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bishop of Merseburg and chronicler whose history of the three Ottos and Henry II, Saxon kings of Germany and Holy Roman emperors, is an important medieval Saxon document....

president of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) from 1967 until the republic fell to the forces of North Vietnam in 1975....

...but then, going backward, ideogram by ideogram, became poems in Chinese, switching languages on the reversal. Perhaps the most extraordinary proponent of this kind of virtuoso play was the emperor Thieu Tri (ruled 1841–47), who wrote a poem for his intellectual recreation that was a circular palindrome offering 12 different readings. This poem, carved in jade inlay for a wood panel at......

...and esoteric language not immediately intelligible to the uninitiate. In England, the term cant still indicates the specialized speech of criminals, which, in the United States, is more often called argot. The term dialect refers to language characteristic of a certain geographic area or social class....

...and esoteric language not immediately intelligible to the uninitiate. In England, the term cant still indicates the specialized speech of criminals, which, in the United States, is more often called argot. The term dialect refers to language characteristic of a certain geographic area or social class.......

upper bone of the leg or hind leg. The head forms a ball-and-socket joint with the hip (at the acetabulum), being held in place by a ligament (ligamentum teres femoris) within the socket and by strong surrounding ligaments. In humans the neck of the femur connects the shaft and head at a 125° angle, which is efficie...

any protozoan of the ciliate order Thigmotrichida, found living parasitically in and about the gills or in the mantle cavity of bivalve mollusks. On the anterior part of the cell are long cilia (hairlike processes) for attaching to the host. The mouth opening is posterior; in some genera, such as Goniocoma and Holocoma, it has been replaced by an anterior suctoria...

any protozoan of the ciliate order Thigmotrichida, found living parasitically in and about the gills or in the mantle cavity of bivalve mollusks. On the anterior part of the cell are long cilia (hairlike processes) for attaching to the host. The mouth opening is posterior; in some genera, such as Goniocoma and Holocoma, it has been replaced by an anterior suctoria...

...alteration. Forms of tropism include phototropism (response to light), geotropism (response to gravity), chemotropism (response to particular substances), hydrotropism (response to water), thigmotropism (response to mechanical stimulation), traumatotropism (response to wound lesion), and galvanotropism, or electrotropism (response to electric current). Most tropic movements are......

American actress (b. Dec. 22, 1948, Joliet, Ill.—d. March 12, 2003, Los Angeles, Calif.), worked as a character actress on stage, screen, and television. Thigpen was best known for her TV roles, which included a regular part on the soap opera All My Children (1993–2000), the character of the Chief in the children’s television programs Where in the World Is Carmen San...

The three-membered ring heterocycles containing single atoms of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur—aziridine, oxirane (or ethylene oxide), and thiirane, respectively—and their derivatives can all be prepared by nucleophilic reactions, of the type shown. Thus, aziridine is formed by heating βべーた-aminoethyl hydrogen sulfate with a base (in this case Y is......

leading Dutch writer and critic of the late 19th and early 20th centuries....

town, south-central Kenya. It lies in the highland region just northeast of the capital city of Nairobi, at an elevation of 4,943 feet (1,507 metres) above sea level. Situated in a fruit-growing area, Thika specializes in fruit canning (notably pineapples); the production of textiles and the manufacture of matches and tinplate cans are other leading industries...

English-born American plant physiologist who isolated auxin, an important plant growth hormone....

English-born American plant physiologist who isolated auxin, an important plant growth hormone....

small, bell-shaped implement designed to protect the end of the finger when sewing. Among the earliest known thimbles, dating from before ad 79, were those made of bronze and found at Pompeii and Herculaneum. Modern thimbles are almost exclusively produced in plastic or soft metals. Purely decorative thimbles are produced in an endless variety of materials and forms as collectibles....

capital of Bhutan. The city, situated in the west-central part of the country, is in the Himalaya Mountains on the Raidak (also called Thimphu, or Wong) River at about 7,000 feet (2,000 m) above sea level. It was designated the official seat of government in 1962 (formerly the seat was wherever the king resided), and a large construction program was undertaken with Indian aid. Tashi Chho dzong...

organic compound used as an antiseptic for the skin and mucous membranes, sometimes marketed under the trade name Merthiolate. It is related to merbromin (Mercurochrome) and nitromersol (Metaphen). Thimerosal disinfects by the action of the mercury in the molecule, which precipitates the protein of a microorganism and disr...

An early sewing machine was designed and manufactured by Barthélemy Thimonnier of France in 1841 to mass-produce uniforms for the French Army, but rioting tailors destroyed the machines. Thimonnier’s design, in any event, merely mechanized the hand-sewing operation; a decisive improvement was embodied in a sewing machine built by Walter Hunt of New York City in about 1832–34 b...

capital of Bhutan. The city, situated in the west-central part of the country, is in the Himalaya Mountains on the Raidak (also called Thimphu, or Wong) River at about 7,000 feet (2,000 m) above sea level. It was designated the official seat of government in 1962 (formerly the seat was wherever the king resided), and a large construction program was undertaken with Indian aid. Tashi Chho dzong...

Any discussion of galaxies should begin with the local system, where the wealth of information is greatest. The Galaxy contains three main structural components: (1) a thin flat disk of stars, gas, and dust, (2) a spheroidal central bulge containing only stars, and (3) a quasi-spherical halo of old stars. The Sun is found in the first component, while globular clusters are found in the third.......

The thin filaments contain three different proteins—actin, tropomyosin, and troponin. The latter is actually a complex of three proteins....

...In spin-coating a suspension of ceramic particles is deposited on a rapidly rotating substrate, with centrifugal force distributing the particles evenly over the surface. On the other hand, truly thin films (that is, films less than one micrometre thick) can be produced by such advanced techniques as physical vapour deposition (PVD) and chemical vapour deposition (CVD). PVD methods include......

Observable interference effects are not limited to the double-slit geometry used by Thomas Young. The phenomenon of thin-film interference results whenever light reflects off two surfaces separated by a distance comparable to its wavelength. The “film” between the surfaces can be a vacuum, air, or any transparent liquid or solid. In visible light, noticeable interference effects are....

...monitors consists of an array of 640 by 480 picture elements, which for a colour LCD translates to 921,600 individual pixels. Excellent images can be built up from arrays of this complexity by using thin-film transistor (TFT) TN displays, in which each pixel has associated with it a silicon transistor that acts as an individual electronic switch. (A cutaway portion of a TFT display is......

After purification, the juice, now called clear or thin juice, is pumped to multiple-effect evaporators similar to those used in raw cane sugar manufacture. In the evaporators the juice is concentrated to thick juice (60–65 percent dissolved solids), which is mixed with remelted lower grades of sugar to form standard liquor. From this standard liquor, sugar is crystallized, usually in......

in analytical chemistry, technique for separating dissolved chemical substances by virtue of their differential migration over glass plates or plastic sheets coated with a thin layer of a finely ground adsorbent, such as silica gel or alumina, that is mixed with a binder such as starch or plaster of paris. The technique, which has become a standard analytical tool in food and pharmaceutical labor...

...The Maltese Falcon (1930) featuring Sam Spade. In Hammett’s work, the character of the detective became as important as the “whodunit” aspect of ratiocination was earlier. The Thin Man (1934), with Nick and Nora Charles, was more in the conventional vein, with the added fillip of detection by a witty married couple. Successors to Hammett included Raymond Chand...

...(William Powell) in Manhattan Melodrama (1934). She and Powell again teamed to portray the husband-and-wife detective team of Nick and Nora Charles in The Thin Man (1934). An enormously effective screen partnership, Loy and Powell appeared in 13 films together, often as the witty, sophisticated, martini-loving Charleses or as characters not......

...the military mind. James Jones, amassing a staggering quantity of closely observed detail, documented the war’s human cost in an ambitious trilogy (From Here to Eternity [1951], The Thin Red Line [1962], and Whistle [1978]) that centred on loners who resisted adapting to military discipline. Younger novelists, profoundly shaken by the bombing of Hir...

The first steps in the theory of thin shells were taken by Euler in the 1770s; he addressed the deformation of an initially curved beam as an elastic line and provided a simplified analysis of the vibration of an elastic bell as an array of annular beams. Johann’s grandson, Jakob Bernoulli “the Younger,” further developed this model in the last year of his life as a two-dimens...

in medieval Scandinavia, the local, provincial, and, in Iceland, national assemblies of freemen that formed the fundamental unit of government and law. Meeting at fixed intervals, the things, in which democratic practices were influenced by male heads of households, legislated at all levels, elected royal nominees, and settled all legal questions. They were presided over by the local chief...

...may be structured. What distinguishes property law from other kinds of law is that property law deals with the relationships between and among members of a society with respect to “things.” The things may be tangible, such as land or a factory or a diamond ring, or they may be intangible, such as stocks and bonds or a bank account. Property law, then, deals with the......

...Thus, it is possible to be certain of the world in its general structure but only insofar as it is an experienced, or phenomenal, world—that is, a world known by man, not a world as it is in itself. Hegel, however, argued persistently that knowledge of a thing unknowable in itself is a contradiction and that reason can know all that is real if the mind first accepts the given thing as......

...Saga of St. Olaf”), written about 1180. In form it is a hagiographic narrative, laying emphasis on miracles worked through the agency of the saint. It was probably written in the monastery of Thingeyrar, which played an important part in cultural life in the late 12th and early 13th centuries....

...camp. He was reared by an aunt and uncle and eventually attended the Sorbonne for several years. His best-selling first novel, Les Choses: une histoire des années soixante (1965; Things: A Story of the Sixties), concerns a young Parisian couple whose personalities are consumed by their material goods. In 1967 he joined the Ouvroir de Littérature Potentielle......

...(1964), the irreverent antihero perhaps inspired by trickster tales. The outstanding Igbo novelist was Chinua Achebe. All his novels present the conflict of emergent Africa: in Things Fall Apart (1958) he showed the impact of British rule on Igbo village life; in No Longer at Ease (1960) he analyzed the conflict in the mind of an African civil servant in......

...album of the year—for Time Out of Mind. In 2000 he was honoured with a Golden Globe and an Academy Award for best original song for Things Have Changed, from the film Wonder Boys. Another Grammy (for best contemporary folk album) came Dylan’s way in 2001, for Love and......

...can the memoirs of Luigi Settembrini (Ricordanze della mia vita [1879–80; “Recollections of My Life”]) and Massimo D’Azeglio (I miei ricordi [1868; Things I Remember]). D’Azeglio’s historical novels and those of Francesco Guerrazzi now have a rather limited interest; and Mazzini’s didactic writings—of...

...Tartuffe (1963), The School for Wives (1971), and The Learned Ladies (1978) and by Racine’s Andromache (1982). In 1957 he won a Pulitzer Prize for poetry for Things of This World: Poems (1956), which was enthusiastically hailed as less perfect but more personal than his previous poetry. Wilbur wrote within the poetic tradition launched by T.S. Eliot,......

lake, southwestern Iceland, 20 miles (32 km) east of Reykjavík. The lake is about 9 miles (14 km) long and up to 6 miles (10 km) wide and reaches a depth of 374 feet (114 m). It is the largest lake in Iceland, with an area of 32 square miles (82 square km), and is a popular spot for trout and char fishing. The lake drains southward to the Atlantic Ocean via the Sog River, which is itself a ...

lake, southwestern Iceland, 20 miles (32 km) east of Reykjavík. The lake is about 9 miles (14 km) long and up to 6 miles (10 km) wide and reaches a depth of 374 feet (114 m). It is the largest lake in Iceland, with an area of 32 square miles (82 square km), and is a popular spot for trout and char fishing. The lake drains southward to the Atlantic Ocean via the Sog River, which is itself a ...

historical site, southwestern Iceland, on the northern shore of Thingvallavatn. From 930 to 1798 it was the annual meeting place of the Althing (Parliament). Though little remains of any of the early buildings, the spectacular setting in which much of Iceland’s early history unfolded is now a national park. The national park was designated a UNESCO World Heritage...

(Ovis dalli), species of bighorn....

...tomb inscription suggests that he expanded his kingdom by conquest, thus acquiring two very important areas—Abydos, the chief religious centre (sacred to Osiris) of the Middle Kingdom, and the Thinite nome, home of the earliest kings of a united Egypt. Perhaps following this successful war, Intef concluded peace with the Heracleopolitans. After a prosperous reign of 50 years, Intef was.....

...forms tormented by love, pain, and death. This unachieved monument was the framework out of which he created independent sculptural figures and groups, among them his famous The Thinker, originally conceived as a seated portait of Dante for the upper part of the door....

covert symbolic responses to intrinsic (arising from within) or extrinsic (arising from the environment) stimuli. Thought, or thinking, is considered to mediate between inner activity and external stimuli....

...is actually perceived at the time of its occurrence but that, in reconstructing the memory, gaps in observation or perception are filled in with the aid of previous experiences. A later work, Thinking: An Experimental and Social Study (1958), broke no new theoretical ground but added observations on the social character of human thinking....

...Liverpool University (1922–23), and Trinity College (1924–35). His earliest book, Perception (1932), rejected causal theories of perception, while a later publication, Thinking and Experience (1953), revealed the importance of conceptual awareness beyond mere symbolic interpretation. Also writing on religion, parapsychology, and psychic phenomena, he viewed......

...porous markings, or lenticels; the aromatic-leaved American green alder (A. crispa or A. mitchelliana); the closely related but taller Sitka alder (A. sinuata); and the mountain, or thinleaf, alder (A. tenuifolia), a shrubby tree with yellow or orange-brown midribs on its leaves and a domelike crown of pendulous branches....

In the spring, when average daily air temperatures rise above the freezing point, ice begins to decay. Two processes are active during this period: a dimensional thinning and a deterioration of the ice crystal grains at their boundaries. Thinning of the ice layer is caused by heat transfer and by melting at the top or bottom surface (or both). Deterioration, sometimes called rotting or candling......

Removal of flowers or young fruit (thinning) is done to permit the remaining fruits to grow more rapidly and to prevent development of such a large crop that the plant is unable to flower and set a commercial crop the following year. Thinning is done by hand, mechanically, or chemically. With the date, the pistillate flower cluster is reduced in size at the time of hand-pollination. In the case......

Removal of flowers or young fruit (thinning) is done to permit the remaining fruits to grow more rapidly and to prevent development of such a large crop that the plant is unable to flower and set a commercial crop the following year. Thinning is done by hand, mechanically, or chemically. With the date, the pistillate flower cluster is reduced in size at the time of hand-pollination. In the case......

any of four species of South American birds comprising the family Thinocoridae (order Charadriiformes). The seedsnipe, related to such shorebirds as the gulls and terns, is adapted to a diet of seeds and greens. Seedsnipes are streaked birds with short, rounded tail and long wings. They are the only charadriiform birds with covered nostrils and the only ones that eat predominantly vegetable matter...

...flock on tundra and pampas from the Falkland Islands to southern Argentina and Ecuador. The smallest (15 centimetres or 6 inches) and most widely distributed species is the least, pygmy, or Patagonian seedsnipe (Thinocorus rumicivorus). It covers its eggs with sand when it leaves the nest. The largest (about 30 cm, or 12 in.) is Gay’s seedsnipe (Attagis gayi), which nests.....

...europaea oxidizes ammonia (NH4+) to nitrite, and Nitrobacter winogradsky oxidizes nitrite to nitrate. Thiobacillus oxidizes thiosulfate and elemental sulfur to sulfate, and T. ferrooxidans oxidizes ferrous ions to the ferric form. This diverse oxidizing ability......

...bacterium is T. ferrooxidans. When coal seams are exposed to air through mining operations, the pyritic ferrous sulfide deposits are attacked by T. ferrooxidans to generate sulfuric acid, which lowers the pH to 2.0 or even 0.7. However, acid tolerance of T. ferrooxidans applies only to sulfuric acid,......

an organic compound that resembles urea but contains sulfur instead of oxygen; i.e., the molecular formula is CS(NH2)2, while that of urea is CO(NH2)2. Like urea, it can be prepared by causing a compound with the same chemical composition to undergo rearrangement, as by heating ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN). A method ...

...carbonate were used until early in the 20th century, when the superiority of aniline, an organic compound, was discovered. Despite its toxicity, aniline was used as an accelerator for several years. Thiocarbanilide, less poisonous than aniline, succeeded it as the most important accelerator until it was displaced by mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) about 1925. Compounds related to MBT have proved......

Inside the muscle cell, free fatty acids are converted to a thioester of a molecule called coenzyme A, or CoA. (A thioester is a compound in which the linking oxygen in an ester is replaced by a sulfur atom.) Oxidation of the fatty acid–CoA thioesters actually takes place in discrete vesicular bodies called mitochondria. Most cells contain many mitochondria, each roughly the size of a......

The sodamide process (1901) for Indigo, C.I. Vat Blue I, 73000, begins with aniline, which, by reaction with formaldehyde and sodium cyanide, yields phenylglycine; the latter on fusion with a mixture of sodamide and caustic potash is changed into indoxyl, oxidation of which leads to indigo. The thioindigoid, Durindone Orange R, C.I. Vat Orange 5, 73335, is also synthesized by a complicated......

Polysulfide rubber was discovered in 1926 by an American chemist, Joseph Cecil Patrick, while he was attempting to obtain ethylene glycol for use as an antifreeze. The elastomer was commercialized under the trade name Thiokol (after the Greek theion, “brimstone” [sulfur] and kommi, “gum”), which eventually became generic. It is known for its excellent......

any of a class of organic chemical compounds similar to the alcohols and phenols but containing a sulfur atom in place of the oxygen atom. Thiols are among the odorous principles in the scent of skunks and of freshly chopped onions; their presence in petroleum and natural gas is objectionable because they have disagreeable odours, interfere with catalysts used in refining proces...

...step [25] enables the energy invested in step [21] to be conserved. The βべーた-ketoacyl coenzyme A that is the product of reaction [24] is split, not by water but by coenzyme A. The process, called thiolysis (as distinct from hydrolysis), yields the two-carbon fragment acetyl coenzyme A and a fatty acyl coenzyme A having two fewer carbon atoms than the molecule that underwent reaction [22];.....

...tetrahydrofuran, and thiophane, respectively. The bicyclic compounds made of a pyrrole, furan, or thiophene ring fused to a benzene ring are called indole (or isoindole), benzofuran, and benzothiophene, respectively....

East Africa’s leading novelist, whose popular Weep Not, Child (1964) was the first major novel in English by an East African. As he became sensitized to the effects of colonialism in Africa, he adopted his traditional name and wrote in the Bantu language of Kenya’s Kikuyu people....

town, Moselle département, Lorraine region, northeastern France, on the canalized Moselle River, near the Luxembourg border. It has remains of a 13th-century castle, built by the counts of Luxembourg. Formerly a part of the Holy Roman Empire, Thionville was taken from the Spaniards by the Great Condé in 1643. It was called Diedenhofen by the Germans, who held it from 1870 unt...

democratic radical during the early years of the French Revolution who became one of the leading organizers of the conservative Thermidorian reaction that followed the collapse of the radical democratic Jacobin regime of 1793–94....

...is bonded to both oxygen and halogen atoms. When such compounds are named, the term thionyl is used to designate those containing the SO unit and the term sulfuryl for those with SO2. Thionyl chloride, SOCl2, is a dense, toxic, volatile liquid used in organic chemistry to convert carboxylic acids and alcohols into chlorine-containing compounds. Sulfuryl chloride,......

Many short operations can be carried out under anesthesia produced by injecting an agent such as the barbiturate sodium thiopental (Pentothal) into a vein, either as a single dose or intermittently through a saline drip. Patients are also commonly put to sleep by this method before the administration of an inhalation anesthetic is begun, since it is a distress-free procedure, and......

The saturated derivatives are called pyrrolidine, tetrahydrofuran, and thiophane, respectively. The bicyclic compounds made of a pyrrole, furan, or thiophene ring fused to a benzene ring are called indole (or isoindole), benzofuran, and benzothiophene, respectively....

the simplest sulfur-containing aromatic compound, with molecular formula C4H4S, which closely resembles benzene in its chemical and physical properties. It occurs with benzene in coal tar, from which source it was first isolated in 1883. Today, thiophene is prepared commercially from butane or butene and sulfur or sulfur dioxide. Certain thiophene derivatives occur as plant ...

Positively charged ions (cations) of pyrylium and thiopyrylium are the parent six-membered, aromatic, monocyclic oxygen and sulfur compounds of their respective groups....

...also corrodes concrete and steel. Desulfovibrio desulficans reduces sulfates in waterlogged soils and sewage to hydrogen sulfide, a gas with the rotten egg odour so common to such places. Thiothrix, common in sulfur springs and in sewage, and Sulfolobus, confined to sulfur-rich hot springs, transform hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur....

an organic compound that resembles urea but contains sulfur instead of oxygen; i.e., the molecular formula is CS(NH2)2, while that of urea is CO(NH2)2. Like urea, it can be prepared by causing a compound with the same chemical composition to undergo rearrangement, as by heating ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN). A method ...

...but more recently (the first third of the 20th century) with agrarian reform, are juxtaposed with some of the most ancient towns of Mediterranean Europe (including Mycenea, Pílos, Thíra, Árgos, Athens, Sparta, and Thebes). Traditionally, towns as well as villages have depended on the food potential of the surrounding land. This self-sufficiency, the autarkeia......

island, southernmost island of the Cyclades group, Greece, in the Aegean Sea, sometimes included in the Southern Sporades group. The island has an area of 29 square miles (76 square km) and, together with other islands, forms an eparkhía (“eparchy”) of the nomós (department) of Cyclades....

...interval of 171 cents. One of the most impressive areas in Africa in which a pen-equidistant heptatonic scale is combined with a distinctively harmonic style based on singing in intervals of thirds plus fifths, or thirds plus fourths, is the eastern Angolan culture area. This music is heptatonic and non-modal; i.e., there is no concept of major or minor thirds as distinctive intervals.......

(“High Tower,” a Taoist epithet for the supreme god), syncretist modern Vietnamese religious movement with a strongly nationalist political character. Cao Dai draws upon ethical precepts from Confucianism, occult practices from Taoism, theories of karma and rebirth from Buddhism, and a hierarchical organization (including a pope) from Roman Catholicism. Its panthe...

The third baseman, playing to the right of third base and nearer the batter than the shortstop or second baseman, is not called on to cover as much ground, but his reflexes must be exceptional. The long throw across the infield requires a strong and accurate arm. First basemen are typically physically large in order to provide a big target for throws to first base. The first baseman’s field...

...mail most commonly used by the public, has generally had a simplified rate structure. The other classes were established according to mail content: second-class consists of newspapers and magazines, third-class encompasses other printed matter and merchandise weighing less than one pound, and fourth-class mail is either merchandise or printed matter that weighs one pound or more. The addition o...

...winter killed most of the others. Yet this unparalleled disaster did not humble or discourage the emperor. Napoleon believed that he could hold his empire together and defeat yet another anti-French coalition that was forming. He correctly assumed that he could still rely on his well-honed administrative bureaucracy to replace the decimated Grand Army....

The moment of third contact occurs when the Moon’s west edge first reveals the Sun’s disk. Many of the phenomena of second contact appear again, in reverse order. Suddenly the first Baily’s bead appears. More beads of light follow, the Sun’s crescent grows again, the corona disappears, daylight brightens, and the stars and planets fade from view. The thin crescent of th...

The oculomotor nerve arises from two nuclei in the rostral midbrain. These are (1) the oculomotor nucleus, the source of general somatic efferent fibres to superior, medial, and inferior recti muscles, to the inferior oblique muscle, and to the levator palpebrae superious muscle, and (2) the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, which projects general visceral efferent preganglionic fibres to the ciliary......

...In Anglo-American law one who instigates, encourages, or counsels the principal without being present during the crime is called an accessory before the fact; in continental law this third degree of participation is covered partly by the concept of instigation and partly by the above-mentioned aide et assistance. The fourth and last degree of participation is that......

Third-degree, or full-thickness, burns destroy the entire thickness of the skin. The surface of the wound is leathery and may be brown, tan, black, white, or red. There is no pain, because the pain receptors have been obliterated along with the rest of the dermis. Blood vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles are all destroyed in skin that suffers a full-thickness burn.......

office created by Emperor Nicholas I (July 15 [July 3, old style], 1826) to conduct secret police operations. Designed by Count A.Kh. Benckendorff, who was also its first chief administrator (1826–44), the department was responsible for political security....

In 1907, by a virtual coup d’état, Prime Minister Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin restricted the franchise to reduce the representation of radical and national minority groups. The Third Duma, elected on that basis, was conservative. It generally supported the government’s agrarian reforms and military reorganization; and, although it criticized bureaucratic abuses and government a...

in French history, with the nobility and the clergy, one of the three orders into which members were divided in the pre-Revolutionary Estates-General. It represented the great majority of the people, and its deputies’ transformation of themselves into a National Assembly in June 1789 marked the beginning of the French Revolution....

...as the subject of the premise or it may occur last as the predicate of the premise. This is also true for the subject term of the conclusion when it occurs in the second premise. There are four possibilities:...

...machine implementations and multiple generations of machines. The first 360 models were hybrid transistor–integrated circuit machines. Integrated circuit computers are commonly referred to as third-generation computers....

Automatic translation from pure mathematics or some other “high-level language” to machine language was therefore necessary before computers would be useful to a broader class of users. As early as the 1830s, Charles Babbage and Lady Lovelace had recognized that such translation could be done by machine (see the earlier section Lady Lovelace, the first programmer), but they ma...

...of a literary and social movement dubbed the Pirveli Dasi, or First Group. The Meore Dasi, or Second Group, led by Giorgi Tseretʿeli, was more liberal in its convictions, but it paled before the Mesame Dasi, or Third Group, an illegal Social Democratic party founded in 1893. The Third Group professed Marxist doctrines, and from 1898 it included among its members Joseph Dzhugashvili, who....

...string is one full wavelength long. Because the wavelength of the second harmonic is one-half that of the fundamental, its frequency is twice that of the fundamental. Similarly, the frequency of the third harmonic (labeled n = 3) is three times that of the fundamental....

...department at the Installation after Tamm returned to Moscow in 1953. The following year, there was a conceptual breakthrough to develop high-performance thermonuclear weapons. The “Third Idea,” of which Sakharov said he was one of the originators, was a modern two-stage configuration using radiation compression, analogous to the successful design of the American......

...intention, in which all tissues, including the skin, are closed with suture material after completion of the operation; secondary intention, in which the wound is left open and closes naturally; and third intention, in which the wound is left open for a number of days and then closed if it is found to be clean. The third technique is used in badly contaminated wounds to allow drainage and thus....

The Third Intermediate period (1075–656 bc)...

German scientist who was one of the founders of modern physical chemistry. His theoretical and experimental work in chemistry, including his formulation of the heat theorem, known as the third law of thermodynamics, gained him the 1920 Nobel Prize for Chemistry....

...not the only black woman to exert a major influence on African American literature in the 1970s and ’80s. Alice Walker punctuated the decade with a series of controversial books: The Third Life of Grange Copeland (1970), an epic novel that tracks three generations of a black Southern family through internal strife and a struggle to rise from sharecropping; ......

...not the only black woman to exert a major influence on African American literature in the 1970s and ’80s. Alice Walker punctuated the decade with a series of controversial books: The Third Life of Grange Copeland (1970), an epic novel that tracks three generations of a black Southern family through internal strife and a struggle to rise from sharecropping; .........