A-Z Browse

One of Adorno’s themes was civilization’s tendency to self-destruction, as evinced by Fascism. In their widely influential book Dialektik der Aufklärung (1947; Dialectic of Enlightenment), Adorno and Horkheimer located this impulse in the concept of reason itself, which the Enlightenment and modern scientific thought had transformed into an irrational force that ...

...all “power-structured relationships” and posited that the personal was actually political. Shulamith Firestone, a founder of the New York Radical Feminists, published The Dialectic of Sex in the same year, insisting that love disadvantaged women by creating intimate shackles between them and the men they loved—men who were also their oppressors. One...

...all “power-structured relationships” and posited that the personal was actually political. Shulamith Firestone, a founder of the New York Radical Feminists, published The Dialectic of Sex in the same year, insisting that love disadvantaged women by creating intimate shackles between them and the men they loved—men who were also their oppressors. One...

...of Boethius), Logica “Ingredientibus,” and Logica “Nostrorum petitioni sociorum” (on the Isagoge only), together with the independent treatise Dialectica (extant in part). These works show a familiarity with Boethius but go far beyond him. Among the topics discussed insightfully by Abelard are the role of the copula in categorical......

...arbitrio (“On Free Will”), Valla attacked the stoic philosopher Boethius (480–524/525), who had attempted to reconcile man’s free will with God’s foreknowledge; and in his Dialecticae disputationes (“Dialectical Disputations”), Valla reduced Aristotle’s nine “categories” to three (substance, quality, and action,...

...“Reform” logical texts. His Dialectique (Dialectics) of 1555 (translated into English in 1574) was the first major logical work in a modern language. In this work and in his Dialecticae libri duo (“Two Books of Dialectics”) of 1556 he combined attacks on scholastic logic, an emphasis on the use of logic in actual arguments (“dialectics”), ...

Another and perhaps more important distinction is that between dialectical and eschatological dualism. Dialectical dualism involves an eternal dialectic, or tension, of two opposed principles, such as, in Western culture, the One and the many, or Idea and matter (or space, called by Plato “the receptacle”), and, in Indian culture, māyā (the illusory world of sens...

a philosophical approach to reality derived from the teachings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. For Marx and Engels, materialism meant that the material world, perceptible to the senses, has objective reality independent of mind or spirit. They did not deny the reality of mental or spiritual processes but affirmed that ideas could arise, therefore, only as ...

...formality that often accompanies the expression of serious thought. The writer of a dialogue does not directly address his public, but instead revels in the multiple facets of ideas. By playing this dialectical game he can appear to present contrary views as their respective proponents might and then expose the errors of those he opposes, leading the readers to accept his own conclusions. The.....

influential 20th-century Protestant theological movement in Europe and America, known in Europe as crisis theology and dialectical theology. The phrase crisis theology referred to the intellectual crisis of Christendom that occurred when the carnage of World War I belied the exuberant optimism of liberal Christianity. Dialectical theology referred to the apparently contra...

any member of a school of Chinese philosophers of the Warring States period (475–221 Bc). In Chinese the school is called Ming-chia (Pinyin Mingjia), “School of Names,” because one of the problems addressed by the Logicians was the correspondence between name and actuality. In addition, they discussed such problems as existence, relativity, space, time, quality, and causes. Th...

originally a form of logical argumentation but now a philosophical concept of evolution applied to diverse fields including thought, nature, and history....

...der Wissenschaft, which appeared in 1878 (Herr Eugen Dühring’s Revolution in Science [Anti-Dühring]), and an unfinished work, Dialektik und Natur (1927; Dialectics of Nature), which he had begun around 1875–76. The importance of these writings to the subsequent development of Marxism can be seen from Lenin’s observation that ...

The French reformer and pamphleteer Petrus Ramus (Pierre de la Ramée) was also the author of extremely influential “Reform” logical texts. His Dialectique (Dialectics) of 1555 (translated into English in 1574) was the first major logical work in a modern language. In this work and in his Dialecticae libri duo (“Two Books of Dialectics”) of 1556 he.....

the study of dialects. Variation most commonly occurs as a result of relative geographic or social isolation and may affect vocabulary or features of grammar or pronunciation or both. Dialectology as a discipline began in the 19th century with the development in western Europe of dictionaries and grammars of regional dialects. Much of the work of dialectology has consisted of gathering informatio...

One of Adorno’s themes was civilization’s tendency to self-destruction, as evinced by Fascism. In their widely influential book Dialektik der Aufklärung (1947; Dialectic of Enlightenment), Adorno and Horkheimer located this impulse in the concept of reason itself, which the Enlightenment and modern scientific thought had transformed into an irrational force that ...

...der Wissenschaft, which appeared in 1878 (Herr Eugen Dühring’s Revolution in Science [Anti-Dühring]), and an unfinished work, Dialektik und Natur (1927; Dialectics of Nature), which he had begun around 1875–76. The importance of these writings to the subsequent development of Marxism can be seen from Lenin’s observation that ...

The citrus whitefly (Dialeurodes citri) is economically important, sucking sap from orange and date trees and producing honeydew, a sweet by-product of digestion, upon which a sooty fungus grows that ruins the fruit. Control is by oil or parathion sprays....

...45 genera, and some 3,000 species; Andrenidae, which are medium-sized solitary mining bees, including some parasitic species; Halictidae (mining, or burrowing, bees), the best-known of which is Dialictus zephyrus, one of many so-called sweat bees, which are attracted to perspiration; Oxaeidae, large, fast-flying bees that bear some anatomical resemblance to Andrenidae; Melittidae, bees.....

Dialer. The dialer is used to enter the number of the party that the user wishes to call. Signals generated by the dialer activate switches in the local office, which establish a transmission path to the called party. Dialers are of the rotary and push-button types....

Spanish court preacher and man of letters whose didactic work Reloj de príncipes o libro aureo del emperador Marco Aurelio (1529; Eng. trans. by Lord Berners, The Golden Boke of Marcus Aurelius, 1535, and by Sir Thomas North, The Diall of Princes, 1557, frequently reprinted through the 20th century), an attempt to invent a model for rulers, became one of the most......

...war and his death. Partly through the influence of Melville, Pavese became preoccupied with myth, symbol, and archetype. One of his most striking books is Dialoghi con Leucò (1947; Dialogues with Leucò, 1965), poetically written conversations about the human condition. The novel considered his best, La luna e i falò (1950; The Moon and the......

Tyard was seigneur (lord) of Bissy-sur-Fley and an associate of the Lyonese poets, especially Maurice Scève. In 1551 he translated León Hebreo’s Dialoghi di amore (“Dialogues of Love”), the breviary of 16th-century philosophic lovers. His poetry collection Erreurs amoureuses (1549; “Mistakes in Love”), which include one of the first Fr...

...In his Ragionamenti (1534–36; modern edition, 1914; “Discussions”), Roman prostitutes reveal to each other the moral failings of many important men of their city, and in I dialoghi and other dialogues he continues the examination of carnality and corruption among Romans....

...servant, and the crafty lawyer reflect the influence of the Italian commedia dell’arte. Sommo’s experience as a playwright and producer of dramas for various noble patrons was the basis for his Dialoghi in materia di rappresentazioni sceniche (c. 1565; Dialogues on the Art of the Stage), a summation of contemporary theatre practice containing one of the earlie...

...contemporary document, especially for the tragic history of the Priscillianists, followers of an unorthodox Trinitarian doctrine teaching that the Son differs from the Father only in name. The Dialogi (404) are a literary masterpiece in which the relative merits of Martin’s monastery (at Marmoutier, near Tours) are debated by one of its inmates with a traveller recently......

...of divine grace in man’s salvation—was transplanted to Palestine from Rome with the personal appearance of the author of this heresy, and it called forth Jerome’s finest controversial work, Dialogi contra Pelagianos (three books, 415), in which his use of fictitious interlocutors makes his arguments uncommonly impersonal....

...and the whole influenced by existing political and social forces. Bakhtin further developed this theory of polyphony, or “dialogics,” in Voprosy literatury i estetiki (1975; The Dialogic Imagination), in which he postulated that, rather than being static, language evolves dynamically and is affected by and affects the culture that produces and uses it. Bakhtin also.....

...involving the author, the work, and the reader, each constantly affecting and influencing the others, and the whole influenced by existing political and social forces. Bakhtin further developed this theory of polyphony, or “dialogics,” in Voprosy literatury i estetiki (1975; The Dialogic Imagination), in which he postulated that, rather than being static, language......

...out for Rome (1376). At his request she went to Florence (1378) and was there during the Ciompi Revolt in June. After a short final stay in Siena, during which she completed her Dialogo (begun the previous year), she went to Rome in November, probably at the invitation of Pope Urban VI, whom she helped in reorganizing the church. From Rome she sent out letters and......

...under Spain’s leading Humanists and developed religious views that closely followed the ideas of Erasmus of Rotterdam, with whom both he and his brother maintained a correspondence. His work Diálogo de la doctrina cristiana (1529; “Dialogue on Christian Doctrine”) was not well received by the Inquisition, and Valdés found it prudent to leave Spain. Acce...

...and Valdés found it prudent to leave Spain. Accepting a post from the emperor Charles V, he spent the rest of his life in Italy but wrote in Spanish for his Italian public. The Diálogo de la lengua (c. 1535; “Dialogue on the Language”), which circulated only in manuscript until the 18th century, treated of Spanish style and language with that......

...died of the plague in Vienna before he could assume the position. His principal works are the Diálogo de Mercurio y Carón (“Dialogue of Mercury and Charon”) and the Diálogo de las cosas ocurridas en Roma (c. 1529; “The Dialogue of What Happened at Rome”), which express his loyalty to the emperor and his devotion to the Humani...

...and the church, and at the Diet of Regensburg. He was named to the post of archivist in Naples but died of the plague in Vienna before he could assume the position. His principal works are the Diálogo de Mercurio y Carón (“Dialogue of Mercury and Charon”) and the Diálogo de las cosas ocurridas en Roma (c. 1529; “The Dialogue of What...

...often in connection with his official duties. A number of them deal with the government of Florence, on which he also wrote, between 1521 and 1525, the Dialogo del reggimento di Firenze (Dialogue on the government of Florence). In this he advocates an aristocratic regime on the Venetian model as the ideal constitution for his city. In his capacity as commissioner general, he......

Galilei engaged in heated attacks on his former teacher Zarlino, particularly on his system of tuning, and published several diatribes against him. Among these is the Dialogo della musica antica, et della moderna (1581; “Dialogue about Ancient and Modern Music”), which contains examples of Greek hymns (among the few known fragments of ancient Greek music). In the same work he....

...of music there from 1522 until his death. His six plays show clearly the influence of his rival Juan del Encina. His best work is the Auto de la Pasión, an Easter play. His Diálogo para cantar (1514; “Dialogue for Singing”) is the first example of a rudimentary zarzuela, the distinctively Spanish musical play....

Campanella’s interest in pragmatism and in political reform were already evident in such early writings as De monarchia Christianorum (1593; “On Christian Monarchy”) and Dialogo politico contra Luterani, Calvinisti ed altri eretici (1595; “Political Dialogue Against Lutherans, Calvinists, and Other Heretics”), in which he asserted that sinful humani...

...about theories of the universe but warned him to treat the Copernican theory only hypothetically. The book, Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo, tolemaico e copernicano (Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, Ptolemaic & Copernican), was finished in 1630, and Galileo sent it to the Roman censor. Because of an outbreak of the plague, communicatio...

...a priest and entered the household of Duke Gabrio Serbelloni as tutor to the duke’s oldest son. He remained there until 1762, unhappy and badly treated; but he won ample revenge, first in Dialogo sopra la nobiltà (1757), a discussion between the corpse of a nobleman and the corpse of a poet about the true nature of nobility, and next through his masterpiece, the satiric......

...in Madrid until the arrival of Velázquez. Vincenzo painted three battle scenes for the Buen Retiro palace (now in the Prado Museum), but he was chiefly a religious painter. He wrote the Diálogos de la Pintura (1633), an academic treatise on art....

in its widest sense, the recorded conversation of two or more persons, especially as an element of drama or fiction. As a literary form, it is a carefully organized exposition, by means of invented conversation, of contrasting philosophical or intellectual attitudes. The oldest known dialogues are the Sicilian mimes, written in rhythmic prose by Sophron of Syracuse...

Galilei engaged in heated attacks on his former teacher Zarlino, particularly on his system of tuning, and published several diatribes against him. Among these is the Dialogo della musica antica, et della moderna (1581; “Dialogue about Ancient and Modern Music”), which contains examples of Greek hymns (among the few known fragments of ancient Greek music). In the same work he....

De Sade overcame his boredom and anger in prison by writing sexually graphic novels and plays. In July 1782 he finished his Dialogue entre un prêtre et un moribond (Dialogue Between a Priest and a Dying Man), in which he declared himself an atheist. His letters to his lawyer as well as to his wife combine incisive wit with an implacable spirit of revolt. On Feb. 27, 1784, he.....

...writings in the English language in order to refute them for the sake of the unlearned, More published seven books of polemics between 1529 and 1533—the first and best being A Dialogue Concerning Heresies....

...about theories of the universe but warned him to treat the Copernican theory only hypothetically. The book, Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo, tolemaico e copernicano (Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, Ptolemaic & Copernican), was finished in 1630, and Galileo sent it to the Roman censor. Because of an outbreak of the plague, communicatio...

...with his country’s lack of spiritual renewal, and he lived thereafter in Tunis until he returned to France suffering from his final illness. Shortly before his death Bernanos completed Dialogue des Carmélites, a film script dealing with 16 nuns martyred during the French Revolution. An opera by Francis Poulenc was based on this work....

De Sade overcame his boredom and anger in prison by writing sexually graphic novels and plays. In July 1782 he finished his Dialogue entre un prêtre et un moribond (Dialogue Between a Priest and a Dying Man), in which he declared himself an atheist. His letters to his lawyer as well as to his wife combine incisive wit with an implacable spirit of revolt. On Feb. 27, 1784, he.....

...“as strait a room and straiter too,” as he said to his daughter Margaret, who after some time took the oath and was then allowed to visit him. In prison, More wrote A Dialogue of Comfort Against Tribulation, a masterpiece of Christian wisdom and of literature....

His chief writing, The Dialogue of Destiny, or The Book of the Laws of the Countries, recorded by a disciple, Philip, is the oldest known original composition in Syriac literature. Bardesanes attacked the fatalism of the Greek philosophers after Aristotle (4th century bc), particularly regarding the influence of the stars on human destiny. Mingling Christian influence with Gno...

in Irish literature, the preeminent tale of the Old Irish Fenian cycle of heroic tales. The “old men” are the Fenian poets Oisín (Ossian) and Caoilte, who, having survived the destruction of their comrades at the Battle of Gabhra, return to Ireland from the timeless Land of Youth (Tír na nÓg) to discover th...

...participated in the cosmopolitan movement that has come to be called the “12th-century Renaissance.” Scholars frequented the court, and works on law and administration, especially the Dialogue of the Exchequer and the law book attributed to Ranulf de Glanville, show how modern ideas were being applied to the arts of government. In ecclesiastical architecture new methods of....

Caesarius was educated at the school of St. Andrew, Cologne, and joined the Cistercian Order in 1199, becoming prior of the Heisterbach house in 1228. His Dialogus miraculorum (c. 1223; “Dialogue on Miracles”), which contains edifying narratives dealing with Cistercian life, was his most widely read work and has become an important source for the history of......

...often in connection with his official duties. A number of them deal with the government of Florence, on which he also wrote, between 1521 and 1525, the Dialogo del reggimento di Firenze (Dialogue on the government of Florence). In this he advocates an aristocratic regime on the Venetian model as the ideal constitution for his city. In his capacity as commissioner general, he......

...him of doctrinal errors. For Palladius’ support of Chrysostom at Byzantium and at Rome, the Eastern Roman emperor Arcadius exiled him for six years, during which time, c. 408, he wrote his Dialogue on the Life of St. John Chrysostom. Styled after the manner of Plato’s Phaedo, it provides data with which to reconstruct the political–theological controver...

...To popularize the point of view of the colourist party, the critic Roger de Piles published a series of theoretical pamphlets setting forth the arguments and counterarguments. In 1673 his Dialogue sur le coloris (“Dialogue on Colour”) appeared, and in 1677 he followed it with Conversations sur la peinture (“Conversations on Painting”). The victory......

The Dialogue with Trypho is a discussion in which Justin tries to prove the truth of Christianity to a learned Jew named Trypho. Justin attempts to demonstrate that a new convenant has superseded the old covenant of God with the Jewish people; that Jesus is both the messiah announced by the Old Testament prophets and the preexisting logos through whom God revealed himself in the......

...Du peu de certitude qu’il y a dans l’histoire (1668; “On the Lack of Certitude in History”), which marked a beginning of historical criticism in France; and five skeptical Dialogues, published posthumously under the pseudonym Orosius Tubero, which are concerned, respectively, with diversity in opinions, variety in customs of life and sex roles, the valu...

...information about the historical Socrates. Whichever of these two views is correct, it is undeniable that Plato is not only the deeper philosopher but also the greater literary artist. Some of his dialogues are so natural and lifelike in their depiction of conversational interplay that readers must constantly remind themselves that Plato is shaping his material, as any author must....

In his Dialogues, Pope Gregory I (590–604), writing in a time of pestilence and invasions, included return-from-the-dead accounts from a hermit, a merchant, and a soldier who witnessed the terrors of hell and the joys of the blessed before being sent back to warn the living of what lies in store. Tales of this kind proliferated throughout the Middle Ages,......

The argument from design was criticized by the Scottish philosopher David Hume in his Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (1779). Hume conceded that the world constitutes a more or less smoothly functioning system; indeed, he points out, it could not exist otherwise. He suggests, however, that this may have come about as a result of the chance permutations of......

...was spirited out of Italy and published in Leiden, Netherlands, in 1638 under the title Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche intorno a due nuove scienze attenenti alla meccanica (Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences). Galileo here treated for the first time the bending and breaking of beams and summarized his mathematical and experimental investigations of motion,......

...World War II. Figure humaine (performed 1945), a cantata based on poems by Éluard, voiced the spirit of the resistance and was secretly printed during the Nazi occupation. His opera Les dialogues des Carmélites (1953–56, libretto by Georges Bernanos) is considered one of the finest operas of the 20th century. Other widely performed works by Poulenc were the......

...of whom lacked the sustained inventiveness required by fiction—was to attribute their words to the illustrious dead. The French prelate Fénelon, for example, composed Dialogues des morts (1700–18), and so did many others, including the most felicitous master of that prose form, the English poet Walter Savage Landor, in his Imaginary Conversations......

...the most impressive of his historical narratives. The “festival of the universe” provides a visionary end to the Dialogues et fragments philosophiques (1876; Philosophical Dialogues and Fragments, 1899). In the first of these, however, Renan is more ironically skeptical about the hidden God than he had been. In fact, the Epicureanism of his later......

...aspect of human behaviour. One of his favourite topics is the human failure to realize the transience of greatness and wealth. This Cynic theme permeates his dialogue Charon, while in the Dialogues of the Dead and other pieces, the Cynic philosopher Menippus is made to jibe at kings and aristocrats, reminding them how much more they have lost by death than he....

...of Xenophanes, Plato, and others also in complaining about the absurd beliefs concerning the Olympian gods. Thus the discreditable love affairs of Zeus with mortal women play a prominent part in Dialogues of the Gods, and in Zeus Confuted and Tragic Zeus the leader of the gods is powerless to intervene on earth and prove his omnipotence to coldly skeptical Cynic and......

Apparently Gonçalves was appointed court painter to the Portuguese king Afonso V in 1450. Francisco de Hallanda, in his Dialogues on Ancient Painting (1548), refers to him as one of the “Eagles”—one of the 15th-century masters—but his name and work were lost to history. His altarpiece for the cathedral of Lisbon was destroyed in the earthquake of 1755, and...

...servant, and the crafty lawyer reflect the influence of the Italian commedia dell’arte. Sommo’s experience as a playwright and producer of dramas for various noble patrons was the basis for his Dialoghi in materia di rappresentazioni sceniche (c. 1565; Dialogues on the Art of the Stage), a summation of contemporary theatre practice containing one of the earlie...

Galiani published two treatises, Della moneta (1750; “On Money”) and Dialogues sur le commerce des blés (1770; “Dialogues on the Grain Trade”), both of which display clarity of methodological presentation, despite his basic eclecticism. In the first work, he evolved a theory of value based on utility and scarcity;...

...war and his death. Partly through the influence of Melville, Pavese became preoccupied with myth, symbol, and archetype. One of his most striking books is Dialoghi con Leucò (1947; Dialogues with Leucò, 1965), poetically written conversations about the human condition. The novel considered his best, La luna e i falò (1950; The Moon and the......

...he felt that oratory had lost much of its political spirit and its practitioners were deficient in skill. This decline of oratory seems to provide the setting for his Dialogus de oratoribus. The work refers back to his youth, introducing his teachers Aper and Secundus. It has been dated as early as about 80, chiefly because it is more Ciceronian in style......

Fitzneale’s De necessariis observantiis scaccarii dialogus, commonly called the Dialogus de scaccario, is an account in two books of the procedure followed by the exchequer in the author’s time, a procedure which was largely the creation of his own family. Soon after the author’s death it was already recognized as the standard manual for exchequer officials. It w...

Caesarius was educated at the school of St. Andrew, Cologne, and joined the Cistercian Order in 1199, becoming prior of the Heisterbach house in 1228. His Dialogus miraculorum (c. 1223; “Dialogue on Miracles”), which contains edifying narratives dealing with Cistercian life, was his most widely read work and has become an important source for the history of......

in medicine, the process of removing blood from a patient whose kidney functioning is faulty, purifying that blood by dialysis, and returning it to the patient’s bloodstream. The artificial kidney, or hemodialyzer, is a machine that provides a means for removing certain undesirable substances from the blood or of adding needed components to it. By these processes the appa...

in chemistry, separation of suspended colloidal particles from dissolved ions or molecules of small dimensions (crystalloids) by means of their unequal rates of diffusion through the pores of semipermeable membranes. This process was first employed in 1861 by a British chemist, Thomas Graham. If such a mixture is placed in a sack made of parchment, collodion, or cellophane and ...

In the delta an embankment 50 miles long controls the entry of floodwater to some 120 square miles, part of which has been prepared for cultivation. The Diama Dam, located about 25 miles upstream from Saint-Louis, permits floodwaters to pass through its sluice gates while preventing the encroachment of salt water; it has improved considerably the supply of fresh water in the delta region and at......

kind of magnetism characteristic of materials that line up at right angles to a nonuniform magnetic field and that partly expel from their interior the magnetic field in which they are placed. First observed by S.J. Brugmans (1778) in bismuth and antimony, diamagnetism was named and studied by Michael Faraday (beginning in 1845). He and subsequent experimente...

...(24 km) south of the Democratic Republic of the Congo border. Founded near a site where diamonds were first discovered in 1912, the town was developed as a planned community privately operated by Diamang (Companhia de Diamantes de Angola). This international consortium, monopolizing the exploitation of the area between the early 1920s and 1971, was nationalized by the Angolan government in......

promontory in Québec region, southern Quebec province, Canada. It is part of the city of Quebec and is located west of the confluence of the St. Charles and St. Lawrence rivers. It is the highest point in the headland (333 feet [102 m]) and is crowned by the Citadel, a former military fortress. Toward the St. Lawrence it presents a bold and precipitous front; on the landward side and toward...

...city of Prato, a short distance from Florence, was the second home of Filippo Lippi. He returned to Prato often, staying there for long periods, painting frescoes and altarpieces. Accompanied by Fra Diamante, who had been his companion and collaborator since he was a young man, Lippi began to redecorate the walls of the choir of the cathedral there in 1452. He returned in 1463 and again in......

city, central Minas Gerais estado (state), southeastern Brazil. It lies in the mineral-laden Espinhaço Mountains at 4,140 feet (1,262 metres) above sea level. Formerly called Tejuco, the city has some colonial buildings and a diamond museum. Textile mills, diamond-cutting and goldsmithing establishments, and ir...

...are not subduction zones. The Vema Trench on the Mid-Indian Ridge is a fracture zone. The Vityaz Trench northwest of Fiji is an aseismic (inactive) feature of unknown origin. The Diamantina trench (Diamantina Fracture Zone) extends westward from the southwest coast of Australia. It is a rift valley that was formed when Australia separated from Antarctica between 60 and 50 million years ago....

intermittent river, east-central Australia, in the pastoral Channel Country. It rises in Kirbys Range, northwest of Longreach, Queen., and flows (seasonally) for 560 miles (900 km) southwest past Birdsville to Goyder Lagoon in South Australia, draining a basin of 61,000 square miles (158,000 square km). In times of flood, the Diamantina River and the Georgina ...

...grown for export and other crops raised for the settlers’ food. In the semiarid interior, cattle raising was considerably stimulated in the 18th century, when the discovery of gold and gems in the Diamantina Upland attracted more settlers....

...well-sorted conglomerates, formations are usually thick and of limited spatial distribution. Deposition by ice either in glacial till or by ice rafting also produces poorly sorted conglomerates or diamictites (larger nonsorted conglomerates)....

...10 percent). Cracks one millimetre long appear in unprotected rubber after only a few weeks of exposure to a typical outdoor concentration of ozone, about 5 parts per 100 million. However, certain diamines (e.g., alkyl-aryl paraphenylene diamines) prevent cracking, probably by competing with the C=C bonds in rubber for reaction with ozone. These antiozonants......

Diaminodiphenyl sulfone, or DDS, was synthesized in Germany in 1908, but it was not until the 1930s that researchers began to investigate its possible antibacterial properties. In 1941 doctors at Carville began to test a derivative of the compound, called promin, on patients. Promin had drawbacks—it had to be given intravenously, on a regular schedule, and for a long period of......

4,4′-diaminostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid is produced from p-nitrotoluene by a combination of the unit processes of sulfonation, oxidation, and reduction. This product is used in large quantities for manufacture of fluorescent brightening agents....

one of the world’s tallest mountains, 26,660 feet (8,126 metres) high, situated in the western Himalayas 17 miles (27 km) west-southwest of Astor, in the Pakistani-administered sector of the Kashmir region. The mountain’s steep south wall rises nearly 15,000 feet (4,600 metres) above the valley immediately below, and the north side drops about 23,000 feet (7,000 metres) to the Indus ...

a mineral composed of pure carbon. It is the hardest naturally occurring substance known; it is also the most popular gemstone. Because of their extreme hardness, diamonds have a number of important industrial applications....

The diamond-anvil pressure cell, in which two gem-quality diamonds apply a force to the sample, revolutionized high-pressure research. The diamond-anvil cell was invented in 1958 almost simultaneously by workers at the National Bureau of Standards (now the National Institute of Standards and Technology) in Washington, D.C., and at the University of Chicago. The diamond-cell design represented a......

The diamond-anvil pressure cell, in which two gem-quality diamonds apply a force to the sample, revolutionized high-pressure research. The diamond-anvil cell was invented in 1958 almost simultaneously by workers at the National Bureau of Standards (now the National Institute of Standards and Technology) in Washington, D.C., and at the University of Chicago. The diamond-cell design represented a......

diamond-rich area in the southern Namib (desert), southwestern Namibia, to which access by unauthorized persons is rigidly prohibited. It lies along the Atlantic coast from Oranjemund and the Orange River north to about 45 miles (72 km) north of Lüderitz (26° S latitude), encompassing an ar...

a variant of baseball and a popular participant sport, particularly in the United States. It is generally agreed that softball developed from a game called indoor baseball, first played in Chicago in 1887. It became known in the United States by various names, such as kitten ball, mush ball, diamond ball, indoor–outdoor, and playground ball. There were wide variances in playing rules, size ...

...again in the 1790s, especially in County Armagh, where Protestants, known as the “Peep o’ Day Boys,” attacked their Catholic neighbours. After a major confrontation in 1795, known as the Battle of the Diamond, the Orange Society was formed as a secret society, with lodges spreading throughout Ireland and ultimately into Great Britain and various British dominions. In 1835, ...

promontory in Québec region, southern Quebec province, Canada. It is part of the city of Quebec and is located west of the confluence of the St. Charles and St. Lawrence rivers. It is the highest point in the headland (333 feet [102 m]) and is crowned by the Citadel, a former military fortress. Toward the St. Lawrence it presents a bold and precipitous front; on the landward side and toward...

...worked in California with designer Charles Eames (q.v.) before joining Knoll Associates in New York City in 1950. His achievements there included the Diamond chair (more commonly known as the Bertoia chair), made of polished steel wire, sometimes vinyl coated, and covered with cotton or with elastic Naugahyde upholstery....

...the most significant of the traditional Henley races are the Grand Challenge Cup, the oldest (established in 1839), which usually attracts the world’s finest eights (crews using eight oars), and the Diamond Challenge Sculls (1844), one of the world’s top single sculls events (one man, two oars). There are several other events, for various types of crews, most of which are open to ...

separate and special branch of lapidary art involving five basic steps in fashioning a diamond: marking, cleaving, sawing, girdling, and faceting....