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Dogara (African people)
...to the south and east of Aïr. The Tuareg people are also found in Algeria and in Mali. The Kanuri, who live to the east of Zinder, are divided into a number of subgroups—the Manga, the Dogara (Dagara), the Mober, the Buduma, and the Kanembu; they are also found living in Chad, Cameroon, and Nigeria. Apart from the nomadic Teda of the Tibesti region, who constitute an important......
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dogbane (plant)
Apocynaceae, or the dogbane family, is broadly circumscribed to include the traditional Asclepiadaceae, or milkweed family. Together they include about 415 genera and more than 4,500 species. This realignment is based on DNA sequence as well as morphological similarities, such as their milky sap and highly modified gynoecium (female flower......
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dogbane beetle (insect)
(species Chrysochus auratus), member of the insect subfamily Eumolpinae of the leaf beetle family Chrysomelidae (order Coleoptera). The dogbane beetle of eastern North America...
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dogberry (plant)
...family (Rosaceae), native to the Northern Hemisphere. They are widely cultivated as ornamentals for their white flower clusters and brightly coloured fruits. Most noteworthy are the American mountain ash (S. americana; see photograph), also called dogberry, and the European mountain ash (S. aucuparia), also called rowan, or quickbeam. Both are handsome trees, ...
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Dogberry (fictional character)
...Claudio publicly rejects Hero at the wedding ceremony. She is so shamed that her family is obliged to report that she is dead. Don John’s plot is eventually unveiled by the bumbling constable Dogberry and his comically inept fellow constable, but not before the story of Hero has taken a nearly tragic turn. Claudio’s slanders of Hero have so outraged her cousin Beatrice that she tu...
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doge (Venetian official)
(Venetian Italian: “duke”), highest official of the republic of Venice for more than 1,000 years (from the 8th to the 18th century) and symbol of the sovereignty of the Venetian state. The title was also used relatively briefly in Genoa....
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Doge Andrea Gritti (painting by Titian)
...not only by the armour but also by the baton in hand and the three others in the background. These works are essentially idealized state portraits, although the heads are very convincingly rendered. Doge Andrea Gritti is to a greater extent a symbol of the office—that is, that of ruler of Venice. The gigantic body in a canvas of large size is sweeping in desig...
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Doge Leonardo Loredan (painting by Bellini)
...he created the first of the dreamy enigmatic scenes for which Giorgione, his pupil, was to become famous. The same quality of idealism is to be found in his portraiture. His Doge Leonardo Loredan in the National Gallery, London, has all the wise and kindly firmness of the perfect head of state, and his Portrait of a Young Man (c.......
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Dōgen (Japanese Buddhist monk)
leading Japanese Buddhist during the Kamakura period (1192–1333), who introduced Zen to Japan in the form of the Sōtō school (Chinese: Ts’ao-tung). A creative personality, he combined meditative practice and philosophical speculation....
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Doges’ Palace (palace, Venice, Italy)
official residence in Venice of the doges, who were the elected leaders of the former Venetian republic. This impressive structure, built around a courtyard and richly decorated, was the meeting place of the governing councils and ministries of the republic. In its successive rebuildings, the palace incorporated characteristics of Gothic, Moorish, and ...
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dogfight (military science)
...development of successful fighter aircraft in 1915 that pilots began to engage in serious aerial combat, discovering in the process that aerobatic skills could give them a significant advantage in a dogfight. With this realization and with the aid of aircraft manufactured with enhanced aerobatic capabilities, pilots began to develop a growing range of aerobatic maneuvers, principally for evadin...
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dogfighting
...against humans was not encouraged because, even while fighting, the dogs had to be handled by their trainers. Dogs displaying this trait were not selected for breeding. However, the resurgence of dogfighting—illegal in the United States, Great Britain, and many other countries—has led to irresponsible breeders encouraging such...
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dogfish (fish)
freshwater fish of the order Amiiformes (superorder Holostei); it is the only living representative of its family (Amiidae), which dates back to the Jurassic Period (199.6 to 145.5 million years ago). The bowfin is a voracious fish found in sluggish North American waters from the Great Lakes southward to the ...
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dogfish (fish)
The seven or so species are of the genera Umbra, Novumbra, and Dallia. In North America the eastern mudminnow (U. pygmaea) is sometimes called rockfish, and the central mudminnow (U. limi) mudfish or dogfish. Mudminnows are often used as bait and sometimes kept in home aquariums....
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dogfish (shark group)
any of several small sharks of the families Squalidae, Scyliorhinidae, and Triakidae. In North America, the name is also used for a freshwater fish, the bowfin....
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Dogger Bank (North Sea)
extensive isolated shoal in the North Sea, lying about 60 miles (100 km) off the northeastern coast of England. It rises 70 feet (20 m) higher than the surrounding sea floor, is 160 miles (260 km) long and 60 miles wide at the 120-foot (35-metre) level, and reaches its shallowest point (50 feet [15 m] below the sea surface) at its western end...
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Dogger Bank, Battle of the (European history)
...other’s codes. Special intelligence and attempts to entrap a weaker enemy were rife throughout the war, leading to surprise in each of the battles in the North Sea: Helgoland Bight (Aug. 28, 1914), Dogger Bank (Jan. 24, 1915), and Jutland itself....
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Dogger Bank herring (fish)
...Sea, distinct groups spawn in different seasons and on different grounds: Buchan herring spawn in August and September off the coast of Scotland and migrate to the coast of southwestern Norway; Dogger Bank herring spawn in September and October in the central part of the North Sea and along the English coast and then migrate to the Skagerrak, an arm of the North Sea between Denmark and......
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doggerel (literature)
a low, or trivial, form of verse, loosely constructed and often irregular, but effective because of its simple mnemonic rhyme and loping metre. It appears in most literatures and societies as a useful form for comedy and satire. It is characteristic of children’s game rhymes from ancient times to the present and of m...
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Doggett, Bill (American musician)
...Henry Glover and Ralph Bass, who pulled together an incomparable roster of performers that included country stars Cowboy Copas and the Delmore Brothers, big band refugees Earl Bostic (alto sax) and Bill Doggett (organ), blues shouters Wynonie Harris and Roy Brown, blues ballad singers Little Esther and Little Willie John, and vocal groups Billy Ward and the Dominoes (featuring first Clyde......
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Doggett, Thomas (English actor)
English actor who excelled in low-comedy parts and is best remembered as a member of a famous actor-manager triumvirate of Cibber, Doggett, and Wilks at the Drury Lane Theatre, London....
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Doggett’s Coat and Badge (sports)
one of the world’s oldest continuing rowing races, held annually in England along the River Thames from London Bridge to Chelsea, a distance of 4 miles 5 furlongs (7.4 km). The race is a sculling contest between skiffs originally used to ferry p...
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dogma (religion)
the explication and officially acceptable version of a religious teaching. The development of doctrines and dogmas has significantly affected the traditions, institutions, and practices of the religions of the world. Doctrines and dogmas also have influenced and been influenced by the ongoing development of secular history, science, and philosophy....
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Dogma (film by Smith)
...film Armageddon (1998); Shakespeare in Love (1998), a period piece written by playwright Tom Stoppard; and another Smith film, Dogma (1999), in which Affleck and Damon portrayed fallen angels. In Pearl Harbor (2001) he played an enthusiastic American pilot fighting alongside the British in......
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Dogma 95 (film doctrine)
The one concerted effort to launch a film movement in Europe came from a filmmakers’ collective in Denmark, which unveiled a doctrine called Dogme 95 (Dogma 95) at the Cannes film festival in 1998. The 10 rules of the Dogme manifesto argued against technological gadgetry in cinema and for a straightforward realism in style and content. A leader of the group was Lars von Trier, a Danish dire...
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Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation (Roman Catholicism)
The “Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation” attempts to relate the role of Scripture and tradition (the postbiblical teaching of the church) to their common origin in the Word of God that has been committed to the church. The document affirms the value of Scripture for the salvation of men while maintaining an open attitude toward the scholarly study of the Bible....
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Dogmatic Constitution on the Church (Roman Catholicism)
The “Dogmatic Constitution on the Church” reflects the attempt of the council fathers to utilize biblical terms rather than juridical categories to describe the church. The treatment of the hierarchical structure of the church counterbalances somewhat the monarchical emphasis of the first Vatican Council’s teaching on the papacy by giving weight to the role of the bishops. The...
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Dogmatic Letter (work by Leo the Great)
...unity of the Redeemer remained “one incarnate nature of the Word,” which he mistakenly believed to derive from Athanasius. Leo provided the necessary balance to this with his famous Dogmatic Letter, also endorsed at Chalcedon, which affirmed the coexistence of two complete natures, united without confusion, in the one Person of the Incarnate Word, or Christ....
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dogmatic Skepticism (philosophy)
After the death of Aristotle the next significant development in the history of epistemology was the rise of Skepticism, of which there were at least two kinds. The first, Academic Skepticism, arose in the Academy (the school founded by Plato) in the 3rd century bc and was propounded by the Greek philosopher Arcesilaus (c. 315–c. 240 bc), about whom...
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Dogmatic Theology (work by Bulgaris)
...translations and revisions of classical literature, Bulgaris also wrote many Greek treatises in philosophy, the sciences, and theology. His Dogmatic Theology (c. 1800) was the first Greek compendium on philosophical theology since the 14th century. Prominent also was his Treatise on Tolerance, written at Leipzig in 1768...
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Dogme 95 (film doctrine)
The one concerted effort to launch a film movement in Europe came from a filmmakers’ collective in Denmark, which unveiled a doctrine called Dogme 95 (Dogma 95) at the Cannes film festival in 1998. The 10 rules of the Dogme manifesto argued against technological gadgetry in cinema and for a straightforward realism in style and content. A leader of the group was Lars von Trier, a Danish dire...
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Dogon (people)
ethnic group of the central plateau region of Mali that spreads across the border into Burkina Faso. There is some doubt as to the correct classification of the many dialects of the Dogon language; the language has ...
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Dogon language (language)
language of the Niger-Congo language family spoken by some 600,000 Dogon people in northeastern Mali to the east of Mopti and along the border between Mali and Burkina Faso. Earlier classifications of Niger-Congo have included Dogon within the ...
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Dogon Plateau (plateau, Mali)
...southeast range between almost 1,000 feet (300 metres) around Sikasso and 1,740 feet (530 metres) at Mount Mina. East of the Niger River the Dogon Plateau descends gently westward to the river valley but ends in abrupt cliffs on the southeast. These cliffs reach an elevation approaching 3,300 feet (1,000 metres) at Bandiagara. Northwest......
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Dogora (African people)
...to the south and east of Aïr. The Tuareg people are also found in Algeria and in Mali. The Kanuri, who live to the east of Zinder, are divided into a number of subgroups—the Manga, the Dogara (Dagara), the Mober, the Buduma, and the Kanembu; they are also found living in Chad, Cameroon, and Nigeria. Apart from the nomadic Teda of the Tibesti region, who constitute an important......
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Dogra Dynasty (India)
Rajput clan, or group of clans, in the Kashmir region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent. They form the chief, or mian, portion of Rajputs of the territory centred on Jammu (lying north of what is now Lahore, Pakistan, roughly between the Chenab and Ravi rivers)...
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Dogri language
member of the Indo-Aryan group within the Indo-European languages. Dogri is spoken by approximately 2.3 million people, most commonly in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It is an officially recognized language of India. The earliest written reference to Dogri (using the paleonym Du...
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Dogrib (people)
a group of Athabascan-speaking North American Indian tribes inhabiting the forested and barren-ground areas between the Great Bear and Great Slave lakes in northwestern Canada. The name is an English adaptation of their own name, Thlingchadinne, or Dog-flank People, referring to their fabled descent from a supernatural dog-man....
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Doǧru Yol Partisi (political party, Turkey)
Early in 1996 Erbakan tried but failed to form a coalition government. A centre-right coalition of the True Path (Doğru Yol) and Motherland (Anavatan) parties then held power until internal disagreements brought it down in June. Erbakan was again asked to try to form a coalition, and this time, when Tansu Çiller, head of the True Path Party, agreed to join him, he succeeded....
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dog’s mercury (plant)
...Africa but naturalized in North America. Herb mercury (M. annua) grows as a weed in cultivated areas and shaded woods. Dog’s mercury (M. perennis), which is malodorous and poisonous to livestock, grows wild in European woodlands. Its leaves are the source of an unstable blue dye. The clusters of sma...
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dog’s tooth violet (plant)
genus of about 20 species of spring-blooming plants of the family Liliaceae, commonly known as dog’s tooth violet. All the species are native to North America except for the purple- or pink-flowered dog’s tooth violet of Europe (E. de...
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dogsled (sled)
...climates to pull a sled across snow and ice. The breeds most commonly associated with this work are the Siberian husky, Alaskan Malamute, Samoyed, Eskimo dog, and Laika—all large, powerful dogs with thick coats and high endurance....
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dogsled racing (sport)
sport of racing sleds pulled by dogs, usually over snow-covered cross-country courses. In warmer climates, wheeled carts are substituted for the sleds. Dogsledding was developed from a principal Eskimo method of transportation. The gold rushes in Alaska and the Yukon Territory (now Yukon...
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dogtooth violet (plant)
genus of about 20 species of spring-blooming plants of the family Liliaceae, commonly known as dog’s tooth violet. All the species are native to North America except for the purple- or pink-flowered dog’s tooth violet of Europe (E. de...
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dogū (Japanese figurine)
abstract clay figurines, generally of pregnant females, made in Japan during the Jōmon period (c. 5th or 4th millennium to c. 250 bc). Dogū are reminiscent of the rigidly frontal fertility figures produced by other prehistoric cultures....
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Doğubayazıt (Turkey)
town, eastern Turkey, at an elevation of 6,000 feet (1,800 metres) and situated about 10 miles (16 km) from Turkey’s border with Iran. Lying near the ancient trade route from Trabzon (ancient Trebizond) to northwestern Iran, Doğubayazıt was once an important trading town, but its importance declined with the reduction of trade along this route and was destro...
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Doğukaradeniz Dağlari (mountains, Turkey)
mountains rising out of the northern side of the Anatolia peninsula, northern Turkey, in an area once occupied by the ancient country of Pontus. The range reaches a height of 12,900 feet (3,932 m) and makes a gentle double bend, reflected in the outline of the southern shore of the Black Sea. Dense pine forests cover the hills. On the cultivated land near the sea, tobacco, hazelnuts, tea, and cit...
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dogwatch (nautical term)
...hour of a watch. The mariner’s day is divided into six watches, each four hours long, except that the 4:00 to 8:00 pm watch may be “dogged”; that is, divided into the first and second dogwatches, each two hours long, to allow men on duty to have their evening meal. Through the 18th century, time was ordinarily measured on board ship by using a 30-minute sandgl...
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dogwinkle (mollusk genus)
...hour of a watch. The mariner’s day is divided into six watches, each four hours long, except that the 4:00 to 8:00 pm watch may be “dogged”; that is, divided into the first and second dogwatches, each two hours long, to allow men on duty to have their evening meal. Through the 18th century, time was ordinarily measured on board ship by using a 30-minute sandgl...
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dogwood (plant)
any of the shrubs, trees, or herbs of the genus Cornus, in the dogwood family (Cornaceae), native to Europe, eastern Asia, and North America. The bunchberry (C. canadensis) is a creeping perennial herb. Flowering dogwood (C. flo...
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dogwood anthracnose (plant disease)
In the late 1970s a new form of the disease, which is known as dogwood anthracnose, was identified in North America. Unlike other forms of anthracnose, it thrives in cool climates. Dogwood anthracnose first appeared in the Pacific Northwest, and it soon spread to the eastern ......
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dogwood family (plant family)
Cornaceae, or the dogwood family, is the largest family in the order, though it has just two genera: Cornus (65 species) and Alangium (20 species). Cornus is noted for its woody ornamental species that are native to both coasts of North America and to East Asia.......
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dogwood order (plant order)
dogwood order of flowering plants, comprising 7 families and almost 600 species. The main families are Cornaceae, Hydrangeaceae, and Loasaceae. The other families are Nyssaceae, which is sometimes included in Cornaceae, and the smaller single-genus families Curtisiaceae...
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Doh (Finno-Ugric deity)
...however, without the dualistic emphasis. Thus, in an account by the Yenisey Khanty, the great shaman (a medicine man with psychic abilities) Doh glides above the primeval sea among the water birds, asks the red-throated loon to dive for earth from the bottom of the sea, and with the earth makes an island. A rarer, but apparently ancient,......
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Doha (Qatar)
city, capital of Qatar, located on the east coast of the Qatar Peninsula in the Persian Gulf. More than two-fifths of Qatar’s population lives within the city’s limits. Situated on a shallow bay indented about 3 miles (5 km), Doha has long been a locally important port. Because of offshore cora...
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Dōhachi family (Japanese potters)
...earthenware body covered with a finely crackled glaze. Also produced at Kyōto, the works of Kenzan, who used rich and subtly coloured slips often as a background for plant motives, and of the Dōhachi family, famous for their overglaze decoration, are much sought after in Japan....
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Doheny, Edward L. (American businessman)
When Edward L. Doheny discovered oil under a private residence in 1892, he set off an oil-drilling spree that made Los Angeles one of the world’s major petroleum fields. Oil fostered industrialism. After the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, some of that city’s manufacturers moved their operations south, where wages were lower. During World Wa...
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Doherty brothers (English tennis players)
English tennis players who dominated the sport from 1897 to 1906. As a team, Laurie Doherty (in full Hugh Lawrence Doherty; b. Oct. 8, 1875London, Eng.—d. Aug. 21, 1919Broadstairs, Kent)...
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Doherty, Dennis (Canadian singer-songwriter)
Nov. 29, 1940 Halifax, N.S.Jan. 19, 2007 Mississauga, Ont.Canadian singer who with John Phillips, Michelle Phillips, and (“Mama”) Cass Elliot, was a member of the original Mamas and the Papas vocal quartet, whose intricate harmonies brought them to the forefront of the folk r...
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Doherty, Denny (Canadian singer-songwriter)
Nov. 29, 1940 Halifax, N.S.Jan. 19, 2007 Mississauga, Ont.Canadian singer who with John Phillips, Michelle Phillips, and (“Mama”) Cass Elliot, was a member of the original Mamas and the Papas vocal quartet, whose intricate harmonies brought them to the forefront of the folk r...
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Doherty, Henry L. (American businessman)
American businessman and utilities expert who formed the holding company Cities Service Company in 1910....
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Doherty, Henry Latham (American businessman)
American businessman and utilities expert who formed the holding company Cities Service Company in 1910....
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Doherty, Hugh Lawrence (English tennis player)
Laurie held the Wimbledon record for most men’s titles altogether, with 13 between 1897 and 1905, winning British singles from 1902 to 1906. Reggie took Wimbledon singles from 1897 to 1900. The Dohertys also won the U.S. doubles championships in 1902 and 1903, and Laurie was the first foreigner to win the U.S. singles, in 1903....
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Doherty, Laurie (English tennis player)
Laurie held the Wimbledon record for most men’s titles altogether, with 13 between 1897 and 1905, winning British singles from 1902 to 1906. Reggie took Wimbledon singles from 1897 to 1900. The Dohertys also won the U.S. doubles championships in 1902 and 1903, and Laurie was the first foreigner to win the U.S. singles, in 1903....
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Doherty, Peter C. (Australian scientist)
Australian immunologist and pathologist who, with Rolf Zinkernagel of Switzerland, received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1996 for their discovery of how the body’s immune system distinguishes virus-infected cells from normal cells....
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Doherty, Reggie (English tennis player)
Laurie held the Wimbledon record for most men’s titles altogether, with 13 between 1897 and 1905, winning British singles from 1902 to 1906. Reggie took Wimbledon singles from 1897 to 1900. The Dohertys also won the U.S. doubles championships in 1902 and 1903, and Laurie was the first foreigner to win the U.S. singles, in 1903....
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Doherty, Reginald Frank (English tennis player)
Laurie held the Wimbledon record for most men’s titles altogether, with 13 between 1897 and 1905, winning British singles from 1902 to 1906. Reggie took Wimbledon singles from 1897 to 1900. The Dohertys also won the U.S. doubles championships in 1902 and 1903, and Laurie was the first foreigner to win the U.S. singles, in 1903....
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Dohm, Christian Wilhelm von (German composer)
...German but printed in Hebrew characters (1780–83). At the same time, he became involved in a new controversy that centred on the doctrine of excommunication. The conflict arose when his friend Christian Wilhelm von Dohm agreed to compose a petition for the Jews of Alsace, who originally had sought Mendelssohn’s personal intervention for their emancipation. Dohm’s ...
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Dohnányi, Ernő (Hungarian composer)
Hungarian composer, pianist, and conductor, principally known for his Variations on a Nursery Song for piano and orchestra....
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Dohnányi, Ernst von (Hungarian composer)
Hungarian composer, pianist, and conductor, principally known for his Variations on a Nursery Song for piano and orchestra....
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Dohuk (Iraq)
city, northern Iraq, capital of Dahūk muḥāfaẓah (governorate). The city lies near the northern end of the Tigris River valley. The area in which the city is situated is unsuitable for cultivation but is good for fruit orchards and pasturage. Dahūk has a fruit-canning pla...
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DOI (United States government)
executive division of the U.S. federal government responsible for most of the country’s federally owned lands and natural resources, as well as reservation communities for American Indians and Alaska Natives. Created in 1849, it encompasses the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Bureau of Land M...
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Doi Inthanon (mountain, Thailand)
mountain in northwestern Thailand that is the country’s highest peak (8,481 feet [2,585 m]). It lies southwest of Chiang Mai, in a spur of the Danen Range between the Chaem (west) and Ping (east) rivers....
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Doi Suthep (mountain, Thailand)
mountain peak of northwestern Thailand, overlooking the city of Chiang Mai and rising to 5,528 feet (1,685 metres). Mount Suthep is the site of the royal resort palace and of a temple complex, Wat Phra That Doi Suthep. The mountain and temple complex are included within Mount Suthep–Pui National Park....
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Doi Takako (Japanese politician)
Japanese politician, educator, and head (1986–91) of the Japan Socialist Party (JSP; in 1991–96 called the Social Democratic Party of Japan [SDPJ], later simplified to Social Democratic Party). She was the first woman ever to head a politic...
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Doi, Takeo (Japanese psychiatrist)
March 17, 1920Tokyo, JapanJuly 5, 2009TokyoJapanese psychiatrist who broke ground with his best-selling book Amae no kōzō (1971; The Anatomy of Dependence, 1973), as perhaps the first Japanese expert to analyze the Japanese idea of amae (“indulgent ...
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Doinel, Antoine (fictional character)
The son of a scriptwriter and an actress, Léaud at age 14 was chosen to play the misunderstood adolescent Antoine Doinel in François Truffaut’s first feature-length film, Les Quatre Cents Coups (1959; The 400 Blows). Léaud appeared in four more Truffaut films which traced Doinel’s progress through physical maturit...
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Doiran, Lake (lake, Macedonia)
...percent of its area) drains southeastward into the Aegean Sea, via the Vardar River and its tributaries. Smaller parts of this basin drain into Lake Doiran (Macedonian: Dojran) and into the Aegean via the Strumica and Struma rivers. The remaining 13 percent of Macedonian territory drains northward via the Crni Drim River toward the......
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Doire (city and district, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom)
city and the larger district that encompasses it, formerly in the even larger County Londonderry, northwestern Northern Ireland. The old city and adjacent urban and rural areas were administratively merged in 1969 and later became one of Northern Ireland’s 26 districts during the United Kingdom’s local government...
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Doisneau, Robert (French photographer)
French photographer noted for his poetic approach to street photography....
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Doisy, Edward Adelbert (American biochemist)
American biochemist who shared the 1943 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with Henrik Dam for his isolation and synthesis of the antihemorrhagic vitamin K (1939), used in medicine and surgery....
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DOJ (United States government)
executive division of the U.S. federal government responsible for law enforcement. Headed by the U.S. attorney general, it investigates and prosecutes cases under federal antitrust, civil-rights, criminal, tax, and envi...
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Dōji kun (work by Kaibara)
...structure of society. In his Taigi roku (“Grave Doubts”), however, he took issue with the apparent dualism in Zhu’s work in favour of a single creative force. In his Dōji kun (“Instructions for Children”), Kaibara tells parents to severely discipline their children, who must blindly and respectfully accept all that parents tell...
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Dojran, Lake (lake, Macedonia)
...percent of its area) drains southeastward into the Aegean Sea, via the Vardar River and its tributaries. Smaller parts of this basin drain into Lake Doiran (Macedonian: Dojran) and into the Aegean via the Strumica and Struma rivers. The remaining 13 percent of Macedonian territory drains northward via the Crni Drim River toward the......
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Doke, Clement (South African scholar)
...may be made of Carl Meinhof’s work in the 1890s, in which he sought to reconstruct what he called ur-Bantu (the words underlying contemporary Bantu forms), and the descriptive work carried out by Clement Doke and the Department of Bantu Studies at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, in the period 1923–53. A monument...
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dokimasia (ancient Greece)
The potential power of the archons placed them under a variety of restrictions. Before entering office they had to undergo an examination (dokimasia) by the Boule and the law courts of birth qualifications, physical fitness, treatment of parents, and military activity; at the end......
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Dokkōsai (Japanese scholar)
Gahō, Hayashi’s third son (also called Harukatsu), became his father’s successor as chief official scholar; and Dokkōsai, Hayashi’s fourth son (also called Morikatsu), was also employed by the shogunate. During their father’s lifetime they collaborated with him in compiling histories; and after his death they assembled the Hayashi Razan bunshū...
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Dokō Toshio (Japanese businessman)
Japanese businessman who was instrumental in revitalizing Japanese manufacturing after World War II, notably with the Toshiba Corporation and as chairman of Keidanren (1974–80), one of Japan’s main business organizations....
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Doktor Bürgers Ende (novel by Carossa)
...the expression of emotions. This attitude of detachment toward his own life and a desire to seek and bring forth the most noble in humankind remains dominant throughout his work. His first novel, Doktor Bürgers Ende (1913; “The End of Doctor Bürger”; revised and republished in 1930 as Die Schicksale Doktor Bürgers, “The Fortunes of Doctor....
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Doktor Faust (opera by Busoni)
...World War I, divided in his loyalty between Italy and Germany, he retired to Zürich. His most ambitious work was the unfinished opera Doktor Faust, based not on Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s work but on earlier versions of the Faust legend. It was completed by his pupil Philipp Jarnach and performed in Dresden in 1925. T...
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“Doktor Faustus” (novel by Mann)
In Doktor Faustus, begun in 1943 at the darkest period of the war, Mann wrote the most directly political of his novels. It is the life story of a German composer, Adrian Leverkühn, born in 1885, who dies in 1940 after 10 years of mental alienation. A solitary, estranged figure, he “speaks” the experience of his times in his music, and the story of Leverkühn...
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Doktor und Apotheker (opera by Ditters von Dittersdorf)
...and Johann Vanhal, then a popular composer of string quartets). From this period onward his output was enormous. He produced the oratorio Giobbe (1786) and several operas, three of which, Doktor und Apotheker (1786; “Doctor and Apothecary”), Hieronymus Knicker (1789), and Das rote Käppchen (1790; “The Little Red Hood”), had great su...
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“Doktorns pojk’ ” (work by Anckarsvard)
...a historical novelist. The prolific Edith Unnerstad has written charming family stories, with a touch of fantasy, as has Karin Anckarsvärd, whose Doktorns pojk’ (1963; Eng. trans., Doctor’s Boy, 1965) is a quietly moving tale of small-town life in the horse-and-buggy days. The Sandbergs, Inger and Lasse, have advanced the Beskow tradition in a series of lovely...
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Dokuchayev, Vasily Vasilyevich (Russian ecologist)
Russian geomorphologist and early soil scientist....
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Dōkyō (Japanese religion)
(from Chinese Tao-chiao, “Teaching of the Way”), popular or religious Taoism, as distinguished from philosophical Taoism, as introduced into Japan from China. It was the source of many widespread Japanese folk beliefs and practices of divination and magic, some of which persist into modern times....
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Dōkyō (Japanese Buddhist priest)
Japanese Buddhist priest who attempted to usurp the Japanese imperial throne....
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Dŏkyu (mountain, South Korea)
...of T’aebaek Mountain (5,121 ft [1,561 m]) in Kangwŏn Province to the Kohŭng Peninsula near Yŏsu. Its high mountains, Sobaek (4,760 ft), Munju (2,437 ft), Songni (3,468 ft), Dŏkyu (5,276 ft), and Baegun (4,190 ft), are watersheds for southern South Korea. Chiri-san (6,283 ft), on its southwestern branch, is a national...
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DOL (United States government)
executive division of the U.S. federal government responsible for enforcing labour statutes and promoting the general welfare of U.S. wage earners. Established in 1913, it controls the Employment Standards Administration, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation, and numerous other agencies involved in administration of programs...
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Dolabella, Publius Cornelius (Roman official)
...Caesar, taking a very active part in the assassination. Forced by popular resentment to withdraw from Rome after the murder, he left Italy for Syria, where he raised a large army and defeated Publius Cornelius Dolabella, to whom the province had been assigned by the Senate. When in 43 the Caesarian leaders Mark Antony, Octavian (later the emperor Augustus), and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus......
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Dolby noise-reduction system (recording)
...variation in magnetization is a microscopic effect, tape hiss is primarily a high-frequency phenomenon. Several systems have been designed to deal with this problem, the most prevalent of which is Dolby noise reduction. In the Dolby system the higher-frequency components of a sound wave are amplified before the signal is impressed on the tape so that their amplitudes are well above the......
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