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Canadian ice hockey player, coach, manager, and owner who founded the Toronto Maple Leafs in the National Hockey League (NHL)....

Canadian ice hockey player, coach, manager, and owner who founded the Toronto Maple Leafs in the National Hockey League (NHL)....

influential Canadian newspaper established in 1892 as the Evening Star by 25 printers who had lost their jobs in a labour dispute. A four-page paper at the outset, it changed hands several times until 1899, when a group of leading citizens bought the paper and Joseph E. Atkinson took over its direction. The paper was renamed The Toronto Daily Star, and within five years its circulati...

the largest stock exchange in Canada and one of the largest in North America. The TSE opened in 1861 with 18 stock listings and has since become an innovator in securities trading technology. It was the first North American exchange to replace fractional pricing with decimal pricing (1996), and it was one of the first major exchanges to adopt electron...

...these developments were slower to emerge: the first craft locals appeared in Montreal in 1827 and in Toronto in 1832, and the earliest city central came only in 1871, with the formation of the Toronto Trades Assembly. The first national union of locals in a single trade to survive, the National Typographical Union, was formed in 1852 in the United States. Like other national unions that......

coeducational institution of higher learning that is the provincial university of Ontario and one of the oldest and largest universities in Canada. It is composed of federated, affiliated, and constituent colleges, a union based originally on British models, and of faculties, schools, institutes, centres, and divisions, modeled more on American lines. All are related to each other through an elabo...

mountain range in southern Turkey, a great chain running parallel to the Mediterranean coast. The system extends along a curve from Lake Egridir in the west to the upper reaches of the Euphrates River in the east. Aladağ (10,935 feet [3,333 m]) in the Taurus proper and Mount Erciyes in the outlying offshoot of the Nur Mountains are the highest peaks; many other peaks reach between 10,000 an...

...magnates naturally turned to Isabella. She did not, however, play the role thus designed for her, and the fruit of her wisdom was recognition as his heiress by Henry IV at the agreement known as the Accord of Toros de Guisando (September 19, 1468)....

...important nonfiction piece of taurine literature is by Spanish historian José María de Cossío, who in 1943 published the first volume of the monumental work Los toros. This multivolume set explores every aspect of bullfighting and analyzes every torero, bullring, and bull of importance then known....

mountain range in southern Turkey, a great chain running parallel to the Mediterranean coast. The system extends along a curve from Lake Egridir in the west to the upper reaches of the Euphrates River in the east. Aladağ (10,935 feet [3,333 m]) in the Taurus proper and Mount Erciyes in the outlying offshoot of the Nur Mountains are the highest peaks; many other peaks reach between 10,000 an...

...large for the rest of the animal, constituting about one-fifth of the total body length in Protoceratops and at least one-third in Torosaurus. The head frill of Protoceratops was a modest backward extension of two cranial arches, but it became the enormous fan-shaped ornament of later forms.......

any of the rays of the families Torpedinidae, Narkidae, and Temeridae, named for their ability to produce electrical shocks. They are found worldwide in warm and temperate waters....

cigar-shaped, self-propelled underwater missile, launched from a submarine, surface vessel, or airplane and designed for exploding upon contact with the hulls of surface vessels and submarines. A modern torpedo contains intricate devices to control its depth and direction according to a preset plan or in response to signals received from an outside source, as well as a device that detonates the e...

any of the rays of the families Torpedinidae, Narkidae, and Temeridae, named for their ability to produce electrical shocks. They are found worldwide in warm and temperate waters....

In the 1930s the German, Italian, British, and U.S. navies regained interest in motor torpedo boats, which had been largely discarded after World War I. All four navies built them in substantial numbers to fight in narrow seas during World War II. Against convoys in the English Channel and the North Sea, the Germans used their S-boats (Schnellboote, “fast boats”; often called....

aircraft designed to launch torpedoes. In about 1910 the navies of several countries began to experiment with torpedo launching from low-flying aircraft, usually seaplanes. The first effective use of this technique occurred on Aug. 12, 1915, when a British Short Type 184 seaplane sank a Turkish vessel in the Dardanelles. Other navies’ torpedo planes also had some success ...

any of the rays of the families Torpedinidae, Narkidae, and Temeridae, named for their ability to produce electrical shocks. They are found worldwide in warm and temperate waters....

...used in defense, sensory location, and capturing prey. Electric shocks emitted reach 220 volts and are strong enough to fell a human adult. In ancient Greece and Rome, the shocks of the species Torpedo nobiliana were used as a treatment for gout, headache, and other maladies....

aircraft designed to launch torpedoes. In about 1910 the navies of several countries began to experiment with torpedo launching from low-flying aircraft, usually seaplanes. The first effective use of this technique occurred on Aug. 12, 1915, when a British Short Type 184 seaplane sank a Turkish vessel in the Dardanelles. Other navies’ torpedo planes also had some success ...

...ednatol, were used only to a limited extent and for special purposes. Probably the most powerful of all nonatomic military explosives are the cast mixtures containing aluminum. The torpedo warhead Torpex, for example, is a cast mixture of RDX, TNT, and aluminum....

a state of lowered body temperature and metabolic activity assumed by many animals in response to adverse environmental conditions, especially cold and heat. The torpid state may last overnight, as in temperate-zone hummingbirds and some insects and reptiles; or it may last for months, in the case of true hibernation and the winter torpor of many cold-blooded vertebrates. ...

...some time, but the two years after his return from Italy saw a resurgence of personal poetry, if in a more distanced style. His misery at leaving Italy found an outlet in the play Torquato Tasso (1790; Eng. trans. Torquato Tasso), the first tragedy in European literature with a poet as its hero, which was written largely in 1788–89, thoug...

in physics, the tendency of a force to rotate the body to which it is applied. The torque, specified with regard to the axis of rotation, is equal to the magnitude of the component of the force vector lying in the plane perpendicular to the axis, multiplied by the shortest distance between the axis and the direction of the force component. Regardless of its orientation in space, the force vector c...

in jewelry, metal collar, neck ring, or armband consisting of a bar or ribbon of twisted metal curved into a loop, the ends of which are fashioned into knobs ornamented with motifs such as volutes or depicting animal heads, or drawn out and bent abruptly so as to hook into one another. The torque is a unique neck ornament in that it is not flexible and was often of great size and weight....

first grand inquisitor in Spain, whose name has become synonymous with the Christian Inquisition’s horror, religious bigotry, and cruel fanaticism....

Control apparatus includes the attitude gyro and any number of instruments that indicate power, such as the tachometer (in propeller craft), torquemeter (in turboprops), and exhaust pressure ratio indicator (in turbojets). Performance instruments include the altimeter, Machmeter, turn and slip indicator, and varied devices that show airspeed, vertical velocity, and angle of attack. Electronic......

...0° to 180°. It is an ancient device that was already in use during the 13th century. At that time, European instrument makers constructed an astronomical observing device called the torquetum that was equipped with a semicircular protractor....

...of the weight of a column of mercury of unit cross section and 760 mm high. Thus, one standard atmosphere equals 760 mm Hg, but to avoid the anomaly of equating apparently different units, a term, torr, has been postulated; one standard atmosphere = 760 torr (1 torr = 1 mm Hg). This term was replaced in 1971 by an SI unit defined as the newton per square metre (N/m2) and called the.....

...in the Cueva Mayor (“Main Cave”) at Atapuerca, Burgos, come from Middle Pleistocene sediments that are at least 280,000 years old. Other important sites are at Torralba and Ambrona (Soria), where elephants (Palaeoloxodon antiquus) were trapped accidentally in marshy ground and their remains scavenged. From these sites were excavated......

...in which small motifs of Classical ornament were introduced into a local late Gothic style. After the middle of the 16th century, a fully Italianate Classical style developed in the architecture of Diogo de Torralva. His cloister in the Cristo Monastery (1557–62) at Tomar is composed of the rhythmic bay of alternating arches and coupled Classical orders made popular by Bramante in Italy....

county, central New Mexico, U.S. It lies in the Basin and Range Province, with the western portion including the Manzano Mountains, topped by Manzano Peak (10,098 feet [3,077 m]). Most of Torrance county is an area of rolling plains interrupted by ridges, hills, and mesas and scarred by the dry beds of streams; it includes the long, wide Estancia Basin. Within county borders are the Cibola Nation...

city, Los Angeles county, southern California, U.S. Located south of central Los Angeles along the Pacific Ocean, it lies in the South Bay area. Once part of Rancho San Pedro, a Spanish land grant of 1822, the city was founded in 1911 by Jared Sidney Torrance and promoted as a planned industrial community. After the discovery of oil, it developed diversified m...

Other qualities of creative individuals were identified by the American educational psychologist E. Paul Torrance. They include fluency, or the ability to think of many ideas rapidly; flexibility, the capacity to use ideas and tools in unusual ways; and originality, the capacity to think of novel ideas and products. In 1966 Torrance and his colleagues developed a means of assessment, the......

American world-record holder in the shot put (1934–48)....

...the capacity to use ideas and tools in unusual ways; and originality, the capacity to think of novel ideas and products. In 1966 Torrance and his colleagues developed a means of assessment, the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (TTCT), that accounts for all of these skills. The TTCT became one of the most widely used measures of creativity. Torrance provided additional support for his......

city, Campania regione, southern Italy, north of Naples. The old town (Caserta Vecchia), founded by the Lombards in the 8th century, lies on hills 3 miles (5 km) north-northeast of the modern city, which was a village known as Torre belonging to the Caetani family of Sermoneta until the construction there of the Bourbon Royal Palace in the 18th century. San Leucio, 2 mile...

city, Campania regione (region), southern Italy. It is a southeastern suburb of Naples on the Bay of Naples at the southern foot of Mount Vesuvius. The city was twice destroyed by the eruptions of Vesuvius (ad 79 and 1631). The site is archaeologicall...

city, western Campania regione (region), southern Italy. It lies at the southwestern foot of Mount Vesuvius. It is located on the Bay of Naples and is a southeastern suburb of Naples. Two-thirds destroyed by the eruption of Vesuvius in 1631, Torre del Greco was rebuilt on the solidified lava. It suffered further damage in volcanic eruption...

...ultraístas) produced verse that often defied objective analysis and gave the impression of a coldly intellectual experimentation. Launched in Madrid in 1919 by the poet Guillermo de Torre, Ultraism attracted most of the important contemporary poets. Their works were published chiefly in the two major avant-garde periodicals, Grecia......

medieval structure in Pisa, Italy, that is famous for the settling of its foundations, which caused it to lean 5.5 degrees (about 15 feet [4.5 metres]) from the perpendicular by the late 20th century. The bell tower, begun in 1173 as the third and final structure of the city’s cathedral complex, was designed to stand 185 feet (56 metres) high and was constructed of white ...

city, Cantabria provincia and comunidad autónoma (“autonomous community”), northern Spain. It lies southwest of Santander city, at the confluence of the Besaya and Saja rivers. The city is an industrial and rail communications centre, and its livestock fair is one of the most famous in Spain. Manufactures include chemicals (dyes and sulfuric acid), plastics, and...

...island; they are separated by a lowland that terminates in Palma Bay on the south and Alcudia and Pollensa bays on the north. The western mountains are the higher and rise to 4,416 feet (1,346 m) at Mayor Peak. Precipitous cliffs, often over 1,000 feet (300 m) high, characterize much of the north coast. The island’s varied landscape includes pine forests, olive groves, steep gullies, int...

U.S. poet and playwright who wrote some of the first serious, accurate dramas of black life....

U.S. poet and playwright who wrote some of the first serious, accurate dramas of black life....

salt lake, lying west of the Flinders Ranges, east-central South Australia, 215 miles (345 km) northwest of Adelaide. About 150 miles (240 km) long and 40 miles (65 km) wide, the salt lake has an area of 2,300 square miles (5,900 square km). Normally a mud flat, it may fill only after heavy rains and has been known to overflow into Spencer Gulf, several miles to the south. The lake was visited in ...

British economist, soldier, politician, and promoter of schemes for the colonization of Australia....

Australian statesman who introduced a simplified system of transferring land, known as the Torrens Title system, which has been widely adopted throughout the world....

Australian statesman who introduced a simplified system of transferring land, known as the Torrens Title system, which has been widely adopted throughout the world....

(species Merganetta armata), long-bodied duck, found along rushing mountain streams in the Andes. It is usually classified as an aberrant dabbling duck but is sometimes placed in its own tribe, the Merganettini, family Anatidae (order Anseriformes). The torrent duck clings to slippery stones with its stiff tail or dives to probe beneath rocks with its narrow soft bill fo...

...It gave little indication of the powerful writer who was to emerge. During this period of her life, she also wrote for television, radio, and the theatre. Her first book of prose, Le Torrent (1950; The Torrent), is a collection of violent stories centring on a young boy damaged by his brutal mother. It was followed by a second poetry collection,...

...It gave little indication of the powerful writer who was to emerge. During this period of her life, she also wrote for television, radio, and the theatre. Her first book of prose, Le Torrent (1950; The Torrent), is a collection of violent stories centring on a young boy damaged by his brutal mother. It was followed by a second poetry collection,...

Spanish writer and literary critic (b. June 13, 1910, Serantes, near El Ferrol, Spain—d. Jan. 27, 1999, Salamanca, Spain), was inducted into the Real Academia Española in 1977, was honoured in 1981 with Spain’s National Prize for Literature, and was awarded the Cervantes Prize for literature in 1985; lauded in later years as a literary master, he created dynamic novels that we...

city, southwestern Coahuila estado (state), northeastern Mexico. It lies along the Nazas River at an elevation of 3,674 feet (1,120 metres). Torreón is one of northern Mexico’s main centres for manufacturing, services, and commercial agriculture....

...Here was a clear sign that Taino resistance had gathered strength. More fortified places were rapidly built, including a city, founded on January 2 and named La Isabela for the queen. On February 2 Antonio de Torres left La Isabela with 12 ships, some gold, spices, parrots, and captives (most of whom died en route), as well as the bad news about Navidad and some complaints about Columbus...

Argentine actress (b. March 26, 1930, Avellaneda, Arg.—d. Sept. 14, 2002, Buenos Aires, Arg.), gained renown and the admiration of international audiences for her roles in musical comedies, which showcased her fine singing voice. Her popularity was due in part to the balance of tradition and independence her roles offered to a changing Argentine society. Her first film, La danza de la fo...

Mexican poet, novelist, educator, and statesman....

...to drastic social reform and associated in some countries with programs of violent revolution, liberation theology was exemplified by Dom Hélder Câmara of Recife, Brazil, and by Camillo Torres, a priest killed in his role as a Colombian guerrilla. In some Latin American countries, even clergy who preached nonviolence were persecuted and killed by the military because they......

Puerto Rican professional boxer, world light heavyweight (175 pounds) champion, 1965–66....

The immediate predecessor of the Abstraction-Création group was the Cercle et Carré (“Circle and Square”) group, founded by Michel Seuphor and Joaquin Torres-Garcia in 1930. Artists Georges Vantongerloo, Jean Hélion, and Auguste Herbin worked together to form a similar association, and by 1931 they managed to attract over 40 members to a group they called......

northernmost group of Vanuatu, southwestern Pacific Ocean, 60 miles (100 km) north of Espiritu Santo. They extend for 35 miles (56 km) and comprise Hiu (Hiw), the largest (10 miles [16 km] long by 2 miles [3 km] wide), Tégua, Loh, Metoma, and Toga. Hiu rises to the highest point, 1,201 feet (366 m). The islands are fringed by coral reefs and are populated by Polynesians. Pop. (1979) 325....

Puerto Rican professional boxer, world light heavyweight (175 pounds) champion, 1965–66....

...right- and left-wing officers, the conservative Bánzer helped General Rogelio Miranda overthrow President Alfredo Ovando in September 1970; Bánzer himself overthrew the leftist General Juan José Torres on August 22, 1971. Bánzer encouraged foreign investment, but his restrictive policies regarding union activity and constitutional liberties led to opposition from......

Argentine actress (b. March 26, 1930, Avellaneda, Arg.—d. Sept. 14, 2002, Buenos Aires, Arg.), gained renown and the admiration of international audiences for her roles in musical comedies, which showcased her fine singing voice. Her popularity was due in part to the balance of tradition and independence her roles offered to a changing Argentine society. Her first film, La danza de la fo...

...Catholic historians) saw this as the discovery of the southern land. But Quirós’s exultation was brief; troubles forced his return to Latin America. The other ship of the expedition, under Luis de Torres, went on to sail through the Torres Strait but almost certainly failed to sight Australia; and all Quirós’s fervour failed to persuade Spanish officialdom to mount a...

...commission to investigate the complaints. It is hard to explain exactly what the trouble was. Columbus’s report to his sovereigns from the second voyage, taken back by Torres and so known as the Torres Memorandum, speaks of sickness, poor provisioning, recalcitrant natives, and undisciplined hidalgos (gentry). It may be that these problems had intensified. But the Columbus family must be...

playwright and theorist, the most important Spanish dramatist before Lope de Vega, and the first playwright to create realistic Spanish characters....

passage between the Coral Sea, on the east, and the Arafura Sea, in the western Pacific Ocean. To the north lies New Guinea and to the south Cape York Peninsula (Queensland, Australia). It is about 80 mi (130 km) wide and has many reefs and shoals dangerous to navigation, and its larger islands are inhabited. Discovered (1606) by the Spanish mariner Luis Vaez de Torres, its existence was kept sec...

island group in the Torres Strait, north of Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Australia, south of the island of New Guinea. They comprise dozens of islands scattered over some 18,500 square miles (48,000 square km) of water and organized into four clusters: Top Western (low and alluvial, near New Guinea); Western (high, rocky, and barren, the largest being Prince of Wales Island)...

...his greatly outnumbered force to his Portuguese base, defeating Marshal André Masséna at Bussaco on the way (September 27, 1810). He had secretly fortified the famous “lines of Torres Vedras” across the Lisbon peninsula. Masséna’s evacuation of Portugal in the spring of 1811 and the loss of Fuentes de Oñoro (May 3–5) triumphantly justified...

mathematician and writer, famous in his own time as the great maker of almanacs that delighted the Spanish public, now remembered for his Vida, picaresque memoirs that are among the best sources for information on life in 18th-century Spain....

The ability of a machine to play chess well has taken on symbolic meaning since the first precomputer devices more than a century ago. In 1890 a Spanish scientist, Leonardo Torres y Quevado, introduced an electromagnetic device—composed of wire, switch, and circuit—that was capable of checkmating a human opponent in a simple endgame, king and rook versus king. The machine did not......

U.S. Semitic scholar who held independent and stimulating views on certain biblical problems....

botanist and chemist known for his extensive studies of North American flora....

The beautiful Monterey pine (P. radiata), found sparingly along the California coast, is distinguished by the brilliant colour of its foliage. The Torrey pine (P. torreyana) is found only in a narrow strip along the coast near San Diego, Calif., and on Santa Rosa Island and is the least widely distributed of all known pines....

a genus of approximately six species of ornamental trees and shrubs in the yew family (Taxaceae), distributed in localized areas of North America, China, and Japan. Torreyas have persistent, linear, bristle-pointed leaves, arranged roughly in two rows, or ranks. The leaves are slightly convex and lustrous above; on the underside, two sunken, waxy-appearing bands parallel the midrib. Leaves, branc...

(Torreya californica), an ornamental evergreen tree of the yew family (Taxaceae), found naturally only in California. Growing to a height of 24 m (about 79 feet) or more, the tree bears spreading, slightly drooping branches. Although pyramidal in shape when young, it may be round-topped in old age. The fissured bark is grayish brown in colour, with orange streaks showing through. The dark-...

an ornamental evergreen timber tree of the yew family (Taxaceae), native to the southern islands of Japan. Although it is the hardiest species of its genus and may be 10 to 25 m (about 35 to 80 feet) tall, it assumes a shrubby form in less temperate areas. Spreading, horizontal, or slightly ascending branches give the tree a compact ovoid or pyramidal head. The bark is smooth and red but on old tr...

(species Torreya taxifolia), an ornamental evergreen tree of the yew family (Taxaceae), limited in distribution to western Florida and southwestern Georgia, U.S. The stinking yew, which grows to 13 m (about 43 feet) in height, carries an open pyramidal head of spreading, slightly drooping branches. The brownish, orange-tinged bark is irregularly furrowed and scaly. The...

Italian physicist and mathematician who invented the barometer and whose work in geometry aided in the eventual development of integral calculus. Inspired by Galileo’s writings, he wrote a treatise on mechanics, De Motu (“Concerning Movement”), which impressed Galileo. In 1641 Torricelli was invited to Florence, where he served the ...

statement that the speed, v, of a liquid flowing under the force of gravity out of an opening in a tank is proportional jointly to the square root of the vertical distance, h, between the liquid surface and the centre of the opening and to the square root of twice the acceleration caused by gravity, 2g, or simply v = (2gh)1/2. (The v...

statement that the speed, v, of a liquid flowing under the force of gravity out of an opening in a tank is proportional jointly to the square root of the vertical distance, h, between the liquid surface and the centre of the opening and to the square root of twice the acceleration caused by gravity, 2g, or simply v = (2gh)1/2. (The v...

statement that the speed, v, of a liquid flowing under the force of gravity out of an opening in a tank is proportional jointly to the square root of the vertical distance, h, between the liquid surface and the centre of the opening and to the square root of twice the acceleration caused by gravity, 2g, or simply v = (2gh)1/2. (The v...

statement that the speed, v, of a liquid flowing under the force of gravity out of an opening in a tank is proportional jointly to the square root of the vertical distance, h, between the liquid surface and the centre of the opening and to the square root of twice the acceleration caused by gravity, 2g, or simply v = (2gh)1/2. (The v...

district in the northwestern part of the administrative and historic county of Devon, England, with its eastern boundary at the mouth of the River Torridge, the site of its main town, Bideford....

...and West (the East team played in New York and the West team in Ohio), became famous, and the Stars were entered as charter members of the Negro National League in 1920. A Cuban left-handed slugger, Cristóbal Torriente, playing for the Chicago American Giants, reached stardom in the Negro National League. Averaging .335 at bat, he played 17 years in the Negro leagues and later was also.....

Florentine sculptor and painter who became the first exponent of the Italian Renaissance idiom in England....

dictator-like leader of Panama (1968–78), who negotiated the Panama Canal treaties with the United States, leading to Panama’s eventual assumption of control of the canal....

Moscoso ran again for president in 1999. Her main opponent was Martín Torrijos, the son of former dictator Omar Torrijos and the candidate of the ruling Democratic Revolutionary Party. The platforms of the two principal candidates did not differ in most respects. Overall, she was seen as the more populist candidate, Torrijos as more sympathetic to the concerns of business. Both vowed to......

dictator-like leader of Panama (1968–78), who negotiated the Panama Canal treaties with the United States, leading to Panama’s eventual assumption of control of the canal....

city, coextensive with the town (township) of Torrington, Litchfield county, northwestern Connecticut, U.S., on the Naugatuck River. The town was named in 1732 for Great Torrington, England, but the area was not settled until 1737. The town was incorporated in 1740. The village went by several names including Mast Swamp (1747), New Orleans Village (1806), and Wolcottville (1813)...

town, seat (1913) of Goshen county, southeastern Wyoming, U.S., on the North Platte River, near the Nebraska border. The site, 23 miles (37 km) east of Fort Laramie National Historic Site, was on the Texas and Oregon trails and the Pony Express route. It was laid out in 1908 and named for Torrington, Connecticut. The town now serves as a tra...

American gangster who became a top crime boss in Chicago and, later, one of the founders of modern organized crime in America....

American gangster who became a top crime boss in Chicago and, later, one of the founders of modern organized crime in America....

American gangster who became a top crime boss in Chicago and, later, one of the founders of modern organized crime in America....

...of S. Paolo Fuori le Mura (1218). Several important mosaics from the later part of the same century reflect the trends current at that time in Byzantine and Italo-Byzantine mosaics. The mosaics by Jacopo Torriti in the apse of the basilica of Sta. Maria Maggiore (c. 1290–1305) are among the finest of these. They show a mingling of Western medieval and Early Christian......

Spanish architect and engineer notable as a pioneer in the design of concrete-shell structures....

Spanish architect and engineer notable as a pioneer in the design of concrete-shell structures....

...it always should be depicted in illustrations of a man’s arms. It is bad heraldry when the helmet is absent and the crest is airborne above the shield, unsupported. In formal blazons the wreath (also called the torse) is given as well; thus, crest—on a wreath of the colours, a wolf passant proper (Trelawny). The wreath is not usually mentioned, however, because......

port and capital of the Faeroe Islands. It is situated at the southern tip of Streymoy, the largest island of the Faeroe Islands. Tórshavn was founded in the 13th century, but it remained only a small village for several centuries thereafter. The ancient Lagting, or Faeroese parliament, used to meet on Tinganaes, a promontory that cuts Tórshavn harbour into two parts. The Lagting now...

...a free-swimming form (trochophore larva). Upon the expansion of the ciliary girdle of the trochophore larva into large, heavily ciliated swimming lobes (vela), the larva, called a veliger, undergoes torsion, a 180° rotation of the fleshy organs from a posterior to an anterior position behind the head. Torsion is an embryological distinction of the gastropods....