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Pähkinäsaari, Treaty of (Scandinavia [1323])
...the eastern coast of the Gulf of Bothnia. In 1293 Torgils Knutsson launched an expedition in an attempt to conquer all of Karelia and built a fortress in Viipuri. The war lasted until 1323, when the Treaty of Pähkinäsaari (Nöteborg; now Petrokrepost) drew the boundary between the Russian and Swedish spheres of influence in a vague line from the eastern part of the Gulf of F...
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Pahlavan Mahmoud mausoleum (mausoleum, Khiva, Uzbekistan)
...century; the pillars are recognized for the quality of their carving and decoration. Built to honour the 14th-century poet and wrestler Pahlavan Mahmoud, who is revered as Khiva’s protector, the Pahlavan Mahmoud mausoleum (rebuilt 1810–25) is usually considered the most impressive building in the Ichan-Kala. The centre of a royal burial ground, it features a number of domed tombs ...
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Pahlavī (Iran)
principal port and resort, northern Iran, on the Caspian Sea, connected with Māzandarān, Azerbaijan, and Tehrān by road. The population includes Russians, Armenians, Caucasians, and Turkmens....
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Pahlavi alphabet
until the advent of Islām (7th century ad); the Zoroastrian sacred book, the Avesta, is written in a variant of Pahlavi called Avestan....
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Pahlavī, Bandar-e (Iran)
principal port and resort, northern Iran, on the Caspian Sea, connected with Māzandarān, Azerbaijan, and Tehrān by road. The population includes Russians, Armenians, Caucasians, and Turkmens....
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Pahlavi Dam (dam, Iran)
...region’s nomadic population; it connects by road with the highland and with Ahvāz. The Trans-Iranian Railway stops on the other side of the river, and there is an airfield. The great Dez Dam (formerly Pahlavi Dam), 20 miles (32 km) upstream, was designed to provide abundant power and to increase irrigation. It is one of the largest dams in the Middle East—666 feet (203......
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Pahlavi dynasty (Iranian dynasty)
The Pahlavi dynasty (1925–79)...
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Pahlavi language
major form of the Middle Persian language (see Persian language), which existed from the 3rd to the 10th century and was the official language of the Sāsānian empire (ad 226–652). It is attested by Zoroastrian books, coins, and inscriptions. Pahlavi books were written in a confusing writing system of Aramaic origin called the Pahlavi alp...
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Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza Shah (shah of Iran)
shah of Iran from 1941 to 1979, who maintained a pro-Western foreign policy and fostered economic development in Iran....
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Pahlavi, Reza Shah (shah of Iran)
Iranian army officer who rose through army ranks to become shah of Iran (1925–41) and began the regeneration of his country....
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pahmi (mammal)
Ferret badgers (genus Melogale), also called tree badgers or pahmi, consist of four species: Chinese (M. moschata), Burmese (M. personata), Everett’s (M. everetti), and......
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pahoehoe (lava flow)
Mafic (ferromagnesian, dark-coloured) lavas such as basalt characteristically form flows known by the Hawaiian names pahoehoe and aa (or a’a). Pahoehoe lava flows are characterized by smooth, gently undulating, or broadly hummocky surfaces. The liquid lava flowing beneath a thin, still-plastic crust drags and wrinkles it into tapestry-like folds and ro...
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Pahud de Mortanges, Charles Ferdinand (Dutch athlete)
Dutch equestrian who was one of the most successful riders in Olympic history, winning four gold medals and a silver in the 1920s and ’30s....
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PAI (chemical compound)
...C (300° F). Unlike the polyamide, the polyimide is insoluble and infusible. Kapton is stable in inert atmospheres at temperatures up to 500° C (930° F). Related commercial products are polyamideimide (PAI; trademarked as Torlon by Amoco Corporation) and polyetherimide (PEI; trademark Ultem); these two compounds combine the imide function with amide and ether groups, respect...
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Pai (people)
people of northwestern Yunnan province, southwest China. Minjia is the Chinese (Pinyin) name for them; they call themselves Bai or Bo in their own language, which has been classified within the Yi group of Tibeto-Burman languages. Until recently the language was not written. It contains many words borrowed from Chinese but is itself a non-Chinese, tonal, polys...
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Pai Chiang (river, China)
river in central Guangdong province, southeastern China. It is formed by the union of two smaller rivers, the Wu and the Zhen, at Shaoguan, in northern Guangdong. The Bei flows about 220 miles (350 km) south to join the Xi (West) River, west of Guangzhou (Canton). For centuries the Bei has played an impo...
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Pai Chü-i (Chinese poet)
Chinese poet of the Tang dynasty (618–907) who used his elegantly simple verse to protest the social evils of his day, including corruption and militarism....
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Pai Hsien-yung (Chinese writer)
...the modernist era by publishing their own craftsmanlike stories, which were heavily indebted to such Western masters as Franz Kafka, James Joyce, and Virginia Woolf. Many of these writers, such as Pai Hsien-yung, author of Yu-yüan ching-meng (1982; Wandering in the Garden, Waking from a Dream), remained active and influential in the mid-1980s. Vernacular poetry in Taiwan......
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Pai Lu Tung Academy (school, Lu-shan, China)
In the Sung dynasty (960–1279) Kiangsi became a model of the Confucian state, governed by scholar-officials. The Pai Lu Tung (“White Deer Grotto”) Academy, near Lu-shan, where Chu Hsi taught, became a renowned centre of Confucian learning. From 1069 to 1076 Wang An-shih, a native of Lin-ch’uan, southeast of Nan-ch’ang, was prime minister; Wang introduced reforms ...
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Pai Marire (Maori religion)
any of the radical members of the Maori Pai Marire (Maori: “Good and Peaceful”) religion, founded in 1862 in Taranaki on North Island, New Zealand. The movement was founded by Te Ua Haumene, a Maori prophet who had been captured in his youth and converted to Christianity before his release. Like most other Maori, he was opposed to the sale of Maori land, and he joined the Maori King....
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Pai-ch’eng (China)
city, northwestern Jilin sheng (province), northeastern China. The region was originally a hunting ground reserved for the Mongols, and farming was not allowed legally by the Qing government until 1902; it is now an area of extensive agriculture, with pastoral activities playing a major role....
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Pai-gow poker (card game)
Pai-gow poker is a house-banked even-payout game. Each player is given seven cards, as is the dealer. Each then makes his best two-card and best five-card hand. If both of a player’s hands are better than the dealer’s two hands, the player wins an amount equal to his bet, less a 5 percent commission on the winnings. If both of the dealer’s hands are better, the dealer wins the...
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p’ai-hsiao (musical instrument)
Chinese bamboo panpipe, generally a series of bamboo tubes secured together by rows of bamboo strips, wooden strips, or ropes. The instrument is blown across the top end. Although 16 pipes have become the standard, other groupings (from 13 to 24) have been made. Before the Tang dynasty (ad 618–907) the panpipe was called ...
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pai-hua (Chinese language)
vernacular style of Chinese that was adopted as a written language in a movement to revitalize the Classical Chinese literary language and make it more accessible to the common people. Started in 1917 by the philosopher and historian Hu Shi, the baihua literary movement succeeded in making baihua the l...
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Pai-lien chiao (Chinese cult)
...organization also emerged on China’s frontiers. Native-place ties were frequently expressed in worship of a deity, so that a temple or territorial cult would become a vehicle for collective action. White Lotus sectarianism appealed to other Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother, who was to gather all her children at the millenni...
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“Pai-mao nü” (play by Ho Ching-chih)
...plays, such as Lung-hsü kou (1951; Dragon Beard Ditch), which earned him the prestigious title of People’s Artist. Another very popular play, Pai-mao nü (1953; White-Haired Girl) by Ho Ching-chih, was taken from a contemporary folk legend....
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pai-miao (Chinese painting)
in Chinese painting, brush technique that produces a finely controlled, supple ink outline drawing without any colour or wash (diluted ink or paint applied in broad sweeps) embellishment. It is commonly used for figure painting, in which precise description is important....
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Pai-se (China)
city, western Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi, China. It lies along the You River, which flows southeast to Nanning (the capital of Guangxi), and is situated at its junction with its tributary, the Chengbi River. It is at the limit of navigation on the You River for small craft and is also at the centre of a highway network radiating to the north and west....
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pai-t’ung (metallurgy)
...copper). It was from this ore, studied by Axel Fredrik Cronstedt, that nickel was isolated and recognized as a new element in 1751. In 1776 it was established that pai-t’ung, now called nickel-silver, was composed of copper, nickel, and zinc....
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Pai-yün-o-po (China)
Inner Mongolia’s industry is based on the territory’s great mineral wealth. There are rich iron-ore deposits at Pai-yün-o-po, about 75 miles north of Pao-t’ou, and Inner Mongolia has one of the world’s largest deposits of rare earth metals. Coal is mined near Pao-t’ou and at other locations. The inland drainage of the Mongolian Plateau once contained a num...
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paiche (fish)
ancient, air-breathing, giant fish of Amazonian rivers and lakes. One of the largest freshwater fishes in the world, the pirarucu attains a length of nearly 3 metres (10 feet) and a weight of 220 kg (485 pounds). The fish has a peculiar profile in that the front of the body is long and narrow, whereas the rear is flat and possesses only a rudimentary, rounded tail....
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Paichi Mountains (mountains, China)
...extension of the Tsinling–Fu-niu ranges lying to the north of the Yangtze—form a convex curve of steep slopes facing east and northeast on the southwestern Hupeh–Anhwei border. The Paichi Mountains lie south and east of the Yangtze and form the southeastern border between Anhwei and Chekiang. Composed mainly of granite, metamorphic rock (rock formed in the solid state by he...
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Paicovitch, Yigal (Israeli politician)
Israeli soldier and politician who was best known as the architect of the Allon Plan, a peace initiative that he formulated after Israel captured Arab territory in the Six-Day War of June 1967....
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PAICV (political party, Cape Verde)
After independence in 1975, the African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV) was the only legal political party in the country until a multiparty system was introduced in 1990. A constitution, promulgated in 1992 and subsequently revised in 1995 and 1999, established the president as head of state, elected by universal adult suffrage. The president, in consultation with the......
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Paid on Both Sides (work by Auden)
...Shorter Poems Auden divides his career into four periods. The first extends from 1927, when he was still an undergraduate, through The Orators of 1932. The “charade” Paid on Both Sides, which along with Poems established Auden’s reputation in 1930, best reveals the imperfectly fused but fascinating amalgam of material from the Icelandic sagas, Ol...
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paid-in capital (accounting)
In the United States, for example, the owners’ equity is divided between paid-in capital and retained earnings. Paid-in capital represents the amounts paid to the corporation in exchange for shares of the company’s preferred and common stock. The major part of this, the capital paid in by the common shareholders, is usually divided into two parts, one representing the par value, or s...
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“Paidagogos” (work by Clement of Alexandria)
...inflation, high cost of living, and increased taxes placed extreme burdens not only on the poor but also on the relatively wealthy middle class, which was eventually ruined. From the tenor of the Paidagōgos, one can conclude that the majority of Clement’s audience came from the ranks of Alexandrian middle and upper classes, with a few intelligent poorer members coming from ...
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paideia (education)
(Greek: “education,” or “learning”), system of education and training in classical Greek and Hellenistic (Greco-Roman) cultures that included such subjects as gymnastics, grammar, rhetoric, music, mathematics, geography, natural history, and philosophy. In the early Christian era the Greek paideia, called humanitas in Latin, served as a ...
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Paiea (king of Hawaii)
Hawaiian conqueror and king who, by 1810, had united all the Hawaiian islands and founded the Kamehameha dynasty, the most enduring and best-documented line of Hawaiian rulers....
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Paiement, André (Canadian playwright)
Franco-Ontarian culture underwent tremendous revitalization in the 1970s, particularly in northern Ontario with the development of regional theatre in French. André Paiement, one of the founders of the Théâtre du Nouvel-Ontario in the early 1970s, achieved popular success with his musical comedy Lavalléville (1975). Continuing the theatrical......
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PAIGC (political party, Africa)
town located on the Corubal River in southeastern Guinea-Bissau. It was the site of the declaration of independence put forth in 1973 by the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (Partido Africano da Independência da Guiné e Cabo Verde; PAIGC). The mayor of Bissau city, Juvencio Gomes, announced at the country’s independence in 1974 that Boé would....
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Paige, Leroy Robert (American baseball player)
American professional baseball pitcher whose prowess became legendary during his many years in the Negro leagues; he finally was allowed to enter the major leagues in 1948 after the unwritten rule against black players was abolished. A right-handed, flexible “beanpole” standing more than 6 feet 3 inches (1.91 metres) tall, Paige had considerable ...
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Paige, Satchel (American baseball player)
American professional baseball pitcher whose prowess became legendary during his many years in the Negro leagues; he finally was allowed to enter the major leagues in 1948 after the unwritten rule against black players was abolished. A right-handed, flexible “beanpole” standing more than 6 feet 3 inches (1.91 metres) tall, Paige had considerable ...
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Päijänne, Lake (lake, Finland)
lake located in south-central Finland. The lake has an area of 407 sq mi (1,054 sq km) and a maximum depth of 305 ft (93 m). It is about 85 mi (135 km) long and between 2 and 18 mi (3 and 29 km) wide. The lake is broken by thousands of islands. Jyväskylä, at the northern tip of the lake, and Heinola, on a southeastern branch of the lake, are the ...
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Paijusaṇa (Jaina festival)
a popular eight-day festival in Jainism, a religion of India. It generally is celebrated by members of the Śvetāmbara sect from the 13th day of the dark half of the month Bhādrapada (August–September) to the 5th day of the bright half of the month. Among Digambaras, a corresponding festival is called Daśalakṣaṇa, and it begins imm...
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Paik, Nam June (composer, performer, and artist)
Korean-born composer, performer, and artist who was from the early 1960s one of postmodern art’s most provocative and innovative figures....
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Paikuli (archaeological site, Iran)
...After Bahrām II died, Narses, the youngest son of Shāpūr I, contested the succession of Bahrām III and won the crown. In memory of his victory, Narses erected a tower at Paikuli, in the mountains west of the upper Diyālā River, which was discovered in 1843 by the British Orientalist Sir Henry Rawlinson. Decorated with busts of Narses, the monument has a...
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paille-maille (game)
(from Italian pallamaglio, palla, “ball,” and maglio, “mallet”), obsolete game of French origin, resembling croquet. An English traveler in France mentions it early in the 17th century, and it was introduced into England in the second quarter of that century. Thomas Blount’s Glossographia (1656) described it as “a game wherein a round...
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pailü (Chinese poetry)
...form of lüshi consisting of quatrains and depending for its artistry on suggestiveness and economy. Another variation, pailü, followed most of the rules of lüshi but also allowed the poet to alter the rhyme and elongate the poem....
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Paimio (Finland)
...him as the most advanced architect in Finland and brought him worldwide recognition as well. These were the Turun Sanomat Building (newspaper office) in Turku, the tuberculosis sanatorium at Paimio, and the Municipal Library at Viipuri (now Vyborg, Russia). His plans for the last two were chosen in a competition, a common practice with public buildings in Finland. Both the office......
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pain
a complex experience consisting of a physiological and emotional response to a noxious stimulus. Pain is a warning mechanism that protects an organism by influencing it to withdraw from harmful stimuli; it is primarily associated with injury or the threat of injury. For a more complete discussion of the physiology of pain, see nervous system, human: Pain....
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pain perception (biology)
Although the warning function of pain is obvious, it is not equivalent to nociception, the perception of forces likely to damage the tissues of the body. Nociception can occur without pain and vice versa; also, the sensation of pain is only a part of the total act of nociception. There are reflex effects as well, such as a local reflex withdrawal from a sudden noxious stimulation of the skin.......
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pain perception threshold (physiology)
The point at which a stimulus begins to become painful is the pain perception threshold; most studies have found this point to be relatively similar among disparate groups of people. However, the pain tolerance threshold, the point at which pain becomes unbearable, varies significantly among these groups. A stoical, nonemotional response to an injury may be a sign of bravery in certain cultural......
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Paine, John Knowles (American composer)
composer and organist, the first American to win wide recognition as a composer and the first professor of music at an American university....
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Paine, Robert (American ecologist)
At the next level in the food web (that of consumers), predators such as starfish control the abundance of grazing animals. In classic experiments on the coast of Washington state, the ecologist Robert Paine demonstrated that removal of the starfish Pisaster ochraceus from a section of shoreline caused the community to change from one containing 30 species to one totally dominated by the......
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Paine, Robert Treat (United States statesman)
American politician, jurist, member of the Continental Congress (1774–78), and signer of the Declaration of Independence....
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Paine, Thomas (British-American author)
English-American writer and political pamphleteer whose “Common Sense” and “Crisis” papers were important influences on the American Revolution. Other works that contributed to his reputation as one of the greatest political propagandists in history were Rights of Man, a defense of the French Revolution and of republican principles; and The ...
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Painesville (Ohio, United States)
city, seat (1840) of Lake county, northeastern Ohio, U.S., near the mouth of the Grand River and Lake Erie, 25 miles (40 km) northeast of Cleveland. The site, first settled permanently by Gen. Edward Paine with a party of 66, was laid out around 1805; it was known variously as The Opening, Oak Openings, and Champion (for Henry Champion, original owner of the plot). In 1816 the c...
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Painlevé, Paul (French politician and mathematician)
French politician, mathematician, and patron of aviation who was prime minister at a crucial period of World War I and again during the 1925 financial crisis....
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pains and penalties, bill of (law)
Historically, a legislative act attainting a person without a judicial trial was known as a bill of attainder or—if punishment was less than death—as a bill of pains and penalties. The power of Parliament to declare guilt and impose punishment by such measures was well established by the 15th century. During the Wars of the Roses (1455–85), bills of attainder were used by......
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paint (chemical product)
decorative and protective coating commonly applied to rigid surfaces as a liquid consisting of a pigment suspended in a vehicle, or binder. The vehicle, usually a resin dissolved in a solvent, dries to a tough film, binding the pigment to the surface....
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paint brush (plant)
any plant of the genus Castilleja (family Scrophulariaceae), which contains about 200 species of partially or wholly parasitic plants that derive nourishment from the roots of other plants. For this reason the plants are seldom cultivated successfully in the flower garden. The small, tubular flowers are irregular (two-lipped). They are surrounded by upper leaves that are brightly coloured e...
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Paint It Today (novel by Doolittle)
...while Doolittle (whose reputation rested upon her contribution to the Imagist movement in poetry) used the quest-romance in a series of autobiographical novels—including Paint It Today (written in 1921 but first published in 1992) and Bid Me to Live (1960)—to chart a way through the contemporary world for female characters in......
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paint pot (geological feature)
...small amounts of water react chemically with the surrounding rocks and form a boiling mud. Variations are the porridge pot (a basin of boiling mud that erodes chunks of the surrounding rock) and the paint pot (a basin of boiling mud that is tinted yellow, green, or blue by minerals from the surrounding rocks)....
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Paint Rock (Texas, United States)
The town of Paint Rock, 30 miles (50 km) east of San Angelo, was named for the approximately 1,500 Indian pictographs on a nearby river bluff. Inc. 1903. Pop. (1990) city, 84,474; San Angelo MSA, 98,458; (2000) city, 88,439; San Angelo MSA, 104,010....
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paintbrush (art)
device composed of natural or synthetic fibres set into a handle that is used for cleaning, grooming, polishing, writing, or painting. Brushes were used by man as early as the Paleolithic Period (began about 2,500,000 years ago) to apply pigment, as shown by the cave paintings of Altamira in Spain and the Périgord in France. In historical times the early Egyptians used brushes to create th...
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Painted Bird, The (novel by Kosinski)
Kosinski then took the literary world by storm with The Painted Bird (1965), a graphic, fictionalized retelling of his own horrific experiences as a Jewish child in World War II. This was followed by Steps (1968), which won the National Book Award, and Being There (1971; film 1979), a satiric fable about Chance, a simple-minded gardener whose innocence, shallow platitudes,......
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Painted Bronze (sculpture by Johns)
...at the time. Johns’s unabashed depiction of commonplace emblems and objects was emulated by many Pop Art artists; one of Johns’s best-known works is a cast sculpture of two Ballantine Ale cans, “Painted Bronze” (1960)....
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painted buckeye (plant)
Bottlebrush buckeye (A. parviflora), from Georgia and Alabama, is an attractive shrub, up to 3.5 m (11 feet) high. The white flowers are borne in erect spikes about 30 cm (1 foot) long. Painted, or Georgia, buckeye (A. sylvatica), a rounded shrub or small tree, up to 7.6 m (25 feet), has variably coloured flowers, yellow to reddish on the flower spikes....
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painted bunting (bird)
...songs. The bright blue male indigo bunting (P. cyanea) is a conspicuous bird along eastern American roadsides; the drab brown female hides among thickets and incubates the eggs. The painted bunting (P. ciris), native to the American Southeast, is sometimes called the “nonpareil” because of the male’s unrivaled colouring—indigo head and neck, scarlet......
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Painted Church (church, Honaunau, Hawaii, United States)
Nearby St. Benedict’s Church, called the Painted Church for its colourful murals depicting biblical scenes, was the first Roman Catholic church in Hawaii. The site where Captain James Cook was killed is 3 miles (5 km) north of Honaunau. Pop. (1990) Honaunau-Napoopoo, 2,373; (2000) Honaunau-Napoopoo, 2,414....
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Painted Colonnade (hall, Olympia, Greece)
The Echo Colonnade was officially called the Stoa Poikile, or Painted Colonnade, from the paintings that used to be on its walls. It received its popular name because a word uttered there was echoed seven times or more. The colonnade closed the east side of the Altis and was separated from the east Altis wall, which supported the stadium embankment, by a narrow passage. The colonnade was built......
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Painted Colonnade (hall, Athens, Greece)
For 30 years after the Persian destruction, the Athenians built only fortifications and some secular buildings in the Agora, notably the Stoa Poikile, or Painted Colonnade, with its famous paintings by Polygnotus and Micon, one of which represented the Battle of Marathon. The Tholos, the round building that served as the headquarters of the executive committee of the council, was also built at......
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painted cup (plant)
any plant of the genus Castilleja (family Scrophulariaceae), which contains about 200 species of partially or wholly parasitic plants that derive nourishment from the roots of other plants. For this reason the plants are seldom cultivated successfully in the flower garden. The small, tubular flowers are irregular (two-lipped). They are surrounded by upper leaves that are brightly coloured e...
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Painted Desert (desert, Arizona, United States)
section of the high plateau in north-central Arizona, U.S. The Painted Desert extends from the Grand Canyon in a southeasterly direction along the north side of the Little Colorado River to Holbrook. It is approximately 150 miles (240 km) long and 15–50 miles (25–80 km) wide and covers an area of 7,500 square miles (19,400 square km). The name wa...
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painted enamel (art)
...paint on metal has a short life and, even when new, is overshadowed by the brilliance of the polished metal, enamelling gives the surface of metal a durable, coloured, decorative finish. With the painted enamels of the Renaissance and the portrait miniatures of the 17th century, the technique reached its most ambitious and artistic form, in which the craftsman attempted to create a version of.....
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painted finch (bird)
...may be red, orange, or black. The star finch (Neochmia ruficauda) is greenish brown above and yellow below, with white-dotted red head, greenish gray breast, and white-barred red tail. The painted finch (Emblema, formerly Zonaeginthus, pictus) is red and brown, with white-spotted black underparts....
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Painted Gray Ware culture
...because the proximity of the Himalayas produced a higher level of rainfall. It is in this area that a new tendency emerges—the expansion of settlements associated with the pottery known as Painted Gray Ware. This characteristic ceramic accompanied a spread of settlements toward the east into the upper Ganges-Yamuna valleys and constitutes a distinguishing feature of the process of......
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painted lady (butterfly)
species of butterfly in the brush-footed butterfly family, Nymphalidae (order Lepidoptera), that has broad wings (span about 4 to 5 cm [1.5 to 2 inches]), with beautifully elaborate patterns of reddish orange, pink, brown, white, and blue scales. Vast numbers travel northward in spring across the Mediterranean from Africa to Europe, migrating thousands of kilometres. A few of the next generation t...
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painted lady (plant)
any plant of the genus Castilleja (family Scrophulariaceae), which contains about 200 species of partially or wholly parasitic plants that derive nourishment from the roots of other plants. For this reason the plants are seldom cultivated successfully in the flower garden. The small, tubular flowers are irregular (two-lipped). They are surrounded by upper leaves that are brightly coloured e...
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painted lady (Chrysanthemum coccineum)
...or pyrethrum. The plants were formerly considered a separate genus, Pyrethrum. The typical species, the perennial T. coccineum, is the florists’ pyrethrum, commonly called painted lady. Large deep rose-coloured petals surrounding the yellow centre, or disk, are borne on long simple stems above the crown of finely cut leaves. Modern varieties exhibit various......
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painted mackerel (fish)
...an Indo-Pacific fish said to weigh up to 45 kg (100 pounds); the king mackerel, or kingfish (S. cavalla), a western Atlantic fish about 170 cm long and weighing 36 kg or more; and the cero, or painted mackerel (S. regalis), an abundant, spotted Atlantic fish reportedly about 120 cm long. Scomberomorus species are a favourite game fish, and their flesh is of excellent......
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Painted Pottery culture (archaeology)
...went to China in 1914 as a technical adviser on oil and coal resources. He immediately became interested in fossil remains and eventually devoted himself to archaeological exploration. In 1921, at Yang-shao, Honan Province, he found elegant painted pottery that provided the first evidence of Neolithic culture in China. Within a year he discovered many other comparable sites across the vast......
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painted quail (bird)
...the size of a pigeon to that of a domestic chicken, 40 to 60 cm (16 to 24 inches) long and 500 to 2,500 grams (1 to 5.5 pounds) in weight. The smallest members of the order are the sparrow-sized painted quail (Excalfactoria), about 13 cm (5 inches) long and about 45 grams (about 1.5 ounces) in weight. The heaviest galliform is the common, or wild, turkey (Meleagris gallopavo),......
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painted snipe (bird)
either of two species of marsh birds comprising the family Rostratulidae (order Charadriiformes). They are boldly marked birds with a snipelike body and bill. Painted snipes are about 25 cm (10 inches) in length and are brown and white in colour....
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Painted Stoa (building, Athens, Greece)
...that the vase painters responded to the general enthusiasm and civic pride by adopting Theseus as a frequent subject. This development was reflected in monumental painting. About 460 bc the Painted Stoa at Athens was decorated with a series of paintings representing famous battles, including both legendary and historical events involving Athenians. Thus, probably for the first tim...
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painted terrapin (reptile)
...ponds and streams. As with the softshell turtles, Asia has two of the largest species of pond turtles—the Asian river turtle, or batagur (Batagur baska), and the painted terrapin (Callagur borneoensis)—with shell lengths to a half-metre (about 20 inches) and weights to 25 kg (55 pounds). Both are tidal-river species,......
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painted tree rat (mammal)
...range of colours and markings. At one extreme is the plain punare (Thrichomys apereoides), with dull brown upperparts and grayish white underparts. At the other extreme is the painted tree rat (Callistomys pictus), whose whitish body has a wide, glossy black stripe on the neck and head and a saddle pattern extending from the shoulders and across the upper......
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painted turtle (reptile)
brightly marked North American turtle (family Emydidae) found from southern Canada to northern Mexico. The painted turtle is a smooth-shelled reptile with a shell about 14 to 18 cm (5.5 to 7 inches) long in adults. The upper shell, which is relatively flat, is either black or greenish brown with red and yellow markings along the margins....
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Painted Word, The (book by Wolfe)
...longtime critic for The New Yorker. A number of art historians also became critics, further professionalizing—indeed, academicizing—art criticism. In The Painted Word (1975), American author Tom Wolfe writes about the power of Greenberg and Rosenberg. Wolfe argues that they did not simply make a case for a certain reading of modern art, ...
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painter
the expression of ideas and emotions, with the creation of certain aesthetic qualities, in a two-dimensional visual language. The elements of this language—its shapes, lines, colours, tones, and textures—are used in various ways to produce sensations of volume, space, movement, and light on a flat surface. These elements are combined into expressive patterns in ord...
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Painter and His Model, The (painting by Braque)
...reminiscent of ancient Greek pottery designs. Later in the 1930s he began a series of figure paintings—first-rate examples are Le Duo and The Painter and His Model—and in 1937 he won the Carnegie Prize. During World War II he produced a collection of small, generally flat, decorative pieces of sculpture, in a style......
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Painter and His Pug, The (painting by Hogarth)
The famous self-portrait of 1745, a year that marked, in many ways, the high point of Hogarth’s career, was also an artistic manifesto (see illustration). He mischievously juxtaposed his own blunt and intelligent features with those of his sturdy pug dog, Trump, and placed volumes of the great English writers William Shakespeare, John Milton, and Jonathan Swift beside a pale...
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“Painter of His Dishonor, The” (play by Calderón)
...patterns in which the artistic effect arises from perception of the totality of the design through the inseparability of the parts is Calderón’s greatest achievement as a craftsman. El pintor de su deshonra (c. 1645; The Painter of His Own Dishonor) and La cisma de Ingalaterra (c. 1627; “The Schism of England”) are masterly examples...
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Painter, Theophilus Shickel (American zoologist)
American zoologist and cytologist who first showed that the giant chromosomes linked to the development of salivary glands in fruit flies could be used to identify the position of individual genes more precisely than any other previous methods....
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Painter, William (English author)
English author whose collection of tales The Palace of Pleasure, based on classical and Italian originals, served as a sourcebook for many Elizabethan dramatists....
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Painter’s Daughter Chasing a Butterfly (painting by Gainsborough)
...Gainsborough painted few full-length portraits in Suffolk. Mr. William Woollaston, although an ambitious composition, is intimate and informal. The Painter’s Daughters Chasing a Butterfly, composed in the last years at Ipswich, is, in its easy naturalism and sympathetic understanding, one of the best English portraits of children....
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Painters Eleven (Canadian artist)
...the mid-1950s freed contemporary painting from its Surrealist style and directed it toward an emphasis on structure and colour. Similar trends occurred in the 1950s in Toronto, where a group called Painters Eleven, led by Harold Town and Jack Bush, promoted abstract art. By the 1960s, contemporary European and American trends—such as Pop art and conceptual art—dominated Canadian.....
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painting
the expression of ideas and emotions, with the creation of certain aesthetic qualities, in a two-dimensional visual language. The elements of this language—its shapes, lines, colours, tones, and textures—are used in various ways to produce sensations of volume, space, movement, and light on a flat surface. These elements are combined into expressive patterns in ord...
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painting knife
...round (pointed), flat, bright (flat shape but shorter and less supple), and oval (flat but bluntly pointed). Red sable brushes are widely used for the smoother, less robust type of brushstroke. The painting knife, a finely tempered, thin, limber version of the artist’s palette knife, is a convenient tool for applying oil colours in a robust manner....
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