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Other Nominees...

("WILD BILL"), U.S. jazz organist and arranger who popularized the Hammond organ as a jazz instrument (b. Nov. 24, 1918--d. Aug. 22, 1995)....

U.S. geographer, geologist, and meteorologist who founded the science of geomorphology, the study of landforms....

("WILD BILL"), U.S. jazz organist and arranger who popularized the Hammond organ as a jazz instrument (b. Nov. 24, 1918--d. Aug. 22, 1995)....

...and the West Presbyterian Church (1831–32) and the Custom House (1833–42) in New York City. One of the original elements that Davis evolved at this time was a window type he later called Davisean—vertically unified, multistoried, and often recessed windows....

American jazz cornet player who recorded some 800 songs and traveled extensively in his 70-year career....

(b. c. 1541—d. Dec. 21, 1608, Stepney, London), secretary to Queen Elizabeth I of England, chiefly remembered for his part in the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots....

American jazz cornet player who recorded some 800 songs and traveled extensively in his 70-year career....

American experimental physicist who shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1937 with George P. Thomson of England for discovering that electrons can be diffracted like light waves, thus verifying the thesis of Louis de Broglie that electrons behave both as waves and as particles....

...was incorporated in 1674; in 1686–89 it was called Rochester. In 1722–23 it was divided into North Kingstown and South Kingstown. North Kingstown includes the villages of Allenton, Davisville, Hamilton, Lafayette, Quonset Point, Saunderstown, Slocum, and Wickford (the administrative centre)....

founder of the Irish Land League (1879), which organized resistance to absentee landlordism and sought to relieve the poverty of the tenant farmers by securing fixity of tenure, fair rent, and free sale of the tenant’s interest....

town, Graubünden canton, eastern Switzerland, consisting of two villages, Davos-Platz and Davos-Dorf, in the Davos Valley, on the Landwasser River, 5,118 feet (1,560 metres) above sea level. The town is mentioned in historical documents of 1160 and 1213; it was then inhabited by Romansh-speaking people, but later in the 13th century it was settled by German-speaking peopl...

French general who was one of the most distinguished of the Napoleonic field commanders....

...assembled at the Kunsthalle, Hartlaub displayed the works of the members of this group: George Grosz, Otto Dix, Max Beckmann, Georg Schrimpf, Alexander Kanoldt, Carlo Mense, Georg Scholz, and Heinrich Davringhausen....

...resulted in the invention of gas-diffusion electrodes in which the fuel gas on one side is effectively kept in controlled contact with an aqueous electrolyte on the other side. By mid-century O.K. Davtyan of the Soviet Union had published the results of experimental work on solid electrolytes for high-temperature fuel cells and for both high- and low-temperature alkaline electrolyte......

...sporting events) giant drums have been constructed. British orchestras often use a larger type of one-headed bass drum known as a gong drum. Similar large cylindrical drums are the Turkish folk davul and the South Asian dhol....

...U.S., and flowing northwest into Tennessee, then west to join the French Broad River after a course of 150 miles (241 km). A dam on the Nolichucky just south of Greeneville, Tenn., impounds Davy Crockett Lake, named for the frontiersman, who was born (1786) on the river near Limestone. John Sevier, first governor of Tennessee, lived on the riverbank (1783–90) and was nicknamed......

physician, chemist, and inventor who devised the electromagnetic repeater for relaying telegraphic signals and invented an electrochemical telegraph (1838)....

safety lamp devised by Sir Humphry Davy in 1815....

English chemist who discovered several chemical elements (including sodium and potassium) and compounds, invented the miner’s safety lamp, and became one of the greatest exponents of the scientific method....

English navigator who attempted to find the Northwest Passage through the Canadian Arctic to the Pacific....

(species Corvus monedula), crowlike black bird with gray nape and pearly eyes of the family Corvidae (order Passeriformes). Jackdaws, which are 33 cm (13 inches) long, breed in colonies in tree holes, cliffs, and tall buildings: their flocks fly in formation around the site. They lay four to six light, greenish blue eggs that are spotted and blotched. The bird’s c...

Myanmar opposition leader, daughter of Aung San (a martyred national hero of independent Burma) and Khin Kyi (a prominent Burmese diplomat), and winner in 1991 of the Nobel Prize for Peace....

...military supplies. Iran attacked a Kuwaiti refinery complex in 1981, which inspired subsequent acts of sabotage in 1983 and 1986. In 1985 a member of the underground pro-Iranian Iraqi radical group al-Daʿwah attempted to assassinate the Kuwaiti ruler, Sheikh Jābir al-Aḥmad Āl Ṣabāḥ....

jurist and philosopher who was chiefly responsible for maintaining the traditions of Islāmic philosophy in the 15th century....

jurist and philosopher who was chiefly responsible for maintaining the traditions of Islāmic philosophy in the 15th century....

...the Pleistocene Epoch (1,800,000 to 10,000 years ago) by ancient river systems now represented by such wadis as Al-Rimah–Al-Bāṭin, Al-Sahbāʾ, and Dawāsir-Jawb, which carried vast loads of sediment from the interior toward the Persian Gulf. The Al-Dibdibah region once was the delta of Wadi Al-Rimah–Al-Bāṭin, and......

...the Pleistocene Epoch (1,800,000 to 10,000 years ago) by ancient river systems now represented by such wadis as Al-Rimah–Al-Bāṭin, Al-Sahbāʾ, and Dawāsir-Jawb, which carried vast loads of sediment from the interior toward the Persian Gulf. The Al-Dibdibah region once was the delta of Wadi Al-Rimah–Al-Bāṭin, and......

...he could in the secular world of spiritual realities and to demonstrate the importance of poetry in ordinary life (a representative volume of his work is Dog Fox Field [1990]), and Bruce Dawe, who evinced the Australian voice in his contemporary, journalistic poetry appearing in, for example, Sometimes Gladness (1978). Robert Gray continued the tradition of spare,......

town, southern Myanmar (Burma). It lies at the head of the Tavoy River estuary on the Andaman Sea. Tavoy is a weaving centre and is engaged in coastal trade with northern Myanmar and the Malay Peninsula. It is served by an airport. A hunting reserve and Mamagan, a popular beach area, are nearby....

...sites in northern Jiangsu (first half of 4th millennium) represent regional cultures that derived in large part from that of Qingliangang. Upper strata also show strong affinities with contemporary Dawenkou sites in southern Shandong, northern Anhui, and northern Jiangsu. Dawenkou culture (mid-5th to at least mid-3rd millennium) is characterized by the emergence of wheel-made pots of various......

30th vice president of the United States (1925–29) in the Republican administration of President Calvin Coolidge. An ambassador and author of the “Dawes Plan” for managing Germany’s reparations payments after World War I, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace jointly with Sir Austen ...

30th vice president of the United States (1925–29) in the Republican administration of President Calvin Coolidge. An ambassador and author of the “Dawes Plan” for managing Germany’s reparations payments after World War I, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace jointly with Sir Austen ...

(Feb. 8, 1887), U.S. law providing for the distribution of Indian reservation land among individual tribesmen, with the aim of creating responsible farmers in the white man’s image. It was sponsored in several sessions of Congress by Sen. Henry L. Dawes of Massachusetts and finally was enacted in February 1887. Under its terms, the president determined the suitability of the recipients and ...

arrangement for Germany’s payment of reparations after World War I. On the initiative of the British and U.S. governments, a committee of experts, presided over by an American financier, Charles G. Dawes, produced a report on the question of German reparations for presumed liability for World War I. The report was accepted by the Allies and by Germany on Aug. 16, 1924. N...

(Feb. 8, 1887), U.S. law providing for the distribution of Indian reservation land among individual tribesmen, with the aim of creating responsible farmers in the white man’s image. It was sponsored in several sessions of Congress by Sen. Henry L. Dawes of Massachusetts and finally was enacted in February 1887. Under its terms, the president determined the suitability of the recipients and ...

English adventuress, mistress of the last survivor of the princes of Condé....

English astronomer known for his extensive measurements of double stars and for his meticulous planetary observations....

city, capital of Qatar, on the east coast of the Qatar Peninsula, in the Persian Gulf. About three-fifths of Qatar’s population lives within the city’s limits. Situated on a shallow bay, about 3 miles (5 km) from east to west, Doha (meaning “bay”) has long been a locally important port. Because of offshore coral reefs and a shallow bottom, it handled only small vessels ...

A congress convened by Ibn Saʿūd in October 1928 deposed Ibn Ḥumayd, ad-Dawīsh, and Ibn Ḥithlayn, the leaders of the revolt. A massacre of Najd merchants by Ibn Ḥumayd in 1929, however, forced Ibn Saʿūd to confront the rebellious Ikhwān militarily, and, in a major battle fought in March on the plain of as-Sabalah (near......

University of Oxford zoologist Richard Dawkins made a career out of trying to present science in terms that could be understood by the general public. Through television appearances, opinion articles in newspapers, five books, and a CD-ROM, Dawkins had taken up the job of breaking down the barriers between the scientific community and the rest of the world. This led to his being named in 1995 the ...

University of Oxford zoologist Richard Dawkins made a career out of trying to present science in terms that could be understood by the general public. Through television appearances, opinion articles in newspapers, five books, and a CD-ROM, Dawkins had taken up the job of breaking down the barriers between the scientific community and the rest of the world. This led to his being named in 1995 the ...

When Bābur made his first raid into India in 1519, the Punjab was part of the dominions of Sultan Ibrāhīm Lodī of Delhi, but the governor, Dawlat Khān Lodī, resented Ibrāhīm’s attempts to diminish his authority. By 1524 Bābur had invaded the Punjab three more times but was unable to master the tangled course of Punjab and Delhi ...

independent emirate on the west coast of the Persian Gulf....

...American authors as Gabriel García Márquez. In contrast to the late-20th-century tendency by writers to apply modern narrative techniques to their novels stands the social realism of Mahmoud Dawlatabadi. His great novel Kalīdar, published in 10 parts (1978–84), depicts the lives of nomads in the plains of Khorāsān, the author’s nativ...

town (“parish”), Teignbridge district, administrative and historic county of Devon, England, on the English Channel. It became fashionable in the 19th century and is featured in the novels of Charles Dickens and Jane Austen. Located back from the seacoast above high, deep-red cliffs, the town faces away from the sea but is connected to it by a pe...

...perhaps implies inner fire. Both female figures have the tall, slim proportions and small feet considered beautiful at the time, but otherwise they form a contrast: Dawn, a virginal figure, strains upward along her curve as if trying to emerge into life; Night is asleep, but in a posture suggesting stressful dreams....

...in Austria, the movie launched a string of films that were approved for the German public by Joseph Goebbels, Nazi minister of propaganda. Morgenrot (1932; Dawn), which gained some recognition both in Europe and the United States, is a realistic story of U-boat warfare and depicts the dangerous and tenuous life in a submarine. ......

...During this long passage the dominant blue wavelengths of light are scattered and blocked, leaving the longer, unobstructed red wavelengths to reach the Earth and lend their tints to the sky at dawn and dusk....

...present. Tracheal lung present. One species (Ramphotyphlops braminus) parthenogenetic.Family Anomalepididae (dawn blind snakes)15 species in 4 genera from Central America to northern South America. Size small, 15–40 cm. Pelvic vestiges absent. Tracheal lung pres...

extinct group of horses that flourished in North America and Europe during the early part of the Eocene Epoch (55.8–33.9 million years ago). Even though these animals are more commonly known as Eohippus, a name given by the American paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh, they are properly placed in the genus ...

...but, after his study of the poetry of Charles Baudelaire and the Symbolist poetry of Arthur Rimbaud, Stéphane Mallarmé, and others, his poetic style changed. In 1909 he joined the Fecr-i âti (“Dawn of the Future”) literary circle but gradually drew apart from this group and developed his own style. Haşim, following the French masters, strove to develop....

...the deportation and death of Algerians during World War II. Roblès achieved international success with Cela s’appelle l’aurore (1952; “It Calls Itself Dawn”; Eng. trans. Dawn on Our Darkness), a novel set in Sardinia and concerning a man caught between love and duty. Le Vésuve (1961; Vesuvius) and Un Printemps d’Ita...

Original Story: John Monk Saunders for The Dawn PatrolAdaptation: Howard Estabrook for CimarronCinematography: Floyd Crosby for TabuArt Direction: Max Ree for Cimarron...

genus of conifers represented by a single living species, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, from central China. Fossil representatives, such as M. occidentalis, dated to about 90 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous Period, are known throughout the middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Climatic cool...

...built during the reigns of Rama II (1809–24) and Rama III (1824–51). They served as schools, libraries, hospitals, and recreation areas, as well as religious centres. During these years Wat Arun, noted for its tall spire, Wat Yan Nawa, and Wat Bowon Niwet were completed, Wat Pho was further enlarged, and Wat Sutat was begun. There were, however, few other substantial buildings and...

...in the arts and law at the University of Melbourne, O’Dowd taught for a while, worked as a librarian, then made a successful career as a parliamentary draftsman for the Australian Parliament. In Dawnward? (1903), his first book of verse, he expressed strong political convictions. The Silent Land followed in 1906, and the philosophical Dominions of the Boundary in 190...

Mongol people living mainly in the eastern portion of Inner Mongolia autonomous region and western Heilongjiang province of China and estimated in the early 21st century to number more than 132,000. They are one of the official ethnic minorities of China. Their language, which varies widely enough from other Mongolian languages to once have been thought to be Tungusic or a mixtu...

city, western Yukon Territory, Canada. It lies at the confluence of the Klondike and Yukon rivers, near the Alaska, U.S., boundary, 165 miles (265 km) south of the Arctic Circle. The community, named for George M. Dawson, the geologist-explorer, developed after the gold strike at nearby Bonanza Creek in 1896. During the height of the Klondike Gold Rus...

In a series of discoveries in 1910–12, Charles Dawson, an English lawyer and amateur geologist, found what appeared to be the fossilized fragments of a cranium, a jawbone, and other specimens in a gravel formation at Barkham Manor on Piltdown Common near Lewes in Sussex. Dawson took the specimens to Arthur Smith Woodward, keeper of the British Museum’s paleontology department, who......

city, western Yukon Territory, Canada. It lies at the confluence of the Klondike and Yukon rivers, near the Alaska, U.S., boundary, 165 miles (265 km) south of the Arctic Circle. The community, named for George M. Dawson, the geologist-explorer, developed after the gold strike at nearby Bonanza Creek in 1896. During the height of the Klondike Gold Rus...

city, northeastern British Columbia, Canada. The city lies along Dawson Creek near the Alberta border. It has the Mile “Zero” post marking the beginning of the Alaska Highway and is a terminus of the British Columbia Railway from Vancouver (741 miles [1,193 km] south-southwest) and the Northern Alberta Railway from Edmonton (360 miles [580 km] so...

English journalist, editor of The Times from 1912 to 1919 and from 1923 until his retirement in 1941. He changed his surname from Robinson to Dawson following an inheritance in 1917....

American physicist (b. Sept. 30, 1930, Champaign, Ill.—d. Nov. 17, 2001, Los Angeles, Calif.), was one of the world’s foremost authorities on plasma physics. Dawson was known for his development of the so-called particle-in-cell computer model, a technique for simulating plasmas on computers; he was also the first to suggest using plasma in particle accelerators in order to make them...

British comedian (b. Feb. 2, 1934, Collyhurst, near Manchester, England--d. June 10, 1993, Manchester), was a stand-up comic and television personality whose dour, misanthropic humour was reminiscent of W.C. Fields but reflected his own northern England working-class origins. His sardonic put-downs were most often aimed at mothers-in-law, bosses, and other figures of everyday authority that his a...

river in eastern Queensland, Australia. It rises in the Carnarvon Range and flows southeast, northeast, and north for about 400 miles (640 km) through a 50-mile-wide valley to join the Fitzroy River near Duaringa. The Dawson Valley Irrigation Project (inaugurated 1923) comprises several weirs and mainly serves cotton and dairy farms. Explored in 1844 by Friedrich Ludwig Leichhardt, the river was ...

Canadian geologist who made numerous contributions to paleobotany and extended the knowledge of Canadian geology....

Leafy bryophytes grow up to 65 centimetres (2 feet) in height (the moss Dawsonia) or, if reclining, reach lengths of more than 1 metre (3.3 feet; the moss Fontinalis). They are generally less than 3 to 6 centimetres tall, and reclining forms are usually less than 2 centimetres long. Some, however, are less than 1 millimetre in size (the moss Ephemerum). Leaves are arranged......

a carbonate mineral, NaAlCO3 (OH)2, that is probably formed by the decomposition of aluminous silicates. Of low-temperature, hydrothermal origin, it occurs in Montreal, where it was first discovered; near Monte Amiata, Tuscany, Italy; and in Algiers. In the oil shale near Green River, Wyo., U.S., it occurs as extensive beds that constitute a source of aluminum. For detailed ...

proposed species of extinct hominin (member of the human lineage) whose fossil remains, discovered in England in 1910–12, were later proved to be fraudulent. Piltdown man, whose fossils were sufficiently convincing to generate a scholarly controversy lasting more than 40 years, was one of the most successful hoaxes in the history of science....

This approach to the Islamic tradition was apparently pioneered in Iraq in the 9th century by one Dāwūd ibn Khalaf, though nothing of his work has survived. From Iraq, it spread to Iran, North Africa, and Muslim Spain, where the philosopher Ibn Ḥazm was its chief exponent; much of what is known of early Ẓāhirī theory comes through him. Although it was......

town, Landes département, Aquitaine région, southwestern France. It lies on the left bank of the Adour River, 88 miles (142 km) southwest of Bordeaux and 50 miles (80 km) north of the Pyrenees frontier with Spain. The town is a spa resort whose thermal springs and mud baths have been noted for the cure of rheumatism since Roman times, when it was know...

In the middle and lower Yangtze River valley during the 4th and 3rd millennia, the Daxi and Qujialing cultures shared a significant number of traits, including rice production, ring-footed vessels, goblets with sharply angled profiles, ceramic whorls, and black pottery with designs painted in red after firing. Characteristic Qujialing ceramic objects not generally found in Daxi sites include......

Wang was born and brought up during the Tang dynasty (618–907) when the capital, Chang’an, was a truly cosmopolitan city that enjoyed both wealth and security. He received the prestigious jinshi (“advanced scholar”) degree in the imperial civil-service examination system in 721—probably more for his musical talents than anyt...

brief Chinese text generally attributed to the ancient sage Confucius (551–479 bc) and his disciple Zengzi. For centuries the text existed only as a chapter of the Liji (“Collection of Rituals”), one of the Wujing (“Five Classics”) of Confucianism. ...

great mountain range in western Sichuan province, southwestern China. These enormously high and rugged mountains were formed around the eastern flank of the ancient stable block of the Plateau of Tibet; their formation occurred during successive foldings that took place in the final phase of the mountain-building process (orogeny) of the ...

great mountain range in western Sichuan province, southwestern China. These enormously high and rugged mountains were formed around the eastern flank of the ancient stable block of the Plateau of Tibet; their formation occurred during successive foldings that took place in the final phase of the mountain-building process (orogeny) of the ...

The figures are among the artist’s most famous and accomplished creations. The immensely massive Day and Dusk are relatively tranquil in their mountainous grandeur, though Day perhaps implies inner fire. Both female figures have the tall, slim proportions and small feet considered beautiful at the time...

time required for a celestial body to turn once on its axis; especially the period of the Earth’s rotation. The sidereal day is the time required for the Earth to rotate once relative to the background of the stars—i.e., the time between two observed passages of a star over the same meridian of longitude. The apparent solar day...

U.S. geophysicist known for his studies of the properties of rocks and minerals at very high and very low temperatures. He investigated hot springs and earthquakes, the absolute measurement of high temperatures, and physical and chemical problems regarding volcanoes....

U.S. geophysicist known for his studies of the properties of rocks and minerals at very high and very low temperatures. He investigated hot springs and earthquakes, the absolute measurement of high temperatures, and physical and chemical problems regarding volcanoes....

American printer and journalist who founded the New York Sun, the first of the “penny” newspapers in the United States....

institution that provides supervision and care of infants and young children during the daytime, particularly so that their parents can hold jobs. Such institutions appeared in France about 1840, and the Société des Crèches was recognized by the French government in 1869. Day-care centres were established in most European cities and industrial centres during the second half of...

American writer whose greatest popular success was his autobiographical Life with Father....

American singer and motion-picture actress whose performances in movie musicals of the 1950s and sex comedies of the early ’60s made her a leading Hollywood star....

American journalist and reformer, cofounder of the Catholic Worker and an important lay leader in its associated activist movement....

...intercepting and defeating or routing invading fighters. A night fighter is one equipped with sophisticated radar and other instruments for navigating in unfamiliar or hostile territory at night. A day fighter is an airplane in which weight and space are saved by eliminating the special navigational equipment of the night fighter. The air supremacy, or air superiority, fighter must have......

Other Nominees...

...film La Vie est à nous (The People of France). The same year, he recaptured the flavour of his early works with a short film, Une Partie de campagne (released 1946; A Day in the Country), which he finished with great difficulty. A masterpiece of impressionist cinema, this film presents all the poetry and all the charm of the pictorial sense that is, far more.....

Elizabethan dramatist whose verse allegory The Parliament of Bees shows unusual ingenuity and delicacy of imagination....

American actress who portrayed decent and steadfast women in Hollywood films of the 1940s, but her most memorable role was that of Mary Lamont, the beloved nurse in seven Dr. Kildare movies. Though Day’s early contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer often relegated her to roles in what she termed “B+” films, her loan to other studios allowed her to work with such prominent di...

U.S. baseball player (b. Oct. 30, 1916, Alexandria, Va.--d. March 13, 1995, Baltimore, Md.), was a phenomenal right-handed pitcher whose fastball and change-up pitches secured his place as a strikeout artist; he held the strikeout record in the Negro National League, the Puerto Rican League, and the East-West All-Star game. Besides specializing in delivering no-windup speedballs, Day was a lightn...

one of the leading British poets of the 1930s; he then turned from poetry of left-wing political statement to an individual lyricism expressed in more traditional forms....

one of the leading British poets of the 1930s; he then turned from poetry of left-wing political statement to an individual lyricism expressed in more traditional forms....

British actor known for his on- and offscreen intensity and exhaustive preparation for roles....

British actor known for his on- and offscreen intensity and exhaustive preparation for roles....

any plant of the genus Hemerocallis of the family Hemerocallidaceae, consisting of about 15 species of perennial herbs distributed from central Europe to eastern Asia. Members of the genus have long-stalked clusters of funnel- or bell-shaped flowers that range in colour from yellow to red and are each short-lived (hence “day” lily). Day lilies also have fleshy roots and narrow...

American dance teacher and artistic director (b. Jan. 25, 1910, Washington, D.C.—d. July 11, 2006, Washington, D.C.), cofounded (with Lisa Gardiner) in 1944 the Washington School of Ballet, which attracted students from throughout the country and turned out such illustrious talents as Kevin McKenzie (artistic director of American Ballet Theatre), Amanda McKerrow (dancer with ABT and the fir...

institution that provides supervision and care of infants and young children during the daytime, particularly so that their parents can hold jobs. Such institutions appeared in France about 1840, and the Société des Crèches was recognized by the French government in 1869. Day-care centres were established in most European cities and industrial centres during the second half of...

institution that provides supervision and care of infants and young children during the daytime, particularly so that their parents can hold jobs. Such institutions appeared in France about 1840, and the Société des Crèches was recognized by the French government in 1869. Day-care centres were established in most European cities and industrial centres during the second half of...