A-Z Browse

...(Malayo-Polynesian) ancestry; they have their own language and are primarily agriculturists. Most of them are Christians, although they still retain many traditional practices. The Buginese and Makassarese are Muslims who live in southern Celebes and are extremely industrious, especially in the manufacture of plaited goods and in weaving, gold and silver work, and shipbuilding. The......

kotamadya (municipality) and capital of South Sulawesi propinsi (province), Indonesia. It lies on the western side of the most southerly peninsula of Celebes....

narrow passage of the west-central Pacific Ocean, Indonesia. Extending 500 miles (800 km) northeast–southwest from the Celebes Sea to the Java Sea, the strait passes between Borneo on the west and Celebes on the east and is 80 to 230 miles (130 to 370 km) wide. It is a deep wate...

...(Malayo-Polynesian) ancestry; they have their own language and are primarily agriculturists. Most of them are Christians, although they still retain many traditional practices. The Buginese and Makassarese are Muslims who live in southern Celebes and are extremely industrious, especially in the manufacture of plaited goods and in weaving, gold and silver work, and shipbuilding. The......

island of French Polynesia, administratively part of the Tuamotu-Gambier administrative subdivision. It lies in the central South Pacific, 130 miles (210 km) northeast of Tahiti. Sighted by the Dutch navigator Jacob Roggeveen (1772), it is 5 miles (8 km) long by 3 miles (5 km) wide, with an area of 11 square miles (29 square km). An upraised coral island, it is geologically par...

city, south-central Luzon, Philippines. A southern residential, financial, and industrial suburb of Manila, it has a large, modern manufacturing complex along its segment of the belt highway, where a number of national and foreign firms are located. Makati’s Forbes Park sector, called millionaires row, has many foreign residents. Fort Andres Bonifacio (formerly Fort Willi...

...small Koro chiefdoms that paid tribute to the Hausa kingdom of Zazzau. After warriors of the Fulani jihad (holy war) captured Zaria (Zazzau’s capital, 137 miles [220 km] north-northeast) about 1804, Muhamman Makau, sarkin (“king of”) Zazzau, led many of the Hausa nobility to the Koro town of Zuba (6 miles [10 km] south). Abu Ja (Jatau), his brother and success...

...to develop film industries until after World War II. Yugoslavia was the most immediately successful and produced the countries’ first internationally known director: the political avant-gardist Dušan Makavejev (Ljubavni slucaj ili tragedija sluzbenice P.T.T. [The Tragedy of the Switchboard Operator], 1967). Makavejev belonged to th...

...restricted by musicians and artists whose phonograph labels bore the warning “Not Licensed for Radio Broadcast.” But the show’s potential was revealed when Martin Block broadcast his Make Believe Ballroom on station WNEW in New York City as filler between news coverage of the closely followed trial of the kidnapper of the Charles A. Lindbergh baby. Upon the request o...

Preparing a form suitable for use in printing from letterpress copy, whether in individual type pieces or in lines of lead alloy, is an operation called makeup. This is preceded, if the same form is to include several smaller pages to be printed together, such as a book, by an operation called imposition, which consists in laying out the pages in the form so that they are in their numerical......

...a reflection of McCarey’s own Roman Catholic values, and a warm sentimentality that usually transcended cloying sweetness. These traits are best seen in his most personal film, Make Way for Tomorrow (1937), a bittersweet indictment of America’s mistreatment of the elderly, and a film that remained McCarey’s own favourite among his works. In the same year McCarey also...

South African-born singer, one of the world’s most prominent black African performers in the 20th century....

South African-born singer, one of the world’s most prominent black African performers in the 20th century....

according to Jewish and Islāmic traditions, ruler of the Kingdom of Sabaʾ (or Sheba) in southwestern Arabia. In the Old Testament account of the reign of King Solomon, she visited his court at the head of a camel caravan bearing gold, jewels, and spices. The story provides evidence for the existence of important commercial relations between ancie...

region in the south-central part of the Balkan Peninsula that comprises northern and northeastern Greece, the southwestern corner of Bulgaria, and the independent Republic of Macedonia....

, traditional region of Greece, comprising the northern and northeastern portions of that country. Greek Macedonia has an area of about 13,200 square miles (34,200 square km). It is bounded by Albania to the west, independent Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, the Greek region of Thrace to the east, the Aegean Sea to the southeast, and the Greek regions of Thessaly and Epirus to the south...

country of the southern Balkans. It is bordered to the north by Kosovo and Serbia, to the east by Bulgaria, to the south by Greece, and to the west by Albania. The capital is Skopje....

region in the south-central part of the Balkan Peninsula that comprises northern and northeastern Greece, the southwestern corner of Bulgaria, and the independent Republic of Macedonia....

region in the south-central part of the Balkan Peninsula that comprises northern and northeastern Greece, the southwestern corner of Bulgaria, and the independent Republic of Macedonia....

South Slavic language that is most closely related to Bulgarian and is written in the Cyrillic alphabet. Macedonian is the official language of the Republic of Macedonia, where it is spoken by more than 1.3 million people. The Macedonian language is also spoken in adjacent areas of Greek and Bulgarian Macedonia and in Australia, Yugoslavia, and Albania....

city, eastern Ukraine. The city was founded as Dmitriyevsk (Dmytriyivsk) in 1899 with the establishment of a metallurgical works; the nearby small village of Makiyivka was later absorbed into the city. Dmitriyevsk subsequently developed as one of the largest coal-mining and industrial centres of the Donets Basin coalfield; in 1931 it was renamed Makiyivka. In addition to coal, t...

city, eastern Ukraine. The city was founded as Dmitriyevsk (Dmytriyivsk) in 1899 with the establishment of a metallurgical works; the nearby small village of Makiyivka was later absorbed into the city. Dmitriyevsk subsequently developed as one of the largest coal-mining and industrial centres of the Donets Basin coalfield; in 1931 it was renamed Makiyivka. In addition to coal, t...

Irish folk musician who earned the sobriquet “godfather of modern Irish music” as he popularized and rejuvenated traditional, often sombre, Celtic music in the U.S. and throughout the world during the 1960s. Makem, the son of traditional Irish vocalist Sarah Makem, immigrated to the U.S. in 1955 to become an actor, but he found greater success as a singer, teaming up with the Irish-b...

Irish folk musician who earned the sobriquet “godfather of modern Irish music” as he popularized and rejuvenated traditional, often sombre, Celtic music in the U.S. and throughout the world during the 1960s. Makem, the son of traditional Irish vocalist Sarah Makem, immigrated to the U.S. in 1955 to become an actor, but he found greater success as a singer, teaming up with the Irish-b...

colonial Presbyterian leader at Accomack, Va., who joined in forming the first American presbytery (1706) that united the scattered Dissenting churches in Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey....

town, central Sierra Leone. Makeni grew as a trade and collecting centre among the Temne people. Palm oil and kernels and rice collected in Makeni are transported by road to Freetown, 85 miles (135 km) west-southwest. The town is known for Gara tie-dyeing, an important industrial activity of Makeni women. Pop. (2004) 82,840....

...doctors were unjustly accused of treason. An anthology of short stories, Fantastic Stories (1963), explores the themes of tyranny, dissipation, and spiritual loneliness. In the novel The Makepeace Experiment (1965), a village boss hoodwinks his constituents with myths and magic. Also smuggled to the West was the essay On Socialist Realism (1960), which called for a new......

any of the Scottish courtly poets who flourished from about 1425 to 1550. The best known are Robert Henryson, William Dunbar, Gavin Douglas, and Sir David Lyndsay; the group is sometimes expanded to include James I of Scotland and Harry the Minstrel, or Blind Harry....

...the populace by introducing new Eastern melodies and by composing beautiful hymns, notably “Aeterne rerum Conditor” (“Framer of the earth and sky”) and “Deus Creator omnium” (“Maker of all things, God most high”). He spared no pains in instructing candidates for Baptism. He denounced social abuses (notably in the sermons De......

Makerere University in Kampala, which began as a technical school in 1922, was the first major institution of higher learning in East and Central Africa. In addition to its medical school, Makerere’s faculties include those of agriculture and forestry, arts, education, technology, law, science, social sciences, and veterinary medicine....

any of the Scottish courtly poets who flourished from about 1425 to 1550. The best known are Robert Henryson, William Dunbar, Gavin Douglas, and Sir David Lyndsay; the group is sometimes expanded to include James I of Scotland and Harry the Minstrel, or Blind Harry....

...(1920), Brooks scolded the American public and attacked the philistinism, materialism, and provinciality of the Gilded Age. But he retreated from his critical position in the popular Makers and Finders series, which included The Flowering of New England (1936), New England: Indian Summer (1940), The World of Washington Irving (1944),......

in the performing arts, motion pictures, or television, any of the materials used by actors for cosmetic purposes and as an aid in taking on the appearance appropriate to the characters they play. (See also cosmetic.)...

any of several preparations (excluding soap) that are applied to the human body for beautifying, preserving, or altering the appearance or for cleansing, colouring, conditioning, or protecting the skin, hair, nails, lips, eyes, or teeth. See also makeup; perfume....

Preparing a form suitable for use in printing from letterpress copy, whether in individual type pieces or in lines of lead alloy, is an operation called makeup. This is preceded, if the same form is to include several smaller pages to be printed together, such as a book, by an operation called imposition, which consists in laying out the pages in the form so that they are in their numerical......

After the mass of dough has completed fermentation (and has been remixed if the sponge-and-dough process is employed), it is processed by a series of devices loosely classified as makeup equipment. In the manufacture of pan bread, makeup equipment includes the divider, the rounder, the intermediate proofer, the molder, and the panner....

city, eastern Ukraine. The city was founded as Dmitriyevsk (Dmytriyivsk) in 1899 with the establishment of a metallurgical works; the nearby small village of Makiyivka was later absorbed into the city. Dmitriyevsk subsequently developed as one of the largest coal-mining and industrial centres of the Donets Basin coalfield; in 1931 it was renamed Makiyivka. In addition to coal, t...

region of sandy alkaline clay depressions (pans) in northeastern Botswana. The pans form a broad inland basin that descends gradually from 3,150 feet (960 m) in the west to 2,975 feet (900 m) and then rise more steeply to between 3,500 and 4,000 feet (1,050 and 1,200 m) eastward. They make up the lowest part of the Kalahari (desert), the elevation of which is otherwise fairly un...

port and capital of Dagestan republic, southwestern Russia. The city is situated along the western shore of the Caspian Sea, at the northern end of a narrow coastal plain. Founded as the Petrovskoye fortress in 1844, it became Petrovsk Port in 1857 and was renamed in 1921 after the Dagestani revolutionary Makhach. Present-day Makhachkala is a seaport linking the North Caucasus, Transcaucasus, and ...

...and Phumasilwe Myeni’s Hayani maZulu (1969; “ Sing Zulus!”). A poet who uses traditional and modern styles, covering both public and private themes, is N.J. Makhaye in his collection Isoka lakwaZulu (1972; “The Popular Young Man of Zululand”)....

...influence, though he did establish an anarchist commune in the village of Dmitrov, near Moscow. A large demonstration of anarchists accompanied Kropotkin’s funeral in 1921. In the south, N.I. Makhno, a peasant anarchist, raised an insurrectionary army that used brilliant guerrilla tactics to hold a large part of Ukraine from both the Red and the White armies; but the social experiments.....

...and nation builder, Mswati II, who ruled from 1840 to 1868. The administrative centre is Mbabane, the former capital of the British colonial administration; the national capital is the seat of King Mswati III and his mother, the Ndlovukati, some 11 miles from Mbabane, at Phondvo in the vicinity of Lobamba, where the houses of parliament and other national institutions are situated....

...or “Tetrapolis”), possibly referring to four confederated settlements in the area in biblical times or to the fact that the city is built on four hills. At Hebron Abraham purchased the Cave of Machpelah (Hebrew: Meʿarat ha-Makhpelah) as a burial place for his wife, Sarah, from Ephron the Hittite (Genesis 23); this became a family sepulchre. According to tradition, Abraham,....

city and district, West Bengal state, northeastern India. The city, lying just east of the Bhāgīrathi River, is an agricultural trade and silk-weaving centre. Originally called Makhsudābād, it was reputedly founded by the Mughal emperor Akbar in the 16th century. In 1704 the nawab Murshid Qulī Khān (following Aurangzeb’s orders) ...

Geologically, the area is one of northeast–southwest folds, with many faults. Limestones and chalks predominate. A unique feature is the large elongate makhteshim, or erosion craters, surrounded by high cliffs. These were created by the erosion of upward-folded strata (anticlines), combined with horizontal stresses. The largest of these are Makhtesh Ramon, 23 mi (37 km) long and up.....

...āzād (1753; “The Sermon of the Free”) and Behishtnāme (1756; “The Book of Paradise”). But it was Makhtumquli Fïrāghī (Maghdïmgïlï), Āzādī’s son and the most important figure in Turkmen literature, who began to write in a form of the Tur...

a Bantu language that is closely related to Lomwe and is spoken in northern Mozambique. The Bantu languages form a subgroup of the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo language family. Makua had about six million speakers in the late 20th century, and Lomwe two million....

...mouth of the gourd closer to or farther from the player’s chest. The fundamental pitch of the string can be altered by finger stopping; with other types, like the Swazi makhweyane, a noose or brace divides the string so as to yield two different “open” notes, and resonated harmonics are selected in the same way....

...clan organization of the Maṣmudah and other Berber peoples supporting the Almohads he added an organization to promote the spread of Almohad doctrine and a central administration (the makhzan) modeled on those of Muslim Spain, which was staffed largely by Spanish Muslims. A government land registry was improvised to assure the dynasty regular revenue. ʿAbd al-Muʾmin....

(Japanese: “sprinkled picture”), lacquer ware on which the design is made by sprinkling or spraying wet lacquer with metallic powder, usually gold or silver, from a dusting tube, sprinkler canister (makizutsu), or hair-tipped paint brush (kebo). The technique was developed mainly during the Heian period (794–1185) to decorate screens, albums, ...

postwar Japanese architect who fused the lessons of Modernism with Japanese architectural traditions....

...is a technique using thin shell material with cracks. A common method of creating such cracks is to paste the shells on rice paper and wrap the paper around a chopstick. In the makigai-hō technique, shells are crushed into particles and scattered over the background....

The association was founded in 1930 by Makiguchi Tsunesaburō, a former elementary-school principal, under the name Sōka-kyōiku-gakkai (“Value-Creation Educational Society”). Makiguchi stressed the pragmatic benefit of religion and set as his goal three values: bi (“beauty”), ri (“gain”), and zen (“goodness...

in Japanese art, hand scroll, or scroll painting designed to be held in the hand (as compared to a hanging scroll). See scroll painting....

coral atoll of the Gilbert Islands, part of Kiribati, in the west-central Pacific Ocean. Located in the northern Gilberts, it comprises a central lagoon (11 miles [18 km] wide) ringed by islets. The lagoon provides a good deep anchorage with three passages to the open sea. Most of the population lives on two main islets, Butaritari and Kuma....

While touring America with the Karno company in 1913, Chaplin was signed to appear in Mack Sennett’s Keystone comedy films. Though his first Keystone one-reeler, Making a Living (1914), was not the failure that historians have claimed, Chaplin’s initial screen character, a mercenary dandy, did not show him to best advantage. Ordered by Sennett to come up with...

...and they brought a new clarity and rigour to the practical problems of photography. It was probably these articles that encouraged Studio Publications (London) to commission Adams to create Making a Photograph (1935), a guide to photographic technique illustrated primarily with his own photographs. This book was a remarkable success, partly because of the astonishing quality of......

...Tennessean) before joining The New York Times. While his reporting on Vietnam initially supported U.S. involvement there, The Making of a Quagmire (1965) reflected a growing disillusionment with the war, and its title became a byword for intractable military operations. Halberstam’s examination of power resulted......

After writing Town Life in the Fifteenth Century (1894), she directed her attention to early Irish history and to contemporary Irish nationalism. In The Making of Ireland and its Undoing (1908), she contradicted the widespread English belief that Ireland had no civilization apart from what had been borrowed from other countries, particularly England. A supporter of the Treaty of......

...the Adlerian notion that each individual’s personality adapts to fit the social context. Both Cards of Identity and A House in Order (1966) retained some of his original concerns. The Making of Moo, a satirical play on the psychological power of religious fervor, was performed in 1957 and was published, together with the stage version of Cards of Identity, as ...

...disaffected leftists united in forming a noncommunist political movement, the New Left. This same dissident impulse informed Thompson’s historical thinking, particularly his most famous book, The Making of the English Working Class....

...Harvey Robinson at Columbia University, where he began teaching in 1921 and earned his Ph.D. in 1922. In his first major work, The Western Mind, 2 vol. (1924), revised and reissued as The Making of the Modern Mind (1926), Randall reconstructed the times and conditions, as well as the historical experience and traditions, that gave rise to certain philosophical systems. His......

...The Reporter (1950–53). With this extensive background in analyzing other cultures, White was well equipped to tackle the American scene in The Making of the President, 1960 (1961) and The Making of the President, 1964 (1965). Accepted as standard histories of presidential campaigns, these books present their...

...extensive background in analyzing other cultures, White was well equipped to tackle the American scene in The Making of the President, 1960 (1961) and The Making of the President, 1964 (1965). Accepted as standard histories of presidential campaigns, these books present their subjects by intelligently juxtaposing events and treating politicians....

Japanese film director (b. Feb. 29, 1908, Kyoto, Japan--d. Oct. 29, 1993, Tokyo, Japan), specialized in creating action films that featured loners as heroes, usually duty-bound samurai or gangsters avenging injustices out of a sense of personal obligation. During his career, which spanned the period from 1926 to 1972, the versatile Makino directed more than 230 films, encompassing fantasies, oper...

...continued to hold a deep fascination for him, and through the years he produced several revisions of his original rendition. Another of his major novels, Sasame-yuki (1943–48; The Makioka Sisters), describes—in the leisurely style of classical Japanese literature—the harsh inroads of the modern world on aristocratic traditional society. His postwar......

island in the Solomon Islands, southwestern Pacific Ocean, 40 miles (64 km) southeast of Guadalcanal. The island is about 80 miles (130 km) long, has a maximum width of 25 miles (40 km), and has an area of 1,231 square miles (3,188 square km). It is fairly rugged, with a central mountain rising to 4,100 feet (1,250 metres). Islets off the northern coast are Uk...

...join the death of primordial beings (often later known in the form of animals) with the cataclysmic destruction of the first worlds and the ascent of the stars into the heavens. Notably, the Makiritare of the Orinoco River region in Venezuela tell how the stars, led by Wlaha, were forced to ascend on high when Kuamachi, the evening star, sought to avenge the death of his mother. Kuamachi......

city, eastern Ukraine. The city was founded as Dmitriyevsk (Dmytriyivsk) in 1899 with the establishment of a metallurgical works; the nearby small village of Makiyivka was later absorbed into the city. Dmitriyevsk subsequently developed as one of the largest coal-mining and industrial centres of the Donets Basin coalfield; in 1931 it was renamed Makiyivka. In addition to coal, t...

city, western Saudi Arabia, located in the Ṣirāt Mountains, inland from the Red Sea coast. It is the holiest of Muslim cities. Muhammad, the founder of Islam, was born in Mecca, and it is toward this religious centre that Muslims turn five times daily in prayer. All devout Muslims attempt a hajj (pilgrimage) ...

...known only through uncomplimentary references in Buddhist and Jaina literature. Among the heretic teachers whose names are known are Pūraṇa Kāśyapa, a radical antinomian; Gośāla Maskarīputra, a fatalist; Ajita Keśakambalin, the earliest-known materialist in India; and Pakudha Kātyāyana, an atomist. Gośāla...

...from the world and to seek the company of individuals who were able to instruct him in the Ṣūfī way. His teachers, Sahl at-Tustarī, ʿAmr ibn ʿUthmān al-Makkī, and Abū al-Qāsim al-Junayd, were highly respected among the masters of Ṣūfism. Studying first under Sahl at-Tustarī, who lived a quiet and solitary...

...built highly successful works of art. Other major Muslim contributors to a contemporary Islāmic architecture are the Iranians Nader Ardalan and Kemzan Diba, the Iraqis Rifat Chaderji and Muhammad Makkiya, the Jordanian Rassem Badran, or the Bangladeshi Mazhar ul-Islam. Finally, a unique message was being transmitted by the visionary Egyptian architect Hassan Fathy, who, in eloquent......

...words, encompasses one or more revelations received by Muḥammad from Allāh (God). In the traditional Muslim classification, the word Madanīyah (“of Medina”) or Makkīyah (“of Mecca”) appears at the beginning of each surah, indicating to some Muslim scholars that the surah was revealed to Muḥammad in the period of his life when he......

liberal Russian political figure and a leading advocate of a constitutional Russian state....

...with the poetry created in the other, but, when they created new works, these reflected the dominant literary influences within each linguistic tradition. For example, the Kokandian princess Mahlarayim (Māhilar), writing in the 19th century, created a Chagatai divan under the makhlaṣ (or takhalluṣ; pen name) Nādira......

Japanese-born American actor (b. Dec. 10, 1933, Kobe, Japan—d. July 21, 2006, Somis, Calif.), became an accomplished performer in Hollywood and on Broadway and was widely credited with helping Asian Americans secure better roles. After playing bit parts on such television shows as McHale’s Navy and I Spy, Mako earned an Academy Award nomination for best supporting actor...

any of certain swift, active, potentially dangerous sharks of the mackerel shark family, Isuridae. Two species are generally recognized, I. oxyrinchus of the Atlantic and the closely related I. glaucus of the Indo-Pacific....

town, northeastern Gabon, on the Ivindo River where it receives the Liboumba and Mounianghi rivers. Pygmies live in the surrounding forest. The town lies in the heart of a major lumbering region, and, although it is rather isolated from the rest of the country, transportation is improving: a modern highway bridge spans the Ivindo, there is an airport, and the town is on the proj...

town, northeastern Gabon, on the Ivindo River where it receives the Liboumba and Mounianghi rivers. Pygmies live in the surrounding forest. The town lies in the heart of a major lumbering region, and, although it is rather isolated from the rest of the country, transportation is improving: a modern highway bridge spans the Ivindo, there is an airport, and the town is on the proj...

...in 1853 he made his purpose clear: “I shall open up a path into the interior, or perish.” On November 11, 1853, from Linyanti at the approaches to the Zambezi and in the midst of the Makololo peoples whom he considered eminently suitable for missionary work, Livingstone set out northwestward with little equipment and only a small party of Africans. His intention was to find a......

Bantu-speaking people living in northeastern Mozambique and southeastern Tanzania....

...elections, the country continued its downward economic spiral, with its inflation rate surpassing 100,000 percent. Support for Mugabe appeared to waver: former finance minister and ZANU-PF stalwart Simba Makoni announced that he was running against Mugabe for the presidency, and the MDC, with Tsvangirai as its presidential candidate, saw its popularity increase throughout the country, even in.....

emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974 who sought to modernize his country and who steered it into the mainstream of post-World War II African politics. He brought Ethiopia into the League of Nations and the United Nations and made Addis Ababa the major centre for the Organization of African Unity....

At the core of Shintō are beliefs in the mysterious creating and harmonizing power (musubi) of kami and in the truthful way or will (makoto) of kami. The nature of kami cannot be fully explained in words, because kami transcends the cognitive faculty of man. Devoted followers, however, are able to understand kami through faith and usually......

...hokku (17-syllable opening verses for renga) as separate poems, developing a new style called shōfū or “Bashō style.” Bashō proclaimed what he called makoto no (“true”) haiku, seeking the spirit of this poetic form in sincerity and truthfulness. He also introduced a new beauty to haiku by using simple words. Bashō esse...

As the basic attitude toward life, Shintō emphasizes makoto no kokoro (“heart of truth”), or magokoro (“true heart”), which is usually translated as “sincerity, pure heart, uprightness.” This attitude follows from the revelation of the truthfulness of kami in man. It is, generally, the sincere attitude of a person in doing his b...

...Although their work is not well known outside Russia, the serene landscapes of Isaac Levitan, the expressive portraits of Ivan Kramskoy and Ilya Repin, and the socially oriented genre paintings of Vladimir Makovsky, Vasily Perov, and Repin arguably deserve an international reputation....

coastal region of Baluchistan in southeastern Iran and southwestern Pakistan, constituting the Makran Coast, a 600-mi (1,000-km) stretch along the Gulf of Oman from Raʾs (cape) al-Kūh, Iran (west of Jask), to Lasbela District, Pakistan (near Karāchi). The name is applied to a former province of Iran, and the Makran of Pakistan is sometimes known as Kech Makran to distinguish i...

division of Balochistān province, Pakistan. Administratively it comprises Turbat, Gwādar, and Panjgūr districts and has an area of 23,460 sq mi (60,761 sq km). It is bounded by the Siāhān range (north), which separates it from Khārān district, by Kalāt and Las Bela districts (east), the Arabian Sea (south), and Iran (west)....

...The population is almost entirely Muslim, but there are also small Christian, Hindu, Parsi, Buddhist, and Jain minorities. Most of the Muslims are of Indian or Pakistani origin, except for “Makranis” and “Shiddies,” who have black African ancestry. They originated during the era of the slave trade in the days before British rule, when Karāchi was an important....

The two main spoken languages of Balochistan are Balochi and Brahui. An important dialect of Balochi, called Makrani or Southern Balochi, is spoken in Makran, the southern region of Balochistan, which borders Iran....

floor covering handwoven in or near the coastal village of Fethiye, southwest Turkey. These are rare, comparatively small rugs with rather simple, bold designs and rich, vibrant colours....

Winckler continued excavating in cooperation with the Turkish archaeologist Theodore Makridi Bey until 1912, revealing the remains of a city whose temples, palaces, fortifications, and gateways left little doubt that this was the site of a mighty capital. From his findings, Winckler was able to draw a preliminary outline of the history of the Hittite empire in the 14th and 13th centuries ...

(LEV ALEKSEYEVICH SAMSONOV), Russian writer (b. Dec. 10, 1930, Moscow, U.S.S.R.--d. March 26, 1995, Paris, France), was a dissident novelist and poet, editor of the Communist literary journal Oktyabr (1967-68), and a senior member of the Soviet Writers’ Union. Lev Samsonov lived on the streets as a boy after his parents were sent to the labour camps; he was often jailed as a juvenile...

(Arabic: “school”), Muslim elementary school. Until the 20th century, boys were instructed in Qurʾān recitation, reading, writing, and grammar in maktabs, which were the only means of mass education. The teacher was not always highly qualified and had other religious duties, and the equipment of a maktab was often simple. During the 20th century, governme...

Arab statesman largely responsible for creating the modern emirate of Dubayy and a cofounder (1971) of the United Arab Emirates....

...successor, Jahāngīr (ruled 1605–27), toward pantheism and Shīʿite Islam (one of that religion’s two major branches). Of his several written works, the most famous is Maktūbāt (“Letters”), a compilation of his letters written in Persian to his friends in India and the region north of the Amu Darya (river). Through these...

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Arab statesman largely responsible for creating the modern emirate of Dubayy and a cofounder (1971) of the United Arab Emirates....