A-Z Browse

Drug interactions occur when one drug alters the pharmacological effect of another drug. The pharmacological effect of one or both drugs may be increased or decreased, or a new and unanticipated adverse effect may be produced. Drug interactions may result from pharmacokinetic interactions (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) or from interactions at drug receptors....

harmful effects on health of certain therapeutic drugs, resulting either from overdose or from the sensitivity of specific body tissues to regular doses (side effects)....

...and coma—that frequently kills victims of P. falciparum malaria. Several strains of P. falciparum have developed that are resistant to some of the drugs used to treat or prevent malaria....

...in new areas as a governing body and competition regulator. The use of performance-enhancing drugs by teams and individual players had been suspected since at least the 1930s; FIFA introduced drug tests in 1966, and occasionally drug users were uncovered, such as Willie Johnston of Scotland at the 1978 World Cup finals. But FIFA regulations were tightened in the 1980s after the sharp rise......

Drug therapy...

use of drugs for psychotropic rather than medical purposes. Among the most common psychotropic drugs are opiates (opium, morphine, heroin), hallucinogens (LSD, mescaline, psilocybin), barbiturates, cocaine, amphetamines, tranquilizers, and cannabis. Alcohol and tobacco are also sometimes classified as drugs. The term “drug abuse” is normally appl...

the science and art concerned with the preparation and standardization of drugs. Its scope includes the cultivation of plants that are used as drugs, the synthesis of chemical compounds of medicinal value, and the analysis of medicinal agents. Pharmacists are responsible for the preparation of the dosage forms of drugs, such as tablets, capsules, and sterile solutions for inject...

any chemical substance that affects the functioning of living things and the organisms (such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses) that infect them. Pharmacology, the science of drugs, deals with all aspects of drugs in medicine, including their mechanism of action, physical and chemical properties, metabolism, therapeutics, and toxicity. This article focuses on dr...

...offer medical care to casualties of war, and deal with the problem of refugees in many countries throughout the world. In 2003 Doctors Without Borders was a founding partner in the organization Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi), which works to create medicines for such diseases as malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS....

(Celtic: “Knowing [or Finding] the Oak Tree”), member of the learned class among the ancient Celts. They seem to have frequented oak forests and acted as priests, teachers, and judges. The earliest known records of the Druids come from the 3rd century bc....

...drama, while the Peacock Theatre, located under the foyer of the Abbey Theatre, concentrates on experimental plays and on works in Irish. Theatres and theatre companies such as Galway’s Druid Theatre are found throughout the country, however, promoting a wide range of national and international drama. In addition, there is a vigorous amateur dramatic movement active throughout the......

...covering up for highly placed culprits, perhaps even members of the royal family. Many of these works, however, are based on fraudulent claims and documents. The most commonly cited suspects are Montague Druitt, a barrister and teacher with an interest in surgery who was said to be insane and who disappeared after the final murders and was later found dead; Michael Ostrog, a Russian criminal......

Until the 1950s, Bhutan was an absolute monarchy whose sovereign was styled the druk gyalpo (“dragon king”). During the second half of the 20th century, the monarchs increasingly divested themselves of their power, and in 2008 King Jigme Khesar Namgyal Wangchuk, the fifth in a royal line that had been established in 1907, completed the transfer.....

country of south-central Asia, located on the eastern ridges of the Himalayas. Historically a remote kingdom, Bhutan became less isolated in the second half of the 20th century, and consequently the pace of change began to accelerate. With improvements in transportation, by the early 21st century a trip from the Indian border to the Bhutanese capital, Thimphu,...

musical instrument, the sound of which is produced by the vibration of a stretched membrane (it is thus classified as a membranophone within the larger category of percussion instruments). Basically, a drum is either a tube or a bowl of wood, metal, or pottery (the “shell”) covered at one or both ends by a membrane (the “head”), whi...

...medium of protest; among the most successful writers were Bloke Modisane, Todd Matshikiza, Es’kia Mphahlele, Richard Rive, Alex La Guma, and Can Themba. In the late 1950s Drum magazine provided an important forum for these writers....

in packaging, cylindrical container commonly made of metal or fibreboard. Steel drums with capacities ranging up to 100 U.S. gallons (379 litres) have been produced since about 1903; the sizes less than 12 gallons (45 litres) are called pails. The most common drums are made of 18-gauge (0.048-inch, or 1.2-millimetre, thick) steel and contain 55 gallons (208 litres); they become...

in architecture, any of the cylindrical stone blocks composing a column that is not a monolith. The term also denotes a circular or polygonal wall supporting a dome, cupola, or lantern....

in biology, any of about 160 species of fishes of the family Sciaenidae (order Perciformes); drums are carnivorous, generally bottom-dwelling fishes. Most are marine, found along warm and tropical seashores. Comparatively few inhabit temperate or fresh waters. Most are noisemakers and can “vocalize” by moving strong muscles attached to the air bladder, which acts as a resonating cham...

Originally, most systems for stopping vehicles were mechanically actuated drum brakes with internally expanding shoes; i.e., foot pressure exerted on the brake pedal was carried directly to semicircular brake shoes by a system of flexible cables. Mechanical brakes, however, were difficult to keep adjusted so that equal braking force was applied at each wheel; and, as vehicle weights and speeds......

...Most frequently “chime” refers to the bell chime (q.v.), but it also denotes tubular bells (q.v.), or orchestral bells; the stone chimes (q.v.), or lithophone; drum chimes, sets of tuned drums found in Myanmar (Burma) and Thailand; and gong (q.v.) chimes, the sets of tuned gongs used in the gamelan orchestras of Southeast Asia....

The simplest and least expensive is the drum, or roller, dryer. It consists of two large steel cylinders that turn toward each other and are heated from the inside by steam. The concentrated product is applied to the hot drum in a thin sheet that dries during less than one revolution and is scraped from the drum by a steel blade. The flakelike powder dissolves poorly in water but is often......

Drum gates can control the reservoir level upstream to precise levels automatically and without the assistance of mechanical power. One drum gate design consists of a shaped-steel caisson held in position by hinges mounted on the crest of the dam and supported in a flotation chamber constructed immediately downstream of the crest. Water pressure in the reservoir and buoyancy of the caisson in......

...by arrangers such as Robert Russell Bennett take optimum advantage of all percussion instruments. Both jazz ensembles, or combos, and experimental music have explored new fields. In the former, the drum, or trap, set—bass drum with foot-operated beater, snare drum, set of tom-toms (cylindrical drums graduated in size), and suspended cymbals—is treated as a solo instrument among it...

...the full Fresnel catadioptric system, the basis of all lighthouse lens systems today. To meet the requirement for a fixed all-around light, Fresnel modified his principle by producing a cylindrical drum lens, which concentrated the light into an all-around fan beam. Although not as efficient as the rectangular panel, it provided a steady, all-around light. Small drum lenses, robust and compact,...

Such magnetic recording mediums as drums and ferrite cores have been used for data storage since the early 1950s. A more recent development is the magnetic bubble memory devised in the late 1970s at Bell Telephone Laboratories....

...by arrangers such as Robert Russell Bennett take optimum advantage of all percussion instruments. Both jazz ensembles, or combos, and experimental music have explored new fields. In the former, the drum, or trap, set—bass drum with foot-operated beater, snare drum, set of tom-toms (cylindrical drums graduated in size), and suspended cymbals—is treated as a solo instrument among it...

heavy circular table with a central support, which was introduced in the late 18th century. The deep top, commonly covered with tooled leather, was fitted with bookshelves or drawers, some of which were imitation. The support was sometimes in the form of a pillar resting on four elegantly tapering legs terminating in claw feet. In other examples, the supports rested on a platform with four concave...

In May 1865 a collection of war poems entitled Drum Taps showed Whitman’s readers a new kind of poetry, moving from the oratorical excitement with which he had greeted the falling-in and arming of the young men at the beginning of the Civil War to a disturbing awareness of what war really meant. “Beat! Beat! Drums!” echoed the bitterness of the Battle of Bull Run, and.....

...moisture content of the leaf. Withering in the open air has been replaced by various mechanized systems. In trough withering, air is forced through a thick layer of leaf on a mesh in a trough. In drum withering, rotating, perforated drums are used instead of troughs, and in tunnel withering, leaf is spread on tats carried by mobile trolleys and is subjected to hot-air blasts in a tunnel.......

...moisture content of the leaf. Withering in the open air has been replaced by various mechanized systems. In trough withering, air is forced through a thick layer of leaf on a mesh in a trough. In drum withering, rotating, perforated drums are used instead of troughs, and in tunnel withering, leaf is spread on tats carried by mobile trolleys and is subjected to hot-air blasts in a tunnel..........

oval or elongated hill believed to have been formed by the streamlined movement of glacial ice sheets across rock debris, or till. The name is derived from the Gaelic word druim (“rounded hill,” or “mound”) and first appeared in 1833....

...an instrumental music. Jamaica’s independence from British rule in 1962 left the country and ska in a celebratory mood. The music’s dominant exponents were a group of leading studio musicians—Don Drummond, Roland Alphonso, Dizzy Johnny Moore, Tommy McCook, Lester Sterling, Jackie Mittoo, Lloyd Brevette, Jah Jerry, and Lloyd Knibbs—and under McCook’s leadership...

British banker, writer, and member of Parliament who helped found the Catholic Apostolic Church....

...Upper Peninsula. It was founded as a company town in 1867 because local resources offered an abundance of Silurian dolomite for use in iron smelting. At the opposite end of the Upper Peninsula, on Drummond Island, dolomite from the Wenlock Engadine Group is still quarried on a large scale for this specialized industrial use....

...of the Elizabeth River, with Albemarle Sound in North Carolina through the Pasquotank River. The canal forms a link in the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway. In the midst of the swamp is the freshwater Lake Drummond (about 3 miles [5 km] in diameter), which is connected with the canal by the 3-mile-long Feeder Ditch; this lake is the basis of the poem The Lake of the Dismal.....

first notable poet in Scotland to write deliberately in English. He also was the first to use the canzone, a medieval Italian or Provençal metrical form, in English verse....

first theatrical spotlight, also a popular term for the incandescent calcium light invented by Thomas Drummond in 1816. Drummond’s light, which consisted of a block of calcium heated to incandescence in jets of burning oxygen and hydrogen, provided a soft, very brilliant light that could be directed and focussed. It was first employed in a theatre in 1837 and was in wide use by the 1860s. ...

Irish-born Canadian writer of humorous dialect poems conveying a sympathetic but sentimentalized picture of the habitants, or French-Canadian farmers....

(April 16, 1746), the last battle of the “Forty-five Rebellion,” when the Jacobites, under Charles Edward, the Young Pretender (“Bonnie Prince Charlie”), were defeated by British forces under William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland. Culloden is a tract of moorland in the county of Inverness, Scotland, forming a part of the northeast of...

...the company collapsed, and large numbers of shareholders were stripped of their savings. Demands for a parliamentary investigation proved ineffective until 1892, when a muckraking journalist named Édouard Drumont obtained evidence that agents of the company had bribed a large number of politicians and journalists in a desperate effort to get funds to keep the company afloat. The......

musical instrument, the sound of which is produced by the vibration of a stretched membrane (it is thus classified as a membranophone within the larger category of percussion instruments). Basically, a drum is either a tube or a bowl of wood, metal, or pottery (the “shell”) covered at one or both ends by a membrane (the “head”), whi...

The 1920s and ’30s produced many well-written historical novels, striking a new note of authority and realism, such as Drums (1925, transformed in 1928 into a boy’s book with N.C. Wyeth’s illustrations), by James Boyd, and The Trumpeter of Kracow (1928), by Eric Kelly. The “junior novel” came to the fore in the following decade, together with an inc...

Scorza achieved fame with novels chronicling the Indians’ revolt. Redoble por Rancas (1970; Drums for Rancas) was the first of five volumes dealing with events in Peru (1955–62) and with the plight of the Indians. A basic theme in this and the other four novels of the series, Historia de Garabombo, el invisible (1972; “Story of Garabombo the Invisible...

...1917–21), and served in an army hospital (1918). From this period date his first play, Baal (produced 1923); his first success, Trommeln in der Nacht (Kleist Preis, 1922; Drums in the Night); the poems and songs collected as Die Hauspostille (1927; A Manual of Piety, 1966), his first professional production (Edward II, 1924); and his......

Double-headed drums served to provide rhythmic accompaniment in the Middle Ages, and in the 7th century is found the first evidence of their being played with drumsticks, a technique adopted from Asia. The small rope-strung cylinder drum known as the tabor entered western Europe during the Crusades; the earliest known pictorial evidence is a 12th-century English illumination showing a......

(Moringa oleifera), small, deciduous tree, of the family Moringaceae, native to tropical Asia but also naturalized in Africa and tropical America. Horseradish trees can reach a height of about 9 metres (30 feet); they have corky gray bark, much-divided, fernlike leaves, and scented clusters of white pealike flowers. The angled daggerlike fruits sometimes grow to 45 cm (18 inches) long. Flow...

...alcohol, most of them intended to interfere with the availability of beverages at certain times, in certain places, or to certain classes of persons. An example is the tolerance sometimes found for driving under the influence of alcohol. In response to the large percentage of automobile fatalities involving alcohol consumption—according to some studies alcohol use was present in more tha...

...in “synthetic Scots,” an amalgam of elements from various middle Scots dialects and folk ballads and other literary sources. He achieved notable success both in his lyrics and in A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle (1926), an extended rhapsody ranging from investigation of his own personality to exploration of the mysteries of space and time. Later, as he became increasingly.....

L’Assommoir (1877; “The Club”; Eng. trans. The Drunkard), which is among the most successful and enduringly popular of Zola’s novels, shows the effects of alcoholism in a working-class neighbourhood by focusing on the rise and decline of a laundress, Gervaise Macquart. Zola’s use of slang, not only by the characte...

...he became an enthusiastic propagandist for temperance, publishing a series of eight plates entitled The Bottle (1847) and its sequel, eight plates of The Drunkard’s Children (1848). Between 1860 and 1863 he painted a huge canvas titled The Worship of Bacchus....

...(the same at each step) of moving some distance in some direction. Random walks are an example of Markov processes, in which future behaviour is independent of past history. A typical example is the drunkard’s walk, in which a point beginning at the origin of the Euclidean plane moves a distance of one unit for each unit of time, the direction of motion, however, being random at each ste...

...the war. Of the many postwar films criticizing Japanese militarism, this was the most successful, both artistically and commercially. It was Yoidore tenshi (1948; Drunken Angel), however, that made Kurosawa’s name famous. This story of a consumptive gangster and a drunken doctor living in the postwar desolation of downtown Tokyo is a melodrama......

...new poetry. Verlaine, impressed by their brilliance, summoned Rimbaud to Paris and sent the money for his fare. In a burst of self-confidence, Rimbaud composed “Le Bateau ivre” (“The Drunken Boat”). This is perhaps his finest poem, and one that clearly demonstrates what his method could achieve. Ostensibly, “Le Bateau ivre” describes the journey of the....

...alcohol, most of them intended to interfere with the availability of beverages at certain times, in certain places, or to certain classes of persons. An example is the tolerance sometimes found for driving under the influence of alcohol. In response to the large percentage of automobile fatalities involving alcohol consumption—according to some studies alcohol use was present in more tha...

Intoxication...

...a few paintings of considerable power, Michelangelo thought of himself as a sculptor. He engaged a group of his former colleagues from the shop of Ghirlandajo and with them began to paint the “Drunkenness of Noah” above the entrance to the chapel. Michelangelo had little patience with his less gifted associates, dismissed them, and executed the entire ceiling alone. The scenes......

legendary giant of Antwerp, who cut off the right hands of mariners refusing him tribute. His own right hand was cut off by another legendary giant, called Salvius Brabo, a cousin of Julius Caesar. The two severed hands included in the coat of arms of Antwerp have been connected with this legend, as has the etymology of the city’s name. The Brabo Fountain (1887), in fron...

...so multiplied that to single out names is bound to involve some injustice. A few, however, by reason either of the originality of their talent or the scope of their achievement, stand out. One is Maurice Druon, whose Tistou of the Green Fingers (1957; Eng. trans. 1958), a kind of children’s Candide, demonstrated how the moral tale, given sufficient sensitivity and humour, c...

fruit in which the outer layer of the ovary wall is a thin skin, the middle layer is thick and usually fleshy (though sometimes tough, as in the almond, or fibrous, as in the coconut), and the inner layer, known as the pit, or putamen, is hard and stony. Within the pit is usually one seed, or, rarely, two or three, in which case only one develops fully. In aggregate fruits such as the raspberry a...

...is usually only one seed per carpel or locule. Drupes are aggregate fleshy fruits and consist of an inner stony or woody endocarp, which adheres to the seed (peaches, plums, and cherries). The term druplet is used for each unit of aggregate fruit of this type (e.g., raspberries and blackberries). Pomes are multiple fleshy fruits of the rose family (Rosaceae) in which an adnate hypanthium...

American journalist and writer whose first and most famous novel, Advise and Consent (1959), won a Pulitzer Prize and became a Broadway play in 1960 and a motion picture in 1962; he wrote 19 additional novels and 5 nonfiction books (b. Sept. 2, 1918, Houston, Texas--d. Sept. 2, 1998, San Francisco, Calif.)....

oldest English theatre still in use. It stands in the eastern part of the City of Westminster, London. ...

...take holy orders in the Church of England, but he felt unworthy and continued to seek secular employment. In 1611–12 he traveled through France and the Low Countries with his newfound patron, Sir Robert Drury, leaving his wife at Mitcham. Upon their return from the European continent, the Drurys provided the Donnes with a house on the Drury estate in London, where they lived until 1621....

...coarser-grained, subhedral to euhedral, and otherwise pegmatitic in texture. Many of these small interior bodies, called miaroles, contain centrally disposed crystal-lined cavities that are known as druses or miarolitic cavities. An internal zonal disposition of minerals also is common, and the most characteristic sequence is alkali feldspar with graphically intergrown quartz, alkali feldspar,....

relatively small Middle Eastern religious sect characterized by an eclectic system of doctrines and by a cohesion and loyalty among its members (at times politically significant) that have enabled them to maintain through almost a thousand years of turbulent history their close-knit identity and distinctive faith. They numbered more than 250,000 in the late 20th century and lived mostly in Lebanon...

uprising of Druze tribes throughout Syria and in part of Lebanon directed against French mandatory officials who attempted to upset the traditions and the tribal hierarchy of Jabal ad-Durūz....

Caesar Augustus’s devoted and influential wife who counseled him on affairs of state and who, in her efforts to secure the imperial succession for her son Tiberius, was reputed to have caused the deaths of many of his rivals, including Marcus Claudius Marcellus, Gaius and Lucius Caesar, Agrippa Postumus, and Germanicus....

younger brother of Tiberius (who later became emperor) and commander of the Roman forces that occupied the German territory between the Rhine and Elbe rivers from 12 to 9 bc....

nephew and adopted son of the Roman emperor Tiberius (reigned ad 14–37). He was a successful and immensely popular general who, had it not been for his premature death, would have become emperor....

only son of the Roman emperor Tiberius. After the death of Tiberius’ nephew and adoptive son Germanicus (ad 19), Drusus became heir to the imperial succession....

Roman politician, tribune with Gaius Gracchus in 122 bc who undermined Gracchus’ program of economic and political reform by proposing reforms that were even more appealing to the populace but that he evidently did not seriously intend to be implemented. On the issue of colonization Drusus went further than Gracchus by proposing the immediate foundation in Italy and Sicily of ...

son of the tribune of 122 bc by the same name; as tribune in 91, Drusus made the last nonviolent civilian attempt to reform the government of republican Rome. Drusus began by proposing colonial and agrarian reform bills. He attempted to resolve the tensions between the senatorial order (the political class) and the equestrian order, or knights (the commercial class)....

younger brother of Tiberius (who later became emperor) and commander of the Roman forces that occupied the German territory between the Rhine and Elbe rivers from 12 to 9 bc....

...followed the principles of Socialist Realism; later they and younger writers diversified their techniques and subject matter. Perhaps the most outstanding modern writer is the dramatist and novelist Ion Druța. His novel Balade de câmpie (1963; “Ballads of the Steppes”), an investigation of the psychology of the village, marked a significant.....

mountain just east of Al-Suwaydāʾ in southern Syria. Mount al-Durūz rises to about 5,900 feet (1,800 metres). The name in Arabic means “Mountain of the Druzes.”...

relatively small Middle Eastern religious sect characterized by an eclectic system of doctrines and by a cohesion and loyalty among its members (at times politically significant) that have enabled them to maintain through almost a thousand years of turbulent history their close-knit identity and distinctive faith. They numbered more than 250,000 in the late 20th century and lived mostly in Lebanon...

...are notable for their prominence in the army and in the intelligence services (al-mukhābarāt). Other religious and ethnic groups, principally the Druze, Kurds, Circassians, Twelver Shīʿites, and Ismāʿīlīs (see Islam: Ismāʿīlīs) maintain their identity among the major...

mountain just east of Al-Suwaydāʾ in southern Syria. Mount al-Durūz rises to about 5,900 feet (1,800 metres). The name in Arabic means “Mountain of the Druzes.”...

uprising of Druze tribes throughout Syria and in part of Lebanon directed against French mandatory officials who attempted to upset the traditions and the tribal hierarchy of Jabal ad-Durūz....

in early Rus, a prince’s retinue, which helped him to administer his principality and constituted the area’s military force. The first druzhinniki (members of a druzhina) in Rus were the Norse Varangians, whose princes established control there in the 9th century. Soon members of the local Slavic aristocracy as well as adventurers of a variety of other nationalities be...

city, eastern Ukraine, at the confluence of the Kryvyy Torets and Kazenny Torets rivers. Druzhkivka, which before the Russian Revolution of 1917 was a small metallurgical centre, later developed an important machine-works as well as a metalworking industry. The area also has been important for the working of fireclays. Pop. (2001) 64,557; (2005 est.) 63,226....

city, eastern Ukraine, at the confluence of the Kryvyy Torets and Kazenny Torets rivers. Druzhkivka, which before the Russian Revolution of 1917 was a small metallurgical centre, later developed an important machine-works as well as a metalworking industry. The area also has been important for the working of fireclays. Pop. (2001) 64,557; (2005 est.) 63,226....

...supervised by its chief, Count Benckendorf. Moreover, his works of this period met with little comprehension from the critics, and even some of his friends accused him of apostasy, forcing him to justify his political position in the poem “Druzyam” (1828; “To My Friends”). The anguish of his spiritual isolation at this time is reflected in a cycle of poems about the....

...(troposphere). It differs from the adiabatic lapse rate, which involves temperature changes due to the rising or sinking of an air parcel. Adiabatic lapse rates are usually differentiated as dry or moist....

Although inherited retinal degenerations are relatively uncommon, their unusual affects on the retina and the inexorable advance of this diverse group of diseases have stimulated a considerable amount of research in this area. As a result, a large number of genetically determined degenerations of the retina have been described. These conditions are typified by the category of retinal......

...and a feeling of numbness and weakness in the limbs and extremities. (The term beriberi is derived from the Sinhalese word meaning “extreme weakness.”) In the form known as dry beriberi, there is a gradual degeneration of the long nerves, first of the legs and then of the arms, with associated atrophy of muscle and loss of reflexes. In wet beriberi, a more acute form,...

Mixing liquids with other ingredients may be done in conventional stirred tanks, but certain operations demand special machinery. Dry blending refers to the mixing of dry ingredients prior to further use, as in mixtures of pigments, stabilizers, or reinforcements. However, PVC as a porous powder can be combined with a liquid plasticizer in an agitated trough called a ribbon blender or in a......

The psychrometer (q.v.) is a hygrometer that utilizes two thermometers—one wet-bulb and one dry-bulb—to determine humidity through evaporation. A wetted cloth wraps the wet-bulb thermometer at its enlarged end. By rapidly rotating both thermometers, or by blowing air over the bulbs, the temperature of the wet-bulb thermometer is cooler than that of the dry-bulb thermometer.......

Designed for the carriage of ore, coal, grain, and the like, dry-bulk ships bear a superficial likeness to container ships since they often have no cargo handling gear and, unlike the tanker, have large cargo hatches. The absence of containers on deck is a decisive indicator that a vessel is a dry-bulk ship, but an observer may be deceived by the occasional sight of a dry-bulk ship carrying......

French engineer who in about 1866 invented the battery that bears his name. In slightly modified form, the Leclanché battery, now called a dry cell, is produced in great quantities and is widely used in devices such as flashlights and portable radios....

...usually also organic, and the process is used in coatings, adhesives, textiles, pharmaceuticals, inks, photographic film, and metal degreasing. An application that reaches the ultimate consumer is dry cleaning (although the solvent used here is not toluene, but other hydrocarbons or chlorohydrocarbons). Toluene has a multitude of other uses, such as in the polyurethane plastics and elastomers.....

a type of construction in which the interior wall is applied in a dry condition without the use of mortar. It contrasts with the use of plaster, which dries after application....

...to as wet converting, in which paper in roll form is coated, impregnated, and laminated with various applied materials to improve properties for special purposes. The second is referred to as dry converting, in which paper in roll form is converted into such items as bags, envelopes, boxes, small rolls, and packs of sheets. A few of the more important converting operations are described......

Basic methods of curing are dry curing, in which the cure is rubbed into the meat by hand, and brine curing, in which the meat is soaked in a mixture of water and the curing agents. Brine curing requires about four days per pound of ham; dry curing is faster (two to three days per pound). Commercial curing is accelerated by injecting the pickle (curing mixture) into the ham by means of a pump......

There are many types of mechanical damping. Friction, also called in this context dry, or Coulomb, damping, arises chiefly from the electrostatic forces of attraction between the sliding surfaces and converts mechanical energy of motion, or kinetic energy, into heat....

open woodland in tropical areas that have a long dry season followed by a season of heavy rainfall. The trees in a monsoon forest usually shed their leaves during the dry season and come into leaf at the start of the rainy season. Many lianas (woody vines) and herbaceous epiphytes (air plants, such as orchids are present. Monsoon forests are especially well developed in Southeas...

type of dock consisting of a rectangular basin dug into the shore of a body of water and provided with a removable enclosure wall or gate on the side toward the water, used for major repairs and overhaul of vessels....

Ice dams can produce similar effects. One of the most interesting examples is Dry Falls, a “fossil waterfall” in the Columbia River Plateau, Washington, which formed in late Pleistocene time. A large ice sheet blocked and diverted the then-westward-flowing Columbia River and formed a vast glacial lake. The lake drained to the south when permitted to do so by periodically occurring......

...and depositional processes, may be significantly different, however. The widespread distribution of fans has led to the characterization of these features as being one of two types—either dry or wet. Dry fans are those that seem to form under conditions of ephemeral flow, while wet fans are those that are created by streams that flow constantly. This classification suggests that fan......