas Gerais estado (state), and flowing northward and then east-northeastward across the uplands. At Salto da Divisa, it is interrupted by the Cachoeira (falls) do Salto Grande (140 ft [43 m] high). It descends to the coastal plain at the city of Jequitinhonha (beyond whi...

...a colourful account from Adam to Joshua, named for the ancient book of heroic songs and sagas mentioned in the Bible (Joshua 10:13; 2 Samuel 1:18). There is also the voluminous Chronicles of Jerahmeel, written in the Rhineland in the 14th century, which draws largely on Pseudo-Philo’s earlier compilation and includes Hebrew and Aramaic versions of certain books o...

island in the Gulf of Gabes, Mediterranean Sea, off the Tunisian mainland, to which it is connected by a causeway. Jarbah island is about 17 miles (27 km) long by 16 miles (26 km) wide and has an area of 197 square miles (510 square km). The island was known to ancient geographers as the “land of the lotus eaters” and was originally settled by the Romans. After being conquered by the...

any of 33 species of long-tailed leaping rodents well adapted to the deserts and steppes of eastern Europe, Asia, and northern Africa. Jerboas are mouselike, with bodies ranging from 5 to 15 cm (2 to 5.9 inches) in length and long tails of 7 to 25 cm. Certain traits are highly variable between species, particularly the size of the ears, which range from small and round to slende...

African king (reigned c. 1815–48) who led his Jere people on a monumental migration of more than 1,000 miles, lasting more than 20 years. A leader of incomparable stature, he brought his initially small tribe (later called the Ngoni) from its original home near modern Swaziland to the western part of present-day Tanzania, forming it into one of the most powerful kingdoms of......

...prophet, as well as a group of Abraham and Isaac (1416–21) for the eastern niches; the so-called “Zuccone” (“pumpkin,” because of its bald head); and the so-called “Jeremiah” (actually Habakkuk) for the western niches. The “Zuccone” is deservedly famous as the finest of the campanile statues and one of the artist’s masterpiec...

Hebrew prophet, reformer, and author of an Old Testament book that bears his name. He was closely involved in the political and religious events of a crucial era in the history of the ancient Near East; his spiritual leadership helped his fellow countrymen survive disasters that included the capture of Jerusalem by the Babylonians in 586 bc and the exile of many Ju...

one of the major prophetical writings of the Old Testament. Jeremiah, a Judaean prophet whose activity spanned four of the most tumultuous decades in his country’s history, appears to have received his call to be a prophet in the 13th year of the reign of King Josiah (627/626 bc) and continued his ministry until after the siege and capture of Jerusalem by the Babylonians in 58...

Old Testament book belonging to the third section of the biblical canon, known as the Ketuvim, or Writings. In the Hebrew Bible, Lamentations stands with Ruth, the Song of Solomon, Ecclesiastes, and Esther and with them makes up the Megillot, five scrolls that are read on various festivals of the Jewish religious year. In the Jewish liturgical calendar, Lamentations is the festal scroll of the Nin...

apocryphal book of the Old Testament, in the Roman canon appended as a sixth chapter to the book of Baruch (itself apocryphal in the Jewish and Protestant canons)....

Hebrew prophet, reformer, and author of an Old Testament book that bears his name. He was closely involved in the political and religious events of a crucial era in the history of the ancient Near East; his spiritual leadership helped his fellow countrymen survive disasters that included the capture of Jerusalem by the Babylonians in 586 bc and the exile of many Ju...

patriarch of Constantinople and one of the most capable leaders of the Greek Orthodox church....

Old Testament book belonging to the third section of the biblical canon, known as the Ketuvim, or Writings. In the Hebrew Bible, Lamentations stands with Ruth, the Song of Solomon, Ecclesiastes, and Esther and with them makes up the Megillot, five scrolls that are read on various festivals of the Jewish religious year. In the Jewish liturgical calendar, Lamentations is the festal scroll of the Nin...

town, southwestern Haiti, on the northern shore of Pointe de (Cape) Tiburon, on the Gulf of Gonâve. It was founded in 1756, and the port was opened in 1807. It developed as a market and port for the produce (cacao, coffee, sugarcane, bananas, mangoes, logwood, and hides) of the fertile backcountry. Long regarded as a bastion of Haiti’s mulatto (of mixed African and...

capital of Armenia. It is situated on the Hrazdan River, 14 miles (23 km) from the Turkish frontier. Though first historically recorded in ad 607, Yerevan dates by archaeological evidence to a settlement on the site in the 6th–3rd millennium bc and subsequently to the fortress of Yerbuni in 783 bc. From the 6th century ...

fortified wine of Spanish origin that typically has a distinctive nutty flavour. It takes its name from the province of Jerez de la Frontera in Andalusia, Spain, sherry being an Anglicization of Jerez. The substance is also produced elsewhere—notably in Cyprus, South Africa, Australia, and the United States, but Spanish producers have attempted to reserve the name ...

city, south-central Zacatecas estado (state), north-central Mexico. Formerly known simply as Jerez, the city is on the Jerez River, 6,650 feet (2,027 m) above sea level and southwest of Zacatecas, the state capital. It is the commercial and manufacturing centre for an agricultural and pastoral hinterland in which beans, quince, and apples are the principal crops and horses, ...

city, Cadiz provincia, in the comunidad autónoma (“autonomous community”) of Andalusia, southwestern Spain. It lies northeast of Cádiz city and near the north bank of the Guadalete River. Of obscure origin but probably identical with the Roman Asido Caesariana, the city was occupied by the Moors from the 8th century until it was captured by King Alfonso X ...

town in the disputed West Bank area occupied by Israel since 1967, on the west side of the Jordan River valley. It is one of the earliest continuous settlements in the world, dating perhaps from about 9000 bc....

(Anastatica hierochuntica), plant that is the only species of the genus Anastatica, of the mustard family (Brassicaceae), native to western Asia. The small, gray plant curls its branches and seedpods inward in the dry season, forming a ball that opens only when moistened. In this form, it can be stored for years and is often sold as a curiosity. The ball rolls with the wind like a tu...

...by carbon-14 to about 9000 bc, and of a long period of settlement by their descendants. By about 8000 bc the inhabitants had grown into an organized community capable of building a massive stone wall around the settlement, strengthened at one point at least by a massive stone tower. The size of this settlement justifies the use of the term town and suggests a populat...

...feet (240 metres) above sea level. The Narragansett, or Seaboard, Lowland comprises coastal lowlands and islands that are below 200 feet (60 metres) in elevation. The highest point in the state is Jerimoth Hill, 812 feet (247 metres) high, near North Foster....

...as “jumping” or “dancing” eye movements. One type of nystagmus, called pendular nystagmus, is characterized by even, smooth eye movements, whereas in the type referred to as jerk nystagmus the movements are sharper and quicker in one direction than in the other. Jerk nystagmus can occur normally, such as when one is dizzy (e.g., from spinning around in circles) or is...

courtier, favourite of Henrietta Maria, queen of Charles I of England. It was rumoured, falsely, that he became her husband after the king’s execution (1649)....

Swedish Nordic skier who won nine Olympic medals in cross-country skiing competition....

Danish immunologist who shared the 1984 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with César Milstein and Georges Köhler for his theoretical contributions to the understanding of the immune system....

Danish immunologist who shared the 1984 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with César Milstein and Georges Köhler for his theoretical contributions to the understanding of the immune system....

city, seat (1856) of Orange county, central Florida, U.S. It is situated in a region dotted by lakes, about 60 miles (95 km) northwest of Melbourne and 85 miles (135 km) northeast of Tampa. The city is the focus for one of the state’s most populous metropolitan areas....

a judge and hero-liberator of Israel whose deeds are described in the Book of Judges. The author apparently juxtaposed two traditional accounts from his sources in order to emphasize Israel’s monotheism and its duty to destroy idolatry. Accordingly, in one account Gideon led his clansmen of the tribe of Manasseh in slaying the Midianites, a horde of desert raiders; but, influenced by the cu...

Jeroboam I, the first king of the new state of Israel, made his capital first at Shechem, then at Tirzah. Recognizing the need for religious independence from Jerusalem, he set up official sanctuaries at Dan and Bethel, at the two ends of his realm, installing in them golden calves (or bulls), for which he is castigated in the anti-northern account in the First Book of the Kings. Israel engaged......

...relations with neighbouring states. Damascus was the main immediate enemy, which annexed much of Israel’s territory, exercised suzerainty over the rest, and exacted a heavy tribute from Judah. Under Jeroboam II (783–741) in Israel and Uzziah (Azariah; 783–742) in Judah, both of whom had long reigns at the same time, the two kingdoms cooperated to achieve a period of prosper...

king of Westphalia, marshal of France, and Napoleon I’s youngest brother, the only one whose career stretched into the second French empire of Louis-Napoléon (later Napoleon III). It was through Jérôme that the Bonaparte line extended into the U.S.; his eldest son, Jérôme, established residence there....

American inventor and clock maker whose products enjoyed widespread popularity in the mid-19th century....

English novelist and playwright whose humour—warm, unsatirical, and unintellectual—won him wide following....

English novelist and playwright whose humour—warm, unsatirical, and unintellectual—won him wide following....

Czech philosopher and theologian whose advocacy of sweeping religious reform in the Western Church made him one of the first Reformation leaders in central Europe....

; feast day September 30, biblical translator and monastic leader, traditionally regarded as the most learned of the Latin Fathers. He lived for a time as a hermit, became a priest, served as secretary to Pope Damasus, and about 389 established a monastery at Bethlehem. His numerous biblical, ascetical, monastic, and theological works profoundly influenced the early Middle Ages....

English dramatist who, with his The Spanish Tragedie (sometimes called Hieronimo, or Jeronimo, after its protagonist), initiated the revenge tragedy of his day. Kyd anticipated the structure of many later plays, including the development of middle and final climaxes. In addition, he revealed an instinctive sense of tragic situation, while his characterization of Hieronimo......

...provide highly effective pictorial contrasts. Cardinal Niño de Guevara, in crimson robes, is almost electrical in his inherent energy, a man accustomed to command. El Greco’s portrait of “Jeronimo de Cevallos” (1605–10; Prado, Madrid), on the other hand, is most sympathetic. The work is half-length, painted thinly and limited to black and white. The huge ruff....

...architecture, an extreme style of late Gothic decoration that celebrated the voyages of discovery, Manuel, and God. The prime examples of Manueline style at Lisbon, the Tower of Belém and the Jerónimos Monastery, about four miles downstream from the city centre, are far less exuberant than those at the rival Portuguese cities of Batalha and Tomar. The tower and the monastery are.....

...preachers of upstart prayer-churches who grow fat on the credulity of their parishioners in The Trials of Brother Jero (performed 1960; published 1963) and Jero’s Metamorphosis (1973). But his more serious plays, such as The Strong Breed (1963), Kongi’s Harvest (opened the first Fes...

English playwright, journalist, and humorist....

Other Nominees...

largest and southernmost of the Channel Islands, 12 miles (19 km) west of the Cotentin peninsula of France; its capital, St. Helier, is 100 miles south of Weymouth, Eng. Jersey is about 10 miles across and 5 miles from north to south. The Ecrehous rocks (6 miles northwest) and Les Minquiers (12 miles south) are in the Bailiwick of Jersey....

breed of small short-horned dairy cattle originating on Jersey, one of the Channel Islands; it is believed to have descended from French cattle. The colour of the Jersey is usually a shade of fawn or cream, but darker shades are common. In the late 18th century measures were passed prohibiting the importation of cattle into Jersey except for...

outer garment, usually knitted or crocheted, that is worn on the upper part of the body, either pulled over the head or buttoned down the front or back. Although hand knitting of wool had been practiced for about 2,000 years, it was not until the 15th century that the first knitted shirts or tunics were produced on the English Channel islands of Guernsey and Jersey; hence the English name jersey....

resolution passed in 1913 by the English Jockey Club and named after its sponsor, Victor Albert George, 7th Earl of Jersey, one of the club stewards. It declared that the only horses and mares acceptable for registration in the General Stud Book would be those that could be traced in all their lines to sires and dams already registered therein. The Act effectively disqualified a...

largest and southernmost of the Channel Islands, 12 miles (19 km) west of the Cotentin peninsula of France; its capital, St. Helier, is 100 miles south of Weymouth, Eng. Jersey is about 10 miles across and 5 miles from north to south. The Ecrehous rocks (6 miles northwest) and Les Minquiers (12 miles south) are in the Bailiwick of Jersey....

city, seat (1840) of Hudson county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S. It is situated on a peninsula between the Hudson and Hackensack rivers, opposite Manhattan Island, New York City, with which it is connected by the Holland Tunnel and the Port Authority Trans-Hudson rapid transit system. Its site, originally inhabited by the...

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resolution passed in 1913 by the English Jockey Club and named after its sponsor, Victor Albert George, 7th Earl of Jersey, one of the club stewards. It declared that the only horses and mares acceptable for registration in the General Stud Book would be those that could be traced in all their lines to sires and dams already registered therein. The Act effectively disqualified a...

British beauty and actress, known as the Jersey Lily....

basic knitting stitch in which each loop is drawn through other loops to the right side of the fabric. The loops form vertical rows, or wales, on the fabric face, giving it a sheen, and crosswise rows, or courses, on the back....

zoo on the island of Jersey, in the British Isles, primarily devoted to keeping and breeding endangered species, especially island forms and small mammals and reptiles. The zoo, situated on 14 hectares (35 acres) of rolling hills, was founded in 1959 by the British author Gerald Durrell. Its management was turned over to the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust in 1963. More than two-thirds of the ...

a judge and hero-liberator of Israel whose deeds are described in the Book of Judges. The author apparently juxtaposed two traditional accounts from his sources in order to emphasize Israel’s monotheism and its duty to destroy idolatry. Accordingly, in one account Gideon led his clansmen of the tribe of Manasseh in slaying the Midianites, a horde of desert raiders; but, influenced by the cu...

city, capital of Girona provincia (province), in the Catalonia comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), northeastern Spain. It lies on the Oñar River in the foothills of the Los Ángeles Mountains, a short distance inland from a Mediterranea...

ancient city of the Middle East that since 1967 has been wholly under the rule of the State of Israel....

sunflower (Helianthus tuberosus) of the Asteraceae family, native to North America, noted for its edible tubers. The aboveground part of the plant is a coarse, usually multibranched, frost-tender perennial, 2 to 3 m (7 to 10 feet) tall. The numerous showy flowerheads, appearing in late summer or early autumn, have yellow ray flowers and yellow, brownish, or purplish disk flowers. The underg...

a law code based on a series of customs and practices that developed in the Latin crusader kingdom of Jerusalem in the 12th century. It stands as one of the most complete monuments of feudal law....

a law code based on a series of customs and practices that developed in the Latin crusader kingdom of Jerusalem in the 12th century. It stands as one of the most complete monuments of feudal law....

...English from the Hebrew and Greek originals. The resultant Confraternity Version (1952–61) was later issued as the New American Bible (1970). Another modern version, more colloquial, is the Jerusalem Bible (1966), translated from the French Catholic Bible de Jérusalem (one-volume edition, 1961)....

The last week of Lent was one of special devotion in remembrance of the Lord’s Passion. Athanasius in his Festal Letter of 330 called it “holy Paschal week.” The Church of Jerusalem in particular organized dramatic ceremonies during the week at appropriate holy sites of its neighbourhood. A detailed description is contained in the account of a Spanish nun (c. 395...

a conference of the Christian Apostles in Jerusalem in about ad 50 which decreed that Gentile Christians did not have to observe the Mosaic Law of the Jews. It was occasioned by the insistence of certain Judaic Christians from Jerusalem that Gentile Christians from Antioch in Syria obey the Mosaic custom of circumcision. A delegation, led by the apostle Paul and his companion Barnaba...

a conference of the Christian Apostles in Jerusalem in about ad 50 which decreed that Gentile Christians did not have to observe the Mosaic Law of the Jews. It was occasioned by the insistence of certain Judaic Christians from Jerusalem that Gentile Christians from Antioch in Syria obey the Mosaic custom of circumcision. A delegation, led by the apostle Paul and his companion Barnaba...

any of about 50 species of insects in the family Gryllacrididae (order Orthoptera) that are related to grasshoppers and crickets. Jerusalem crickets are large, brownish, and awkward insects and are found in Asia, South Africa, and both North and Central America....

greatest Italian poet of the late Renaissance, celebrated for his heroic epic poem Gerusalemme liberata (1581; “Jerusalem Liberated”), dealing with the capture of Jerusalem during the First Crusade....

...departments for intelligence gathering (both at home and abroad) and clandestine activities. The names and functions of these departments are not well-known. One such group, however, is known as the Qods (Jerusalem) Force. Like the MOIS, it is responsible for conducting clandestine operations and for training and organizing foreign paramilitary groups in other parts of the Islamic world,......

The Jerusalem Foundation (1966) collects funds for the preservation of the city’s multireligious heritage and the embellishment of its barren areas. This foundation is responsible for creating many of Jerusalem’s parks, gardens, woodlands, and forests. The largest is Jerusalem Park, designed as a greenbelt to encircle the Old City walls. There are also small gardens, playgrounds, and...

state-subsidized institution of higher learning in Jerusalem. The foremost university in Israel, it attracts many Jewish students from abroad. Originally inaugurated (1925) on Mount Scopus, it was transferred to Givʿat Ram in the Israeli-controlled sector of Jerusalem after 1948, when Mount Scopus became a demilitarized Israeli area within Jordanian territory. After the Israeli reoccupation...