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Japanese philosopher and critic who promoted within Japan the Western philosophy of pragmatism....

Japanese scientist who, with John B. Fenn and Kurt Wüthrich, won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2002 for developing techniques to identify and analyze proteins and other large biological molecules....

Dubbed “the Lady with the Big Mouth” by Time magazine, Japanese Foreign Minister Makiko Tanaka made headlines in 2001 for her outspoken comments and her skirmishes with Japan’s senior political bureaucrats. She was criticized by members of the Diet, Japan’s parliament, which did not permit her to represent Japan at the United Nations General Assembly in November,...

Japanese philosopher and critic who promoted within Japan the Western philosophy of pragmatism....

Japanese film producer who was best known for his series of motion pictures featuring the dragonlike monster Godzilla (b. April 26, 1910--d. April 2, 1997)....

Japanese-born American biophysicist (b. Jan. 4, 1946, Nagaoka, Japan—d. May 20, 2000, Wellesley, Mass.), conducted experiments in 1978 with mixtures of polymers and fluids while serving on the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and created “smart gels,” so called because they expanded and contracted or changed colour when exposed to even slight variations of ...

The Hebrew Bible, or Old Testament, does not elsewhere refer to the Adam and Eve story, except for the purely genealogical reference in I Chronicles 1:1. Allusions occur in the apocryphal books (i.e., highly regarded but noncanonical books for Jews and Protestants; deuterocanonical books for Roman Catholics and Orthodox). The story was more popular among the writers of the pseudepigrapha......

a Malagasy people living in southeastern Madagascar who are separated from the coast by the Antaimoro and other ethnic groups. They are divided into two subgroups: the Tanala Menabe in the mountainous north and the Tanala Ikongo dwelling in the more accessible southern part of the Tanala homeland. Tanala Menabe villages are isolated; they are built on mountain tops and are hidden in the dense fore...

...is intended to display the raga being performed in as complete a manner as possible, without the limitations imposed by a fixed time measure. This is followed by another improvised section, tānam, in which the singer uses meaningless words to produce more or less regular rhythms, but still without reference to time measure. This section, too, is without drum accompaniment. The......

Athabaskan-speaking North American Indian group that lived along the headwaters of the Tanana River in what is now central Alaska. Traditionally, they were nomadic hunters, relying chiefly on caribou, moose, and mountain sheep for food and clothing. They lived in skin-covered domed lodges in winter and in bark or brush lean-tos or huts in summer. They were organized into several loosely led matril...

river, east-central Alaska, U.S. Its name is an Athabascan word meaning “river trail.” An important tributary of the Yukon River, it rises from two headstreams, the Chisana and Nabesna rivers on the north side of the Alaska Range, and it flows some 570 miles (915 km) from the head of the Chisana northwestward along the base of ...

town and national capital of Madagascar, central Madagascar island. It was founded in the 17th century and was the capital of the Hova chiefs. It stands on a high hill. Avenues and flights of steps lead up to a rocky ridge (4,694 feet [1,431 m]) on which stands the Royal Estate, with towered palaces built by the Imerina kings who captured the town in 1794 and ruled until the end of the 19th centur...

legendary Etruscan prophet, the wife of Tarquinius Priscus, traditionally the fifth king of Rome....

oaklike ornamental evergreen tree with tannin-rich bark. It is a member of the beech family (Fagaceae) and is native to coastal areas of southern Oregon and northern California....

long-necked lute played under various names from the Balkans to northwestern Asia. Closely resembling the ancient Greek pandoura and the long lutes of ancient Egypt and Babylon, it has a deep, pear-shaped body, a fretted neck, and 2 to 10 double courses of metal strings fastened with front and side tuning pegs without a pegbox....

shih (municipality) and major international port in southwestern Taiwan, with an area of 59 square miles (154 square km). The site has been settled since the later part of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). In early times the Chinese called the place Ta-kou, a rough rendering of the name of the local aboriginal tribe, the Makattao, or Takow. The Dutch, who occupied the area from 1624 to 1...

king of Sicily whose brief reign marked the end of the Norman rule there....

...the decretals. The title was first used at the University of Bologna, where the decretals served as the text in the study of canon law. Among the most famous and influential of the decretalists were Tancred (d. c. 1234), archdeacon of Bologna, best known for his work on church marriage law and his manual of ecclesiastical procedural law; Henry of Susa (d. 1271), cardinal bishop of Ostia,...

regent of Antioch, one of the leaders of the First Crusade....

king of Sicily whose brief reign marked the end of the Norman rule there....

...Cain), who played the part of Genghis Khan, was clad in a sensational Mongol costume. Lekain, whom Voltaire considered the greatest tragedian of his time, also played the title role of Tancrède, which was produced with a sumptuous decor (1760) and which proved to be Voltaire’s last triumph. Subsequent tragedies, arid and ill-constructed and overweighted with philosophic......

...to offer him his true glory. After the comic opera Il signor Bruschino (1813), written for the San Moisè Theatre, he next wrote—for La Fenice—his first serious opera, Tancredi (1813), in which he tried to reform opera seria (the formula-ridden, serious operas of the 18th century), and he composed an authentically dramatic score. This work, spirited and......

king of Sicily whose brief reign marked the end of the Norman rule there....

American politician, who served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1999– ) and who sought the Republican nomination for president in 2008....

American politician, who served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1999– ) and who sought the Republican nomination for president in 2008....

In 668 he put down a rebellion in Egypt and drove out King Taharqa, but in 664 the nephew of Taharqa, Tanutamon, gathered forces for a new rebellion. Ashurbanipal went to Egypt, pursuing the Ethiopian prince far into the south. His decisive victory moved Tyre and other parts of the empire to resume regular payments of tribute. Ashurbanipal installed Psamtik (Greek: Psammetichos) as prince over......

island, one of the Visayan group in the Philippines, lying east of Cebu and Bohol across the Camotes Sea. It lies southwest of the island of Samar, with which it is linked by a 7,093-foot (2,162-metre) bridge (completed in 1973) across the narrow San Juanico Strait. The Samar and Bohol (Mindanao) seas lie to the north and ...

The tandem electrostatic accelerator (see particle accelerator: Van de Graaff generators) quickly displaced all other machines for this purpose, primarily because its ion source, the cesium sputter source described above, is located near ground potential and is easily accessible for changing samples. The ions must be negative, but this does not prove to be a handicap as they are easily and......

...in size. The design reduces wind resistance. Other variations include the tricycle, which has two rear wheels for increased stability and typically is used by small children and the elderly; the tandem bicycle, in which two riders sit one behind the other, the front rider steering; and stationary exercise bicycles....

This flow splitting also leads to another method of classification that differentiates between having the whole machine assembled along a single shaft with one generator (tandem-compound turbines) or utilizing two shafts, each with its own generator (cross-compound turbines)....

...U.S. Foreign Service no longer required women to resign upon marriage, but if the husband’s profession was not easily movable, problems arose. These problems were particularly pronounced for “tandem couples,” in which both husband and wife were in the Foreign Service. Since postings together to large embassies or to a department headquarters could not always be arranged, hu...

The tandem electrostatic accelerator (see particle accelerator: Van de Graaff generators) quickly displaced all other machines for this purpose, primarily because its ion source, the cesium sputter source described above, is located near ground potential and is easily accessible for changing samples. The ions must be negative, but this does not prove to be a handicap as they are easily and......

The tandem electrostatic accelerator (see particle accelerator: Van de Graaff generators) quickly displaced all other machines for this purpose, primarily because its ion source, the cesium sputter source described above, is located near ground potential and is easily accessible for changing samples. The ions must be negative, but this does not prove to be a handicap as they are easily and......

...to simply as disks. One type, the single-action two gang, has two groups of disks, more or less horizontally aligned, with opposing concavities, that throw the soil in opposite directions. The tandem harrow has two to four gangs in tandem, and the offset has two to three gangs in tandem on one side of the tractor, used particularly under low-hanging fruit trees. The horse-drawn or......

...well as by fur trappers to travel between their traps. At first dogs were individually tethered to the sled in a fan hitch. This was ideal in open country, but, as the use of sled dogs expanded, the tandem hitch, for running dogs in pairs, became the standard. Sled dogs are still used for transportation and working purposes in some Arctic and subarctic areas, though they have largely been......

The combination of two analytical techniques, such as resulted in the gas chromatograph–mass spectrometer, has been followed by the combination of two mass spectrometers, which has proved helpful in determining the structure of complicated molecules. A beam from the first spectrometer is passed into a gas cell (maintained in the vacuum system by differential pumping), where it is......

...of plasma is added at each end beyond the magnetic mirror. The plasma in these “end plugs” produces an electrostatic potential barrier to nuclei. The overall configuration is called a tandem mirror....

...switching centres were organized into three classes: local, tandem, and toll. A local office (or end office) is a switching centre that connects directly to the customers’ telephone instruments. A tandem office is one that serves a cluster of local offices. Finally, a toll office is involved in switching traffic over long-distance (or toll) circuits....

Tandem races, an amateur event, are similar to sprint competition, with teams of two racers each competing on tandem bicycles (see photograph). Speeds are slightly higher, and the racers generally maintain a more steady pace than in the individual sprints....

The combination of two analytical techniques, such as resulted in the gas chromatograph–mass spectrometer, has been followed by the combination of two mass spectrometers, which has proved helpful in determining the structure of complicated molecules. A beam from the first spectrometer is passed into a gas cell (maintained in the vacuum system by differential pumping), where it is......

...and the styles include monoplanes, with a single wing (that is, on either side of the fuselage); biplanes, with two wings, one atop the other; and even, though rarely, triplanes and quadplanes. A tandem-wing craft has two wings, one placed forward of the other....

city, southeastern Buenos Aires provincia (province), eastern Argentina. It is situated within the Pampas at the northern end of the Tandil Mountains, about 190 miles (305 km) south of Buenos Aires city. Tandil was founded in 1823 by the colonial governor Martín Rodríguez, but after Indian attacks in 1856 t...

Later that year a new constitution was promulgated and elections were held, leading to the subsequent return to democratic government under President Mamadou Tandja of the National Movement for a Developing Society (Mouvement National pour une Société de Développement; MNSD)....

an Indian method of cooking over a charcoal fire in a tandoor, a cylindrical clay oven. Shaped like a large urn, a tandoor is at least one metre in height and is often sunk up to its neck in the earth. Tandoori cooking is believed to have originated in Persia and is found in some form throughout Central Asia. A charcoal fire is built in the tandoor and allowed to......

an Indian method of cooking over a charcoal fire in a tandoor, a cylindrical clay oven. Shaped like a large urn, a tandoor is at least one metre in height and is often sunk up to its neck in the earth. Tandoori cooking is believed to have originated in Persia and is found in some form throughout Central Asia. A charcoal fire is built in the tandoor and allowed to burn ...

...a leavened wheat bread, is formed into ovals and pressed against the inner neck of the tandoor to bake suspended over the fire. The most celebrated dish in tandoori cookery is tandoori murgh, skinless marinated whole chicken quickly grilled in the tandoor....

district, administrative and historic county of Surrey, England. It occupies southeastern Surrey and borders Greater London to the north, Kent to the east, and Sussex to the south. Tandridge lies within easy commuting distance of central London and has excellent road and rail communications with the city. Urban expansion into the district has, nevertheless, been limited by the r...

long-necked fretless Indian lute. It has a hollow neck, measures about 40–60 inches (102–153 cm) in length, and usually has four metal strings tuned (relative pitch) c–c′–c′–g or c–c′–c′–f. Precision tuning is achieved by inserting bits of wool or silk between the strings and lower bridge and by ...

The next year, another established company entered the microcomputer market. Tandy Corporation, best known for its chain of Radio Shack stores, had followed the development of MITS and decided to enter the market with its own TRS-80 microcomputer, which came with four kilobytes of memory, a Z80 microprocessor, a BASIC programming language, and cassettes for data storage. To cut costs, the......

Irish politician, ineffectual revolutionary, and popular hero memorialized in the Irish ballad “The Wearing of the Green”:I met with Napper Tandy,and he took me by the hand,And he said “How’s poor old Ireland,and how does she stand?”...

English-born American actress of stage, screen, and television, noted for her complex portrayals and frequent collaborations with Hume Cronyn, her husband....

Russian pianist, theorist, and composer, whose works are known for their finely wrought contrapuntal textures combined with romantic harmony....

fifth chief justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, remembered principally for the Dred Scott decision (1857)....

Russian pianist, theorist, and composer, whose works are known for their finely wrought contrapuntal textures combined with romantic harmony....

Russian pianist, theorist, and composer, whose works are known for their finely wrought contrapuntal textures combined with romantic harmony....

region of the Sahara lying in southern Algeria and northern Mali. Covering part of a plateau eastward toward the Ahaggar (Hoggar) uplands, it slopes to lower ground in the west, and farther southward lie swamps. The region lacks water, landmarks, and vegetation. It was formerly shunned by caravans but is now spanned by a trans-Saharan motor route going north-south from Béchar (Alg.) to Gao...

any of about 75 species of thin, deep-bodied, tropical marine fishes of the family Acanthuridae (order Perciformes). Surgeonfishes are small-scaled, with a single dorsal fin and one or more distinctive, sharp spines that are located on either side of the tail base and can produce deep cuts in humans. The spines, which resemble a surgeon’s scalpel, may be either fixed in place or hinged at t...

reign name of the Chinese emperor who overthrew the Xia dynasty (c. 2070–c. 1600 bc) and founded the Shang, the first historical dynasty ( c. 1600–1046 bc, though the dating of the Shang—and hence also of the Tang emperor’s founding of it—have long been the subject of much deba...

reign name of the Chinese emperor who overthrew the Xia dynasty (c. 2070–c. 1600 bc) and founded the Shang, the first historical dynasty ( c. 1600–1046 bc, though the dating of the Shang—and hence also of the Tang emperor’s founding of it—have long been the subject of much deba...

...examples of music traditions long gone from the land of their origin. For example, in the Silla period, court music was divided into hyang-ak, Korean music; t’ang-ak, T’ang and Sung Chinese music; and a-ak, Confucian ritual music. The instruments used for these ense...

Chinese scholar, painter, and poet of the Ming period whose life story has become a part of popular lore....

...in Japan), began a movement against the monarchy. More significant was a military revolt in Yunnan, led by Gen. Cai E (Ts’ai O; a disciple of Liang Qichao) and by the governor of Yunnan, Tang Jiyao (T’ang Chi-yao). Joined by Li Liejun (Li Lieh-chün) and other revolutionary generals, they established the National Protection Army (Huguojun) and demanded that Yuan cancel his p...

...They are distributed in the northern mountains, from the coast to the interior, and are even found beyond the Fukien border in Kiangsi and southern Chekiang. Nor are the “boat people” (Tanka or Tang-chia), who live on boats in the streams and estuaries, recognized as a separate group....

(618–907), Chinese dynasty that succeeded the short-lived Sui dynasty (581–618) and developed a successful form of government and administration on the Sui model and stimulated a cultural and artistic flowering that amounted to a golden age....

(618–907), Chinese dynasty that succeeded the short-lived Sui dynasty (581–618) and developed a successful form of government and administration on the Sui model and stimulated a cultural and artistic flowering that amounted to a golden age....

...computers and model testing offer the promise of future continued progress. It is now possible to calculate the response of a concrete dam to any specified ground motion; this has been done for the Tang-e Soleyman Dam in Iran and the Gariep Dam in South Africa....

...of this axis, running in a southeasterly direction and marking the border between Honan and Hupeh. The T’ung-pai range is separated from the Fu-niu by a gap some 75 to 100 miles wide cut by the T’ang and T’ao rivers, which are tributaries of the Han River. This gap gives easy access from the Honan Plain to the central basin of the Yangtze, a route much used from Han times o...

...full-length opera in time, and it quickly spread to all parts of China, where it held the stage until the advent of Peking opera, two centuries later. Important k’un-ch’ü dramatists were T’ang Hsien-tsu (d. 1616), famed for the delicate sensitivity of his poetry, Shen Ching (d. 1610), who excelled in versification, and the creator of effective theatrical piece...

...rebels coerced a colonel, Li Yuanhong, to assume military command, although only as a figurehead. They persuaded the Hubei provincial assembly to proclaim the establishment of the Chinese republic; Tang Hualong, the assembly’s chairman, was elected head of the civil government....

Jesuit missionary and astronomer who became an important adviser to the first emperor of the Ch’ing dynasty (1644–1911/12)....

town in eastern China, on the Hai River and the Gulf of Chihli. It lies on the Tientsin–Shen-yang (Mukden) railroad and is an important shipping point. T’ang-ku is also an outport for the city of Tientsin, 30 miles (48 km) west-northwest....

mountain range in the Tibet Autonomous Region, southwestern China. On the high plateau south of the mountains, there are many large salt lakes. In its eastern part the range forms the boundary between Tibet and Qinghai province. Although many peaks are higher than 19,000 feet (5,700 metres) and the tallest, Basudan Ula, reaches some 20,000 f...

Among the province’s lakes, the three largest are located in central Tibet, northwest of Lhasa: Lakes T’ang-ku-la-yu-mu (Tibetan Tangra Yum), Na-mu (Nam), and Ch’i-lin (Ziling). South of Lhasa lie two large lakes, Yang-cho-yung (Yamdrok) and P’u-mo (Pomo). In western Tibet two adjoining lakes are located near the Nepal border,......

Min speakers use a pronunciation (called Tang Min) for the literary language that differs from that used in other Sinitic languages. The Tang Min pronunciation of the standard language preserves the final consonants of Ancient Chinese, but nonliterary spoken Min languages do not. Other differences between Min and other Sinitic languages include differences in vocabulary and the preservation of......

...and the Korean hyang-ak court music the most strident of the p’iris, the tang-p’iri, is used. This instrument is about the size of the se-p’iri but has a larger bore....

ruler of Fujian province in southeastern China after the Manchu forces of Manchuria (Northeast China) captured the Ming capital at Beijing and established the Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12). He was also a claimant to the Ming throne....

...of this axis, running in a southeasterly direction and marking the border between Honan and Hupeh. The T’ung-pai range is separated from the Fu-niu by a gap some 75 to 100 miles wide cut by the T’ang and T’ao rivers, which are tributaries of the Han River. This gap gives easy access from the Honan Plain to the central basin of the Yangtze, a route much used from Han times o...

Jesuit missionary and astronomer who became an important adviser to the first emperor of the Ch’ing dynasty (1644–1911/12)....

industrial city in eastern Hopeh sheng (province), China. Originally, T’ang-shan was a small hamlet dependent upon nearby K’ai-p’ing and located in an area where many small coal pits had been worked since the 16th century. In 1876 a Cantonese promoter of Western-style industrialization proposed to the governor-general of the former province of Chihli that a coal industr...

...The Ch’in-Han school tried to underrate the achievements of Han Yü and Liu Tsung-yüan, along with the Sung essayists, and proudly declared that post-Han prose was not worth reading. The T’ang-Sung school, on the other hand, accused its opponents of limited vision and reemphasized Han Yü’s dictum that literature should be the vehicle of Tao, equated with...

temple name (miaohao) of the second emperor (reigned 626–649) of the Tang dynasty (618–907) of China....

in Chinese mythology, a legendary emperor (c. 24th century bc) of the golden age of antiquity, exalted by Confucius as an inspiration and perennial model of virtue, righteousness, and unselfish devotion. His name is inseparable from that of Shun, his successor, to whom Yao gave his two daughters in marriage....

Chinese Roman Catholic priest who served (1951-58) as titular bishop and apostolic administrator of Guangzhou (Canton) diocese before spending 22 years in various prisons for refusing to break contact with the Vatican as ordered by the government; he served (1981-95) as archbishop of Canton while in exile in Hong Kong (b. May 13, 1908--d. June 27, 1995)....

Chinese scholar, painter, and poet of the Ming period whose life story has become a part of popular lore....

Chinese scholar, painter, and poet of the Ming period whose life story has become a part of popular lore....

...silver coins of the Umayyad type. The coinage of the Ghūrid dynasty of northwest Afghanistan and its successors from the 12th century onward is varied and extensive, mainly gold and silver tangas (or rupees) of 10.76 grams. Gold was hardly issued at all in the 15th and 16th centuries, and for a time the coinage was mainly billon. Shēr Shāh of Sūr (1540–45), of...

city and port, northeastern Tanzania, eastern Africa, located on the Pemba Channel of the Indian Ocean. The city itself was established on the coast by Persian traders in the 14th century, but early Iron Age sites in the nearby foothills of the Pare and Usambara mountains and in the Digo Hills are evidence of ancient occupation of the region. In the 16th and 17th centuries indigenous states formed...

Several types of masks were made in the area. The masks of the Tanga Islands were ephemeral constructions of bark and fibre over bamboo frames. They were semiconical in shape, with long backswept ears, thin upturned noses, and extended chins or beards. On the neighbouring mainland, masks were made of the same materials but were more naturalistic. Masks from the southwest were made of wood and......

city, north-central Bangladesh. It lies just east of the Jamuna (Brahmaputra) River. Tangail is an important handloom and cotton-weaving centre and serves as a trading centre for the rice, jute, and oilseeds that are grown in the surrounding agricultural area. The city is connected by road with Dhākā, Mymensingh, and Jamālpur. It has several colleges affiliated with the Unive...

...the Gula and Tumak of the Goundi area, are culturally distinct from their Sara neighbours. Along the banks of the Chari and Logone rivers, and in the region between the two rivers, are found the Tangale peoples....

territories that were formerly under British control in eastern Africa, namely Kenya, Uganda, and Zanzibar and Tanganyika (now Tanzania)....

The liberation struggle in Tanganyika was led by the Tanganyika African National Union, whose flag was a horizontal tricolour of green-black-green. Elections confirmed the overwhelming popular support for the organization, and British authorities suggested modifying the party flag for use as a national flag subsequent to independence on December 9, 1961. Yellow fimbriations were added at that......

The liberation struggle in Tanganyika was led by the Tanganyika African National Union, whose flag was a horizontal tricolour of green-black-green. Elections confirmed the overwhelming popular support for the organization, and British authorities suggested modifying the party flag for use as a national flag subsequent to independence on December 9, 1961. Yellow fimbriations were added at that......

second largest of the lakes of eastern Africa. It is the longest freshwater lake in the world (410 miles [660 km]) and the second deepest (4,710 feet [1,436 m]) after Lake Baikal in Russia. Comparatively narrow, varying in width from 10 to 45 miles (16 to 72 km), it covers about 12,700 square miles (32,900 square km) and forms the boundary between Tanzania and Congo (Kinshasa). It occupies the so...

...C (just above 32° F) but only eight days at 19° C (66° F). Some shad eggs develop in about 75 hours at 17° C (63° F) but require only 49 hours at 19° C. The eggs of the Tanganyika sardine (Stolothrissa tanganicae), an open-water, freshwater, surface spawner, hatch in 24 to 36 hours while constantly sinking from the surface to a depth of 75 to 150...

...has a greater breeding range: from southern Arizona to central Argentina. The most striking tropical genus is Tangara: about 50 small species sometimes called callistes. An example is the paradise tanager (T. chilensis), called siete colores (Spanish) from its seven hues, including green, scarlet, and purple. The euphonias (Tanagra species) are found from Mexico......

one of the foremost Japanese architects in the decades following World War II....

...Dancy, and Seminole. Oil extracted from the fragrant skin of the tangerine is a characteristic ingredient in several flavourings and liqueurs. Tangerines have been crossed with grapefruit to produce tangelos....

city, southeastern Norway. Located at the junction of the Drams River with Drams Fjord, southwest of Oslo, the site was first settled in the 13th century as two separate communities, Bragernes and Strømsøy. Each was granted common town privileges in 1715. In 1811 they merged with Tangen to form the present city. Drammen is a seaport and a railroad terminus; its man...

...in an Arabic translation. Pappus mentions five additional works, “Cutting Off of an Area” (or “On Spatial Section”), “On Determinate Section,” “Tangencies,” “Vergings” (or “Inclinations”), and “Plane Loci,” and provides valuable information on their contents in Book VII of his ......