A-Z Browse

...must be taken to control noise at this point. The first circuit in the receiver is a radio-frequency amplifier, particularly designed for low-noise amplification. The channel-switching mechanism (tuner) of the receiver connects this amplifier to one of several individual circuits, each circuit tuned to its respective channel. The amplifier magnifies the voltages of the incoming picture and......

an ethnic minority of China found in southeastern Guizhou province and in neighbouring Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi and Hunan province. According to most linguists the Dong speak a Kam-Sui language that is closely related to the Tai languages, and they call themselves Kam....

an ethnic minority of China found in southeastern Guizhou province and in neighbouring Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi and Hunan province. According to most linguists the Dong speak a Kam-Sui language that is closely related to the Tai languages, and they call themselves Kam....

Few of Hong Kong’s 6.3 million people were sleeping as midnight approached on June 30, 1997. Those celebrating in the streets and those watching television at home were all waiting for the historic moment when the Union Jack would be furled and the flag of China hoisted over what had been a British colony for 156 years. Most eyes, however, were on Tung Chee-hwa, the wealthy businessman Beij...

...The preeminence of the local scholars was again reestablished, however, and the local Yao and Zhang clans produced a great number of high-ranking officials throughout the 18th century. Not only was Tongcheng thus a centre of a strong political faction, but it also became the focus of the Tongcheng school, one of the chief literary schools that flourished during the Qing period......

city, southwestern Anhui sheng (province), eastern China. It stands on the edge of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) floodplain, the area to the south being a maze of lakes, the largest of which is Lake Caizi....

Chinese painter, calligrapher, and theoretician who was one of the finest artists of the late Ming period. The most distinguished connoisseur of his day, Dong Qichang set forward ideas that have continued to influence Chinese aesthetic theory....

an ethnic minority of China found in southeastern Guizhou province and in neighbouring Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi and Hunan province. According to most linguists the Dong speak a Kam-Sui language that is closely related to the Tai languages, and they call themselves Kam....

river flowing through Zhejiang province, southeastern China. The lower course and estuary, which discharge at Hangzhou into Hangzhou Bay, are called the Qiantang River. Above Hangzhou, as far as Tonglu, it is called the Fuchun River, and the section above Tonglu is known as the Tong River. Near Jiande the main river is for...

...Guang’s history, the Zizhi tongjian (“Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government”), so that it would illustrate moral principles in government. The resulting work, known as the Tongjian gangmu (“Outline and Digest of the General Mirror”), basically completed in 1172, was not only widely read throughout eastern Asia but also served as the basis fo...

reign name (niaohao) of the eighth emperor (reigned 1861–1874/75) of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12), during whose reign occurred a short revitalization of the beleaguered Qing government, known as the Tongzhi Restoration....

a phase of the Chin dynasty, ruling China from ad 317 to 420 and forming one of the Six Dynasties. See Chin dynasty; Six Dynasties....

general whose seizure of power and tyrannical rule ended the Han dynasty (206 bc–ad 220) and divided the Chinese empire....

...to this is K’un-ming, the provincial capital, which experienced significant growth due to rapid industrial development. Other important cities include Ko-chiu, the “tin capital”; Tung-ch’uan, centre of the copper industry; Hsia-kuan, the junction of highways to Tibet and Burma; and Lu-hsi, near the border with Burma....

The basin in the north of the province has enormous coal reserves, second in size only to those of Shansi. Important modern mines are those at T’ung-ch’uan, on the northern slope of the Wei Valley, and at Han-ch’eng, near the Huang Ho. There are minor coal and oil-shale deposits in the Han Basin in the south, where there are also iron-ore deposits. The Tsinling Mountains conta...

scholar instrumental in establishing Confucianism in 136 as the state cult of China and as the basis of official political philosophy—a position it was to hold for 2,000 years. As a philosopher, Tung merged the Confucianist and Yin-Yang schools of thought....

Many k’o-ssu, such as “T’ung Fung Stealing the Peaches of Longevity,” imitated paintings and were mounted on scrolls or album leaves in the same manner as the pictures they copied. Tapestries to cover large wall surfaces, such as the k’o-ssu (seven feet three inches by five feet nine inches; 2.2 by 1.75 metres) of “Feng-huang in a Rock Garden...

arm of the Pacific Ocean bordering the East Asian mainland and extending northeastward from the South China Sea, to which it is connected by the shallow Taiwan Strait between Taiwan and mainland China. The East China Sea and the South China Sea together form the China Sea. The East Chi...

The Han house was restored by Liu Xiu, better known as Guangwudi, who reigned from ad 25 to 57. His claim had been contested by another member of the Liu house—Liu Xuan, better known as Liu Gengshi—who had been actually enthroned for two years, until his death in the course of turbulent civil fighting. Chang’an had been virtually destroyed by warfare, and Guangwu...

...University as the first professor of Buddhism ever to serve on the staff of a Chinese university. In 1918, however, his father’s suicide prompted him to return to Confucianism. His influential Tung-hsi wen-hua chi ch’i che-hsueh (1921; “The Cultures of East and West and Their Philosophies”) attempted to demonstrate to an increasingly iconoclastic and Westerniz...

...period, various dialects began to develop into separate languages. The outlying languages—which today survive as Moghol in Afghanistan; Daur in the east; and Monguor (Tu), Bao’an (Bonan), and Santa (Dongxiang) in the south—were isolated from the main body of Mongolian languages when the tide of Mongol conquest receded. These languages diverged from the main group of Mongoli...

city, southwestern Jilin sheng (province), northeastern China. It is situated in the valley of the Hun River in the densely forested Changbai Mountains—an area well known from early times for the manufacture of various forest products and for ginseng (a medicinal preparation made from an aromatic root)....

people who lived for many centuries mainly in Manchuria (now Northeast) and adjacent areas of China and who in the 17th century conquered China and ruled for more than 250 years. The term Manchu dates from the 16th century, but it is certain that the Manchu are descended from a group of peoples collectively called the Tungus (the Even and Evenk...

...and the 12 gates were all modeled on the Chinese plan, but the inner chambers and living quarters were often in the styles found in Mongolia or Central Asia. It was at that time that a waterway, the Tonghui Canal, was dug and connected to the Grand Canal, so that boats transporting tribute rice from the provinces south of the Yangtze could sail into one of the new lakes inside the city. Dadu,.....

an ethnic minority of China found in southeastern Guizhou province and in neighbouring Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi and Hunan province. According to most linguists the Dong speak a Kam-Sui language that is closely related to the Tai languages, and they call themselves Kam....

an official nationality of China, composed of nearly 10 million people. The Hui are Chinese Muslims (i.e., neither Turkic nor Mongolian) who have intermingled with the Han Chinese throughout China but are relatively concentrated in western China—in the provinces or autonomous regions of Xinjiang, Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai, Henan, Hebei, Shandong, and Yunnan. Considerable numbers also live in ...

...ocarinas, and flutes mentioned earlier are examples from the first three categories. The bells are obvious metal examples. Another ancient member of the metal category is a large bronze drum (t’ung-ku), which is of special interest because of the widespread distribution of archaeological examples of it throughout Southeast Asia. Equally intriguing are the designs and sounds of the...

town in the extreme east of Shensi sheng (province), China. Situated on the south bank of the Huang Ho (Yellow River), just below its confluence with the Wei River where the Huang bends to the east, it is opposite the town of Feng-ling-tu in Shansi Province. It is located in an extremely narrow and precipitous pass. T’ung-kuan (“T’ung Pass”) has always stood at t...

city, southwestern Kirin sheng (province), China. Liao-yüan is on the north bank of the upper Tung-liao River, about 60 miles (100 km) south of Ch’ang-ch’un. Standing on the border between the plains and the hills, it was originally a Manchu hunting preserve, which was first opened to legal colonization by Chinese farmers in the late 19th century. Liao-yüan then ...

city, eastern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, northeastern China. It is situated on the east bank of the Xiliao River on the western edge of the Northeast (Manchurian) Plain....

...it met with little success because of its corrupt officials. However, many Chinese did settle in the vicinity, and they founded a town called Little Bayin Tailai, which in 1913 was officially named Tongliao Zhen. In 1915 a nearby Chinese community was destroyed by a flood, and its people moved to Tongliao, which then grew considerably. It was constituted a county seat in 1918 and subsequently.....

party of Chinese scholars and officials who attempted to combat the moral laxity and intellectual weakness they felt was undermining public life during the last years of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644)....

city and industrial centre, southern Anhui sheng (province), eastern China. It is located on the southeast bank of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) between Anqing and Wuhu....

pale-yellow, pungent drying oil obtained from the seeds of the tung tree. On long standing or on heating, tung oil polymerizes to a hard, waterproof gel that is highly resistant to acids and alkalies. It is used in quick-drying varnishes and paints, as a waterproofing agent, and in making linoleum, oilcloth, and insulating compounds. Tung oil is produced chiefly in China from the tung tre...

(Aleurites fordii), small Asian tree of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), commercially valuable for tung oil, which is extracted from its nutlike seeds. In the Orient tung oil was traditionally used for lighting, but it also has important modern industrial uses....

historical region of northeastern China. Strictly speaking, it consists of the modern provinces (sheng) of Liaoning (south), Kirin (central), and Heilungkiang (north); often, however, the northeastern portion of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region also is included. Manchuria is bounded by Russia (northwest, north, and east), North Korea (south), and the province of Hopeh (southwest). The C...

heart of the central lowland of northeastern China (Manchuria). It has a surface area of about 135,000 square miles (350,000 square km), all of which lies below 1,000 feet (300 metres) above sea level. The plain, largely the product of erosion from the surrounding highlands, is mostly undulating, with fertile black soils. It is bordered on the west by the ...

...second largest continental oil production area, is located on the mouth of the Huang Ho in the Po Hai. The field yields a type of oil especially suitable for fuel. A lighter oil is produced at the Tung-p’u field, on the Shantung–Honan border. A pipeline completed in 1978 connects the Sheng-li oil field with those of the North China Plain in Hopeh and the ports and refineries of th...

Shansi relies heavily on rail lines, both for intraprovince transport and for shipping raw materials, industrial commodities, and foodstuffs outside the province. The longest of these, the T’ung-p’u trunk line, runs from Ta-t’ung to Feng-ling-tu, in the southwest corner of the province. Additional branch lines connect the main line with newly opened industrial and mining sites...

city in northwestern Kiangsu sheng (province), China. Its site marks the approximate geographic border between the North China Plain and the Lower Yangtze Plain, the meeting place of wheat and rice as staple crops, respectively....

In the longer treatise entitled Tongshu (“Explanatory Text”), Zhou’s restatement and reinterpretation of Confucian doctrines laid the basis for the ethics of later Neo-Confucianism. According to Zhou, the sage, or superior man, reacts to external phenomena according to the principles of propriety, humanity, righteousness, wisdom, faithfulness, and......

large lake in northern Hunan province, south-central China. It lies in a basin to the south of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) and is connected to the Yangtze by four channels. Typically, some two-fifths of the river’s waters flow into the lake, the amount increasing during flood periods. The lake is also fed from the south by almost ...

The uplands of the west, south, and east fall steadily in altitude toward the plain of Tung-t’ing Lake in the north, which is contiguous with the Hupeh Plain and forms part of the floodplain of the Yangtze River. The part of the plain within the borders of Hunan has an area of 3,800 square miles; it has been formed by silt carried down from the mountains by the Yangtze and its right-bank......

(Aleurites fordii), small Asian tree of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), commercially valuable for tung oil, which is extracted from its nutlike seeds. In the Orient tung oil was traditionally used for lighting, but it also has important modern industrial uses....

...as the 18th- and 19th-century calligraphers Teng Shih-ju, I Ping-shou, Juan Yüan, and Wu Ta-ch’eng. The interest in ancient styles continued in the early 20th century, when the paleographer Tung Tso-pin and other calligraphers pioneered the adaptation to the modern brush of the script used to inscribe Shang dynasty divinations, which had recently been excavated....

...zone near Chi-nan and flows parallel to the Huang Ho, before emptying into Lai-chou Bay. The southern hills, in contrast, are drained by several rivers in arable valleys, typified by those of the Tung-wen River system, which eventually terminate in the marshy plain east of the Grand Canal in Kiangsu Province....

(“Interpreters College”), first institution in China for the study of Western thought and society....

...zone near Chi-nan and flows parallel to the Huang Ho, before emptying into Lai-chou Bay. The southern hills, in contrast, are drained by several rivers in arable valleys, typified by those of the Tung-wen River system, which eventually terminate in the marshy plain east of the Grand Canal in Kiangsu Province....

city near the east-central coast of Fukien sheng (province), China. It is the capital of the province. Fu-chou is situated on the north bank of the estuary of Fukien’s largest river, the Min River, which gives access to the interior and to the neighbouring provinces of Kiangsi and Chekiang....

...and are used as an antiworming agent. An aromatic liqueur distilled from the flowers is called eau de Créole. The acrid, resinous gum has been used locally for destroying skin-infesting chigoe fleas....

...fed by seasonal monsoon rains, the river’s flow undergoes great fluctuation during the year, limiting its usefulness for irrigation. The two largest tributaries are the Bhīma (north) and the Tungabhadra (south). The latter has a dam, completed in 1957, at Hospet, forming a reservoir and supplying electric power. ...

...sultanate and continue, as a many-sided conflict, into the 17th century. There were at least 10 wars during the period 1350–1500, most of which were concerned with control over the Tungabhadra-Krishna Doab. The doab had been an area of contention long before the foundation of either the Bahmanī kingdom or Vijayanagar. Claims and......

terrestrial, toadlike frog common in moist, lowland sites from Mexico to northern South America....

The prehistoric population of the region appears to have consisted of people who bred pigs and horses; known as Tungids, they occupied much of northeastern Asia. Stone Age fishermen, the Sibirids and Ainoids, lived along the rivers and coast....

...northeast of Hofs Glacier, it flows southwestward for 143 miles (230 km) and then discharges into the Atlantic Ocean southeast of Selfoss. The Thjórs River and its largest tributary, the Tungna (80 miles [129 km] long), carry away meltwater from Vatna, Hofs, and several smaller glaciers, while draining a basin of 2,907 square miles (7,530 square km), the lower third of which is part......

...the Canninefates to the western coastal area of the mouth of the Rhine, the Marsaci to the islands of Zeeland, the Toxandri to the Campine (Kempenland), the Cugerni to the Xanten district, and the Tungri to part of the area originally inhabited by the Eburones....

naturally occurring inorganic compounds that are salts of molybdic acid, H2MoO4, and tungstic acid, H2WO4. Minerals in these groups often are valuable ores....

chemical element, an exceptionally strong refractory metal of Group VIb of the periodic table, used in steels to increase hardness and strength and in lamp filaments....

Vallejo was expelled from Paris in 1930 as a political militant and went to Madrid. There he wrote the proletarian novel El tungsteno (1931; Tungsten), showing the brutal exploitation and degradation of Indian workers at a Peruvian tungsten mine. He returned to Paris in 1932, and he then spent two years in Spain during that nation’s civil war......

an important member of the class of inorganic compounds of carbon, used alone or with 6 to 20 percent of other metals to impart hardness to cast iron, cutting edges of saws and drills, and penetrating cores of armour-piercing projectiles....

The modern era in lighting began in the late 1960s when tungsten-halogen lamps with quartz envelopes came into wide use. The halogen compound is included inside the envelope, and its purpose is to combine with the tungsten evaporated from the hot filament. This forms a compound that is electrically attracted back to the tungsten filament. It thus prevents the evaporated tungsten from condensing......

preparation of the ore for use in various products....

the most important mineral source of molybdenum, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). Molybdenite crystals have the same hexagonal symmetry as those of tungstenite (tungsten disulfide). Both have layered structures and similar physical properties; the chief difference is the higher specific gravity of tungstenite. For detailed physical properties, see sulfide mineral (table)....

Vallejo was expelled from Paris in 1930 as a political militant and went to Madrid. There he wrote the proletarian novel El tungsteno (1931; Tungsten), showing the brutal exploitation and degradation of Indian workers at a Peruvian tungsten mine. He returned to Paris in 1932, and he then spent two years in Spain during that nation’s civil war......

...bushy coif of raffia. Smaller versions of these masks are made as amulets in ivory or wood. The Pende fashion their figures in a style identical to that of their masks. One type of figure, called tungunlungu, representing the female ancestry of the tribe, is placed in front of the chief’s house....

Their cohesive, rather feudal political system was organized under local chieftains and a regional king. They believed that two local volcanoes, Chimborazo and Tungurahua, were their divine ancestors, and they offered human sacrifices to Chimborazo....

the most numerous and widely scattered of the many small nationalities of northern Siberia (Asian Russia)....

one of the largest members of the Manchu-Tungus language family (a subfamily of the Altaic languages). The language, which has more than 20 dialects, is spoken in China, Mongolia, and Russia. A literary form of the language, using the Latin alphabet, was created in the late 1920s, but that system was replaced by Cyrillic in the 1930s....

East of the Yenisey River, languages of the Tungusic type predominate. These languages, each with several dialect divisions, are spoken by the Evenk and the Even. They represent the northern branch of the so-called Manchu-Tungus language group. Languages of this group share a common agglutinative structure with the Mongolian languages (which include Mongol, Oyrat, Buryat, Kalmyk, and several......

smallest of three subfamilies of the Altaic language family. The Manchu-Tungus languages are a group of 10 to 17 languages spoken by fewer than 70,000 people scattered across a vast region that stretches from northern China across Mongolia to the northern boundary of Russia. Apart from the moribund Manchu and the now-extinct Juchen (Jurchen) languages, these languages have not been written. Relati...

East of the Yenisey River, languages of the Tungusic type predominate. These languages, each with several dialect divisions, are spoken by the Evenk and the Even. They represent the northern branch of the so-called Manchu-Tungus language group. Languages of this group share a common agglutinative structure with the Mongolian languages (which include Mongol, Oyrat, Buryat, Kalmyk, and several......

enormous explosion, occurring about 7:40 am on June 30, 1908, at an altitude of 5–10 km (15,000–30,000 feet), that flattened some 2,000 square km (500,000 acres) and charred more than 100 square km of pine forest near the Podkamennaya Tunguska River in central Siberia (60°55′ N, 101°57′ E), Russia. The energy of the explosi...

either of two roughly parallel rivers of western Siberia, Russia, both tributaries of the Yenisey. Both rivers flow generally northwest, but the Podkamennaya Tunguska River turns west at about 62° N to join the Yenisey, whereas the Nizhnyaya Tunguska River continues its northwestward course to about 66° N before flowing west to the Yenisey. See also Nizhnyaya Tungusk...

mountains in Sri Lanka, running north–south to the north of the Mahaweli Ganga Valley, rising to 6,112 ft (1,863 m) at Knuckles Peak, about 10 mi northeast of Wattegama. The region receives an average rainfall of 100–200 in. (2,500–5,000 mm). Tea, rubber, rice, vegetables, and cardamom are grown in the area. Of irregular shape, the mountain range extends for 25 mi in length.....

If astrolabes are excluded, the oldest existing portable star map from any civilization is the Chinese Tunhuang manuscript in the British Museum, dating from about ad 940 (Figure 4). A Latin document of about the same age, also in the British Museum, shows a planisphere to illustrate the Phainomena of Aratus, without, however, indicating individual stars. The oldest illuminate...

Adult members are commonly embedded in a tough secreted tunic containing cellulose (a glucose polysaccharide not normally found in animals). The less modified forms are benthic (bottom-dwelling and sessile), while the more advanced forms are pelagic (floating and swimming in open water). A characteristic tadpole larva develops in the life cycle, and in one group the adult closely resembles this......

basic garment worn by men and women in the ancient Mediterranean world. It was fashioned from two pieces of linen sewn up the sides and across the top, with holes left for the head and arms. It reached to the knees or lower, was with or without sleeves, belted at the waist, and held at the shoulders by clasps. Essentially an undergarment, it was usually covered by a mantle but might be worn alone ...

...may appear in the distribution of division planes only in the extreme tip region. Over the outer part of the apex, the cells often appear to lie in one to three layers, which constitute the tunica. Enclosed by the tunica lies a core of cells that exhibits no distinct layering; this zone is the corpus. The layers of the tunica normally contribute to the surface layers of the plant, and......

basic garment worn by men and women in the ancient Mediterranean world. It was fashioned from two pieces of linen sewn up the sides and across the top, with holes left for the head and arms. It reached to the knees or lower, was with or without sleeves, belted at the waist, and held at the shoulders by clasps. Essentially an undergarment, it was usually covered by a mantle but might be worn alone ...

...pierced with many openings. The tunica media, or middle coat, is made up principally of smooth (involuntary) muscle cells and elastic fibres arranged in roughly spiral layers. The outermost coat, or tunica adventitia, is a tough layer consisting mainly of collagen fibres that act as a supportive element. The large arteries differ structurally from the medium-sized arteries in that they have a.....

...and even some teleosts, testes are composed largely of seminiferous tubules—coiled tubes, the walls of which contain cells that produce sperm—and are surrounded by a capsule, the tunica albuginea. Seminiferous tubules may constitute up to 90 percent of the testis. The tubule walls consist of a multilayered germinal epithelium containing spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells,......

Each artery, no matter what its size, has walls with three layers, or coats. The innermost layer, or tunica intima, consists of a lining, a fine network of connective tissue, and a layer of elastic fibres bound together in a membrane pierced with many openings. The tunica media, or middle coat, is made up principally of smooth (involuntary) muscle cells and elastic fibres arranged in roughly......

...or coats. The innermost layer, or tunica intima, consists of a lining, a fine network of connective tissue, and a layer of elastic fibres bound together in a membrane pierced with many openings. The tunica media, or middle coat, is made up principally of smooth (involuntary) muscle cells and elastic fibres arranged in roughly spiral layers. The outermost coat, or tunica adventitia, is a tough.....

any member of the subphylum Tunicata of the phylum Chordata. Small marine animals, they are found in great numbers throughout the seas of the world....

any member of the subphylum Tunicata of the phylum Chordata. Small marine animals, they are found in great numbers throughout the seas of the world....

...Third KindArt Direction: John Barry, Leslie Dilley, Norman Reynolds for Star WarsOriginal Score: John Williams for Star WarsOriginal Score and Its Adaptation or Adaptation Score: Jonathon Tunick for A Little Night MusicOriginal Song: “You Light Up My Life” from You Light Up My Life; music and lyrics by Joseph......

A shorter dalmatic, called the tunicle, is worn by subdeacons. Both the dalmatic and tunicle were worn by Roman Catholic bishops under the chasuble, but since 1960 these vestments have not been obligatory for bishops. ...

in music, the adjustment of one sound source, such as a voice or string, to produce a desired pitch in relation to a given pitch, and the modification of that tuning to lessen dissonance. The determination of pitch, the quality of sound that is described as ‘high” or “low,” is based upon the frequency of sound waves....

in music, the adjustment of one sound source, such as a voice or string, to produce a desired pitch in relation to a given pitch, and the modification of that tuning to lessen dissonance. The determination of pitch, the quality of sound that is described as ‘high” or “low,” is based upon the frequency of sound waves....

narrow, two-pronged steel bar that when tuned to a specific musical pitch retains its tuning almost indefinitely. It was apparently invented by George Frideric Handel’s trumpeter John Shore shortly before Shore’s death in 1752....

...for symphony and opera orchestras—and today rhythm bands as well—a large horizontal glockenspiel shaped like a xylophone is used. Late 18th-century experiments with graduated sets of tuning forks struck by hammers from a keyboard produced the 19th-century “tuning-fork pianos,” the most noteworthy of which were different models of Victor Mustel of Paris from 1865 on.....

...them into a shallow mortise cut in the end block within. The back end of this shoulder is covered by a projection of the wood at the top of the back, known as the button. The pegbox carries the four tuning pegs, two on each side. It is slotted to the front to receive the strings. The pegs are tapered and pass through two holes in the cheeks of the head. At the top of the head is the scroll,......

Reed pipes are tuned by moving the tuning wire, thus shortening or lengthening the tongue. As in flue pipes, the scale and shape of the resonator largely determine the quality of tone to be produced; but the wind pressure, the shape and size of the shallot, and the thickness and curvature of the tongue also have important influence. The tongues may also be weighted with brass or felt; this......

...took a number of towns in Galilee and Amor, and the next year he was again on the Nahr al-Kalb. It may have been in the 10th year that he broke through the Hittite defenses and conquered Katna and Tunip—where, in a surprise attack by the Hittites, he went into battle without his armour—and held them long enough for a statue of himself as overlord to be erected in Tunip. In a......

capital and largest city of Tunisia, on the northern African coast, between the western and eastern basins of the Mediterranean Sea. Tunis was built at the end of the shallow Lake of Tunis, an inlet of the Gulf of Tunis, and is linked with its port, Ḥalq al-Wādī, 6 miles (10 km) to the northeast....

...de Banque, and there are numerous commercial banks. The dinar has been made partially convertible against the European Union (EU) euro and several other currencies. The Tunisian stock exchange, Bourse de Tunis, was founded in 1969 and has become a central pillar of economic policy, as it has facilitated privatization and encouraged both domestic savings and foreign investment....

country of North Africa. Tunisia’s accessible Mediterranean Sea coastline and strategic location have attracted conquerors and visitors throughout the ages, and its ready access to the Sahara has brought its people into contact with the inhabitants of the African interior....

...

The following discussion offers a brief summary of Tunisia’s early history but mainly focuses on Tunisia since about 1800. For a more detailed treatment of earlier periods and of the country in its regional context, see North Africa....

country of North Africa. Tunisia’s accessible Mediterranean Sea coastline and strategic location have attracted conquerors and visitors throughout the ages, and its ready access to the Sahara has brought its people into contact with the inhabitants of the African interior....