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oblast (region), western Russia, in the Central Russian Upland. The oblast’s rolling hills, which are much dissected by river valleys and erosion gullies, are covered by both fertile and poor soils, but the natural vegetation of mixed forest or forest-steppe has in large part been cleared for agriculture since the intensive settlement of the area in the 16th century. The clima...

ancient capital of the Toltecs in Mexico, it was primarily important from approximately ad 850 to 1150. Although its exact location is not certain, an archaeological site near the contemporary town of Tula in Hidalgo state has been the persistent choice of historians....

city and administrative centre of Tula oblast (region), western Russia. It lies along the Upa River, which is a tributary of the Oka River. First mentioned in 1146 as Taydula, Tula became the principal stronghold on the southern approaches to Moscow in the 16th century and the centre of a series of defensive lines against Tatar attack. A stone citadel of 1530, restored in 1784 and 1824, sur...

black metallic alloy of sulfur with silver, copper, or lead that is used to fill designs that have been engraved on the surface of a metal (usually silver) object. Niello is made by fusing together silver, copper, and lead and then mixing the molten alloy with sulfur. The resulting black-coloured sulfides are powdered, and after the engraved metal, usually silver, has been moistened with a flux, ...

market town, urban district, and the seat of County Offaly, Ireland, situated on the River Tullamore. The High Cross is all that remains of Durrow Abbey, which once stood to the north of Tullamore. The Book of Durrow, an illuminated manuscript of the four Gospels in Irish script, was written there about 700 and is now in Trinity College, Dublin. The neighbourhood contains Bronze...

town and island in the Solomon Islands, southwestern Pacific Ocean, north of Guadalcanal. The island has a circumference of 3 miles (5 km). The town of Tulagi was the administrative seat (from 1893) of the British Solomon Islands Protectorate until it was destroyed by the Japanese (1942). The capital was subsequently moved to Honiara, a new town built on Guadalcanal. The narrow strait between Tula...

town and island in the Solomon Islands, southwestern Pacific Ocean, north of Guadalcanal. The island has a circumference of 3 miles (5 km). The town of Tulagi was the administrative seat (from 1893) of the British Solomon Islands Protectorate until it was destroyed by the Japanese (1942). The capital was subsequently moved to Honiara, a new town built on Guadalcanal. The narrow strait between Tula...

city, southeastern Hidalgo estado (state), north-central Mexico. Tulancingo lies along the Río Grande de Tulancingo, at 7,290 feet (2,222 m) above sea level. It was taken from the Toltec Indians by the Spaniards in the 1520s. The city, which contains several colonial churches, became the seat of a bishopric in 1862. It is an agricultural (barley and a...

private, coeducational institution of higher learning in New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. It grants undergraduate, graduate, and professional degrees through 11 schools and colleges. In addition to the main campus, there is the campus of Tulane Medical Center, which includes the School of Medicine and the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine. Notable amon...

private, coeducational institution of higher learning in New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. It grants undergraduate, graduate, and professional degrees through 11 schools and colleges. In addition to the main campus, there is the campus of Tulane Medical Center, which includes the School of Medicine and the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine. Notable amon...

acute infectious disease resembling plague, but much less severe. It was described in 1911 among ground squirrels in Tulare county, California (from which the name is derived), and was first reported in humans in the United States in 1914. The causative agent is the gram-negative bacterium Francisella tularensis. The disease is primarily one of anim...

...part of the country, at Mount Al-Ṭubayq, rock carvings date from several prehistoric periods, the earliest of which have been attributed to the Paleolithic-Mesolithic era. The site at Tulaylāt al-Ghassūl in the Jordan Valley of a well-built village with painted plaster walls may represent transitional developments from the Neolithic to the Chalcolithic period....

city, capital of Toledo provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Castile–La Mancha, south-central Spain. It is situated on a rugged promontory washed on three sides by the Tagus River, 42 miles (67...

...blue flowers. African lily, or lily of the Nile (Agapanthus africanus), has many varieties, some with white or purple flowers and others with patterned leaves. Similar plants of the genus Tulbaghia also are popular ornamentals. Tulbaghia violacea has a thick stem, garlic-scented leaves, and urn-shaped purple flowers. Ornamental species of the genus Brodiaea, known as...

...(Agapanthus africanus), has many varieties, some with white or purple flowers and others with patterned leaves. Similar plants of the genus Tulbaghia also are popular ornamentals. Tulbaghia violacea has a thick stem, garlic-scented leaves, and urn-shaped purple flowers. Ornamental species of the genus Brodiaea, known as triplet lilies, have narrow, grasslike leaves.....

city, extreme northern highland Ecuador. Tulcán lies just south of the Carchi River near the Colombian border. Spanish colonists established the European settlement in the mid-18th century. When Ecuador seceded from Gran Colombia in 1830, the boundary between Ecuador and Colombia was fixed along the Carchi River, thus politically dividing a natural economic area—th...

city, southeastern Romania, situated on the St. George arm of the Danube River. Tulcea is an ancient city, founded in the 7th century bc by Greeks from Miletus. The Romans called it Aegissus. It is an important inland port, accessible from the Black Sea via the main Danube channels, and it is a centre for fishing and tourism along the smaller delta channels. Plants in Tulcea refriger...

The species C. canadensis is often considered to include two other deer, the Tule elk (C. nannodes) and the extinct Merriam’s elk (C. merriami). The Tule elk, a California deer, is smaller and lighter in colour than the wapiti....

...as Mexico, the Mediterranean Sea, India, and Japan. The European white-fronted goose (Anser a. albifrons) winters in western Europe, the British Isles, and Central Asia. The largest form, the tule goose (A. a. gambelli), winters only in the Sacramento Valley, California....

the sole freshwater species of surfperch....

town, southwestern Madagascar. The town is a port on Saint-Augustin Bay of the Mozambique Channel and serves as the outlet for the agricultural products of the hinterland. It also ships marine products, processes sisal, produces soap and food products, and has a livestock-breeding station and an experimental agriculture station. In April 1971 Toliara was the s...

city, seat (1850) of San Joaquin county, north-central California, U.S. It lies along the San Joaquin River, 40 miles (65 km) south of Sacramento. Connected westward with San Francisco Bay by the river’s 78-mile (126-km) channel, Stockton is, with Sacramento, one of the state’s two inland ports. Part of Rancho del Campo de Los ...

In the mid-1920s a group of young writers emerged called Tulenkantajat (Torchbearers), who took as their slogan “Open the windows to Europe!” Through them, Finns were introduced to free verse, exotic themes, and urban romanticism. The group’s original ideals were realized in the early verse of Katri Vala; at first a prophetess of sensual joys, she later turned to social critic...

Mexican-born businesswoman who built her fortune through casinos and trade ventures in the early American Southwest....

(genus Tulipa), any of a group of cultivated bulbous herbs in the family Liliaceae. The genus Tulipa consists of about 100 species that are native to Eurasia from Austria and Italy eastward to Japan, with two-thirds of them native to the eastern Mediterranean and the southeastern parts of the Soviet Union. Tulips are among the most popular of all garden flowers....

Ahmed’s reign is sometimes known as the Tulip Age (Lâle Devri) because of the popularity of that flower in Constantinople in the early 18th century. With Ahmed’s encouragement, art and literature flourished during this time....

a speculative frenzy in 17th-century Holland over the sale of tulip bulbs. Tulips were introduced into Europe from Turkey shortly after 1550, and the delicately formed, vividly coloured flowers became a popular if costly item. The demand for differently coloured varieties of tulips soon exceeded the supply, and prices for individual bulbs of rare types began to rise to unwarrant...

a speculative frenzy in 17th-century Holland over the sale of tulip bulbs. Tulips were introduced into Europe from Turkey shortly after 1550, and the delicately formed, vividly coloured flowers became a popular if costly item. The demand for differently coloured varieties of tulips soon exceeded the supply, and prices for individual bulbs of rare types began to rise to unwarrant...

...Ocean extends from California to Peru. The Atlantic ribbed mussel (Modiolus demissus), which has a thin, strong, yellowish brown shell, occurs from Nova Scotia to the Gulf of Mexico. The tulip mussel (Modiolus americanus), from North Carolina to the Caribbean Sea, attaches itself to broken shells and rocks; its smooth, thin shell is usually light brown but sometimes has rosy......

Ahmed’s reign is sometimes known as the Tulip Age (Lâle Devri) because of the popularity of that flower in Constantinople in the early 18th century. With Ahmed’s encouragement, art and literature flourished during this time....

North American ornamental and timber tree of the magnolia family (Magnoliaceae), order Magnoliales, not related to the true poplars....

...BuccineaceaScavengers that have lost the mechanisms for boring; dove shells (Columbellidae), mud snails (Nassariidae), tulip shells (Fasciolariidae), whelks (Buccinidae), and crown conchs (Galeodidae) mainly cool-water species; but dove and tulip shells have many tropical......

Ahmed’s reign is sometimes known as the Tulip Age (Lâle Devri) because of the popularity of that flower in Constantinople in the early 18th century. With Ahmed’s encouragement, art and literature flourished during this time....

North American ornamental and timber tree of the magnolia family (Magnoliaceae), order Magnoliales, not related to the true poplars....

(genus Tulipa), any of a group of cultivated bulbous herbs in the family Liliaceae. The genus Tulipa consists of about 100 species that are native to Eurasia from Austria and Italy eastward to Japan, with two-thirds of them native to the eastern Mediterranean and the southeastern parts of the Soviet Union. Tulips are among the most popular of all garden flowers....

...Russia in the earlier half of the 17th century. When the Manchu envoys, who traveled the length of Siberia back and forth by its myriad waterways, returned to Beijing three years later, one of them, Tulishen, wrote a detailed account of the journey under the title of Yiyulu (Record of Strange Regions)....

English agronomist, agriculturist, writer, and inventor whose ideas helped form the basis of modern British agriculture....

...is extensive dairy farming, and cattle, poultry, and pigs are raised. To the northeast of Cookstown is Springhill, a well-preserved Plantation of Ulster manor. Also nearby is the rath (ring fort) of Tullaghoge, which before its destruction in 1602 was the inauguration site for the chiefs of the O’Neill clan of Ulster. Area 241 square miles (623 square km). Pop. (2001) town, 10,646; (2004...

city, Coffee county, south-central Tennessee, U.S. It lies about 60 miles (95 km) southeast of Nashville on the site of a Cherokee village. Settled in the early 1800s by pioneers from eastern Tennessee, it served as a railroad camp during construction of the Nashville, Chattanooga, and St. Louis Railway in the early 1850s. The city developed...

...satiric, and wise proverb-like aphorisms of Vēmana and Sarvajña are widely quoted by pundit and layman alike. Equally popular in the Malayalam region is the 18th-century folk poet of tuḷḷals (a song-dance form), Kuñcan Nampiyār, unparalleled for his wit and exuberance, his satiric sketches of caste types, his versions of Sanskrit......

market town, urban district, and the seat of County Offaly, Ireland, situated on the River Tullamore. The High Cross is all that remains of Durrow Abbey, which once stood to the north of Tullamore. The Book of Durrow, an illuminated manuscript of the four Gospels in Irish script, was written there about 700 and is now in Trinity College, Dublin. The neighbourhood contains Bronze...

town, capital of Corrèze département, Limousin région, central France. It is situated on the western edge of the upland block known as the Massif Central. The town is strung out along the deep, narrow Corrèze valley, and its streets climb steep hill slopes. Only the 12th-century nave and the belfry remain of its ancient Cathedral of Saint-Martin, part of ...

...produced not only by the netting method but also by weaving, knitting, and crocheting and are usually machine-made. The meshes vary greatly in shape and size, and weights range from fine to coarse. Tulle is an extremely fine, soft net with hexagonal-shaped meshes, and bobbinet also has hexagonal meshes. Nets having square corners, with knots in each of the corners, are frequently used in......

a leading Scottish Royalist and defender of the Stuarts from the time of the English Civil Wars (1642–51) until after the accession of William and Mary (1689)....

a leading Scottish supporter of William and Mary and of the Hanoverian succession....

...utricle of the vestibular system unless middle-ear disease has eroded the bony wall of the lateral canal and produced an abnormal opening. In such a case loud sounds may cause transient vertigo (the Tullio phenomenon). However, laboratory evidence suggests that the saccule of mammals may retain some degree of responsiveness to intense sound, an intriguing observation because the saccule is the....

Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, and writer who vainly tried to uphold republican principles in the final civil wars that destroyed the republic of Rome. His writings include books of rhetoric, orations, philosophical and political treatises, and letters. He is remembered in modern times as the greatest Roman orator and innovator of what became known as Ciceronian rhetoric....

...When he refuses to flatter the Roman citizens, for whom he feels contempt, or to show them his wounds to win their vote, they turn on him and banish him. Bitterly he joins forces with his enemy Aufidius, a Volscian, against Rome. Leading the enemy to the edge of the city, Coriolanus is ultimately persuaded by his mother, Volumnia—who brings with her Coriolanus’s wife, Virgilia, an...

traditionally, the third king of Rome, reigning from 672 to 641 bc. He was a legendary figure, the legend probably influenced by that of Romulus. Both Tullus and Romulus supposedly carried on war with the neighbouring cities of Fidenae and Veii, doubled the number of Roman citizens, organized the army, and disappeared from earth in a storm. Such legends are reporte...

Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, and writer who vainly tried to uphold republican principles in the final civil wars that destroyed the republic of Rome. His writings include books of rhetoric, orations, philosophical and political treatises, and letters. He is remembered in modern times as the greatest Roman orator and innovator of what became known as Ciceronian rhetoric....

coastal city of ancient Cyrenaica (now part of Libya). The site was easily defensible and provided the only safe anchorage between Euhesperides-Berenice (modern Benghazi) and Apollonia (modern Sūsah in Libya). In the 3rd century bc the city received the name Ptolemais from Ptolemy III, who united Cyrenaica with Egypt. Its economy was based on trade with the interior, and the c...

a speculative frenzy in 17th-century Holland over the sale of tulip bulbs. Tulips were introduced into Europe from Turkey shortly after 1550, and the delicately formed, vividly coloured flowers became a popular if costly item. The demand for differently coloured varieties of tulips soon exceeded the supply, and prices for individual bulbs of rare types began to rise to unwarrant...

...addiction, uncontrolled sexuality, and violence. As an active participant, Clark was able to invest his images with a powerful immediacy. The photographs were published in 1971 as Tulsa, a book that established Clark’s national reputation....

city, Osage and Tulsa counties, seat (1907) of Tulsa county, northeastern Oklahoma, U.S., situated on the Arkansas River. It originated in 1836 as a settlement of Creek Indians who named it for their former town in Alabama. White settlement began after the arrival in 1882 of the St. Louis-San Francisco Railway. The discovery of oil in nearby...

private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Tulsa, Oklahoma, U.S. It is affiliated with the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.). The university offers undergraduate degrees through the Henry Kendall College of Arts and Sciences, the College of Business Administration, and the College of Engineering and Natural Sciences. The College of Law grants professi...

spice consisting of the dried leaves of Ocimum basilicum, an annual herb of the family Lamiaceae (Labiatae) native to India and Iran. A number of varieties are used in commerce including the small-leaf common basil, the larger leaf Italian basil, and the large lettuce-leaf basil. The dried large-leaf varieties have a fragrant aroma faintly reminiscent of anise, and a warm...

founder of the esoteric Hindu sect Rādhā Soāmi Satsaṅg....

Indian sacred poet whose principal work, the Rāmcaritmānas (“Sacred Lake of the Acts of Rāma”), is the greatest achievement of medieval Hindi literature and has exercised an abiding influence on the Hindu culture of northern India....

Indian sacred poet whose principal work, the Rāmcaritmānas (“Sacred Lake of the Acts of Rāma”), is the greatest achievement of medieval Hindi literature and has exercised an abiding influence on the Hindu culture of northern India....

language of the Dravidian family, spoken in southern Karnātaka (formerly Mysore) state, India. Tulu has borrowed many words from the Kannada language, the official language of Karnātaka, but they are not closely related. Tulu has no written tradition or literature....

...is called Transitional Grantha; from about 1300 on, the modern script has been in use. Currently two varieties are used: Brahmanic, or “square,” and Jain, or “round.” The Tulu-Malayalam script is a variety of Grantha dating from the 8th or 9th century ad. The modern Tamil script may also be derived from Grantha, but this is not certain....

city, Valle del Cauca departamento, western Colombia. The site, originally settled by the Putimáes Indians, was called Villa de Jerez by early explorers. The Indians resisted all Spanish attempts at conquest from that of Bartolomé Giraldo Gil de Estupiñán in 1556 until subdued by Juan de Lemos y Aguirre in 1636. The latter established a large cattle ranch called...

deep mountain basin in the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, northwestern China. The Turfan Depression is a fault trough, descending ultimately to 508 feet (155 metres) below sea level (the lowest point in China), whereas the neighbouring Tarim River and Lop Nur areas are between 2,000 and 3,000 feet (600 and 900 metres...

city, Irkutsk oblast (province), east-central Russia. It lies along the Iya River and the Trans-Siberian Railroad. Incorporated first in 1922, it changed to a rural settlement in 1924 and was reincorporated in 1927. It is a centre for the Azey lignite (brown coal) field and of the wood and forest industry. Pop. (1991 est.) 53,700....

the founder of the Ṭūlūnid dynasty in Egypt, and the first Muslim governor of Egypt to annex Syria....

first local dynasty of Egypt and Syria to exist independently of the ʿAbbāsid caliphate in Baghdad, ruling 868–905. Its founder, Aḥmad ibn Ṭūlūn, a Turk, arrived in Egypt in 868 as vice governor and promptly (868–872) established a military and financial foothold in the province by organizing an independent Egyptian army a...

...a time of pressure from the Bahmanī sultan and the raja of Orissa—Narasiṃha of the Sāluva family usurped power. By 1503 the Sāluva dynasty had been supplanted by the Tuluva dynasty. The outstanding Tuluva king was Kṛṣṇa Deva Rāya. During his reign (1509–29) the land between the Tungabhadra and Krishna rivers (the Raich...

in ancient Egyptian religion, one of the manifestations of the sun and creator god, perhaps originally a local deity of Heliopolis....

...tales (stories of the former lives of the Buddha, found widely in Southeast Asian literature), while others draw on local folktales and legends. One of the best-known is Tum Teav, a tragic love story believed to be based on real events that occurred during the 17th century. The story was passed down orally and then eventually recorded in the 19th century by......

city, Nariño departamento, southwestern Colombia. It is situated on the Pacific coast, on a small island at the south end of Tumaco Bay. Named for an Indian chief, Tumas, who founded the settlement in 1570, Tumaco experienced prosperity as the point of export for rubber and cinchona bark gathered in the eastern rain forest. After the boom period, Tumaco declined until it became the ...

one of the greatest Arab poets, famous for her elegies....

...group forms a significant element of the population in the central parts of the Chari and Logone river basins. The Laka and Mbum peoples live to the west of the Sara groups and, like the Gula and Tumak of the Goundi area, are culturally distinct from their Sara neighbours. Along the banks of the Chari and Logone rivers, and in the region between the two rivers, are found the Tangale peoples....

...plateau. The Baloch were mentioned in Arabic chronicles of the 10th century ad. The old tribal organization is best preserved among those inhabiting the Sulaimān Mountains. Each tribe (tuman) consists of several clans and acknowledges one chief, even though in some tuman there are clans in habitual opposition to the chief....

river, forming the northeastern frontier of North Korea with China and Russia. It originates in the frontier Mount Paektu (Chinese: Pai-t’ou; 9,003 feet [2,744 m]), the highest mountain in Korea, and flows with its short tributaries through narrow gorges east-northeast to Hoeryŏng, north to Onsŏng, and southeast to the Sea of Japan (East Sea). Flowing swiftly through mountaino...

river, forming the northeastern frontier of North Korea with China and Russia. It originates in the frontier Mount Paektu (Chinese: Pai-t’ou; 9,003 feet [2,744 m]), the highest mountain in Korea, and flows with its short tributaries through narrow gorges east-northeast to Hoeryŏng, north to Onsŏng, and southeast to the Sea of Japan (East Sea). Flowing swiftly through mountaino...

city-state located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, about 85 miles (137 kilometres) north of the Equator. It consists of the diamond-shaped Singapore Island and some 60 small islets; the main island occupies all but about 18 square miles of this combined area. The main island is separated from Peninsular Malaysia to the north by Johor Strai...

lake, part of the Congo River basin, northwestern Congo (Kinshasa). Lake Tumba lies 75 miles (120 km) northwest of Lake Mai-Ndombe (formerly Lake Léopold II). It covers 190 square miles (500 square km) and is 6–20 feet (2–6 m) deep. The lake empties into the Congo River by Irebu channel, just opposite its confluence with the Ubangi River. Lake Tumba is shallow, with low shores...

The southern and eastern portions of Zanzibar island have been mainly populated by a Bantu-speaking people known as the Hadimu; the northern portion of Zanzibar island and the adjacent Tumbatu island have been occupied by another Bantu-speaking people known as the Tumbatu. These two groups represent the earliest arrivals in Zanzibar. Throughout the 19th century, and after, they were......

city, northwestern Peru. It is located on the Pacific coastal plain and on high banks overlooking the Tumbes River, 20 miles (30 km) from the Ecuadorian border....

In the 16th century the island served as a stopping point for Spanish conquistadors (including Francisco Pizarro) on their way south from Panama; it was originally inhabited by the aboriginal Tumbez Indians, whom not even the Inca had conquered. The present population is concentrated around the village of Puná at the island’s northeastern tip. Punta Salinas is a fishing and hunting.....

city, northwestern Peru. It is located on the Pacific coastal plain and on high banks overlooking the Tumbes River, 20 miles (30 km) from the Ecuadorian border....

sub-Saharan African stone tool industry of Acheulian derivation (see Acheulian industry) dating from the Late Pleistocene Epoch (about 130,000 to 10,000 years ago). It is more or less contemporaneous with the Fauresmith industry of southern Africa....

...the growth of the Caledonian highlands and their ability to shed clastic debris farther and farther afield. In Western Australia, similar thick red sandstones belonging to the Upper Silurian Tumblagooda Sandstone were derived from a Precambrian massif called the Yilgarn Block....

...known as finger grass, or windmill grass. Feathered finger grass (C. virgata) is a weedy North American annual with feathery spikelets. Windmill grass (C. truncata) of Australia and tumble windmill grass (C. verticillata) of North America are perennial species of waste areas. Several strains of Rhodes grass (C. gayana), a tufted perennial native to South Africa,......

any of a group of beetles in the family Scarabaeidae (insect order Coleoptera) that forms manure into a ball using its scooper-like head and paddle-shaped antennae. In some species, the ball of manure can be as large as an apple. In the early part of the summer the dung beetle buries itself and the ball and feeds on it. Later in the season the female deposits eggs in balls of dung, on which the la...

The first serious attempt to improve the security of the lock was made in 1778 when Robert Barron, in England, patented a double-acting tumbler lock. A tumbler is a lever, or pawl, that falls into a slot in the bolt and prevents it being moved until it is raised by the key to exactly the right height out of the slot; the key then slides the bolt. The Barron lock (see Figure 4) had two tumblers......

...poultry products, the meat is mixed with a variety of nonmeat ingredients, including flavourings, spices, and salt. Tumbling and massaging are gentle methods that produce a uniform meat mixture. A tumbler is a slowly rotating drum that works the meat into a smooth mixture. A massager is a large mixing chamber that contains a number of internal paddles. Cured turkey products (i.e.,......

device for opening and closing electrical circuits under normal load conditions, usually operated manually. There are many designs of switches; a common type—the toggle, or tumbler, switch—is widely used in home lighting and other applications. The so-called mercury, or “silent,” switch is used extensively for controlling home lighting circuits. The oil switch has its....

Circus acts have always crossed national borders and, traditionally, certain nationalities tend to dominate specific areas of circus performance. Eastern Europeans became known for acrobatics and tumbling over the course of the 20th century. In the groundbreaking high-wire act of the Russian Voljansky troupe, the wire changed from being horizontal to being at an oblique angle, while the tension......

...of its very great hardness (see diamond cutting), gemstones are cut and polished in any of three ways. Agate, opal, jasper, onyx, chalcedony (all with a Mohs hardness of 7 or less) may be tumbled; that is, they may be placed in a cylinder with abrasive grit and water and the cylinder rotated about its long axis. The stones become polished but are irregular in shape. Second, the same......

...diamond cutting), gemstones are cut and polished in any of three ways. Agate, opal, jasper, onyx, chalcedony (all with a Mohs hardness of 7 or less) may be tumbled; that is, they may be placed in a cylinder with abrasive grit and water and the cylinder rotated about its long axis. The stones become polished but are irregular in shape. Second, the same kinds of gemstones may instead be cut en...

any of about 1,500 species of beetles (insect order Coleoptera) named for their jumping, turning, and tumbling motion when disturbed or caught. These black beetles are small, usually between 3 and 7 mm (0.1 to 0.3 inch) in length, and are most often seen on flowers. They are covered with fine hairs and are humpbacked and wedge-shaped, with a broad anterior end tapering to a pointed abdomen that ex...

...which become split and frayed with age; seeds with winglike extensions that may aid in dispersal; restricted to Namib Desert of Africa and vicinity; 1 family, Welwitschiaceae, with 1 member, Welwitschia......

a people who live on the lightly wooded plateau between the northwestern shore of Lake Nyasa (Lake Malaŵi) and the Luangwa River valley of eastern Zambia. They speak a Bantu language closely related to those of their immediate neighbours, the lakeside Tonga, the Chewa, and the Senga....

French two-wheeled dumpcart or wagon designed to be drawn by a single draft animal. Originally used to carry agricultural supplies, it was most often associated with the cartage of animal manure. It was also used, however, by artillery units to carry tools and ammunition, and during the French Revolution it gained wide celebrity as the vehicle used to bear prisoners to the guillotine....

French two-wheeled dumpcart or wagon designed to be drawn by a single draft animal. Originally used to carry agricultural supplies, it was most often associated with the cartage of animal manure. It was also used, however, by artillery units to carry tools and ammunition, and during the French Revolution it gained wide celebrity as the vehicle used to bear prisoners to the guillotine....

The Dukduk society used male (dukduk) and female (tubuan) masks. Both types are cone-shaped and were constructed of cane and fibre. The dukduk is taller than the tubuan and is faceless. The tubuan has circular eyes and a crescent-shaped mouth painted on a dark background. Both masks have short, bushy capes of leaves....

a people who live on the lightly wooded plateau between the northwestern shore of Lake Nyasa (Lake Malaŵi) and the Luangwa River valley of eastern Zambia. They speak a Bantu language closely related to those of their immediate neighbours, the lakeside Tonga, the Chewa, and the Senga....

In 1578 the Dge-lugs-pa took a step destined to bring foreign interference once more into Tibetan affairs. The third Dge-lugs-pa hierarch, Bsod-nams-rgya-mtsho, was invited to visit the powerful Tümed Mongol leader Altan Khan, with whom he revived the patron-priest relationship that had existed between Kublai Khan and ’Phags-pa. From this time dates the title of Dalai......

’, city and administrative centre of Tyumen oblast (province), central Russia. The city lies in the southwestern part of the West Siberian Plain. It is situated on both banks of the Tura River at its crossing by the Trans-Siberian Railroad. Founded in 1586, it is the oldest Russian city in Siberia, located on the site of a Tatar town, Chingi-Tura, founded in the 14th century. A river...