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  • Thorvald (Norse explorer)
    ...they set sail southward, and the warmer, wooded area that they found they named Vinland. There they built some houses and explored the region before returning to Greenland. In 1003 Leif’s brother Thorvald led an expedition to Vinland and spent two years there. In 1004 (or 1010, according to other historians) Thorfinn Karlsefni, encouraged by Thorvald’s reports of grapes growing wi...
  • Thorvaldsen, Bertel (Danish sculptor)
    sculptor, prominent in the Neoclassical period, who was the first internationally acclaimed Danish artist. Prominent in Roman intellectual and artistic circles, he influenced many emerging artists from Europe and the United States....
  • Thorvaldsen Museum (museum, Copenhagen, Denmark)
    The key building in the development of Scandinavian classicism in the period 1830–1930 is the Thorvaldsen Museum in Copenhagen, erected in 1839–48 from designs by Michael Gottlieb Bindesbøll. It was built to house the collection of sculpture that the celebrated Danish Neoclassical sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen presented to his native country in 1837. The opportunity was taken......
  • Thorvaldson, Erik (Norse explorer)
    founder of the first European settlement on Greenland (c. 986) and the father of Leif Eriksson, one of the first Europeans to reach North America....
  • Thorwaldsen, Bertel (Danish sculptor)
    sculptor, prominent in the Neoclassical period, who was the first internationally acclaimed Danish artist. Prominent in Roman intellectual and artistic circles, he influenced many emerging artists from Europe and the United States....
  • Those Barren Leaves (novel by Huxley)
    ...novel Crome Yellow (1921). Drawing upon Lawrence and Eliot, he concerned himself in his novels of ideas—Antic Hay (1923), Those Barren Leaves (1925), and Point Counter Point (1928)—with the fate of the individual in rootless modernity. His pessimistic vision found its most complete....
  • Thospitis Lacus (lake, Turkey)
    lake, largest body of water in Turkey and the second largest in the Middle East. The lake is located in the region of eastern Anatolia near the border of Iran. It covers an area of 1,434 square miles (3,713 square km) and is more than 74 miles (119 km) across at its widest point. Known to the ancient Greek geographers as Thospitis Lacus, or Arsissa Lacus, its modern Turkish name, Van Göl...
  • Thoth (Egyptian god)
    in Egyptian religion, a god of the moon, of reckoning, of learning, and of writing. He was held to be the inventor of writing, the creator of languages, the scribe, interpreter, and adviser of the gods, and the representative of the sun god, Re. His responsibility for writing was shared with the goddess Seshat. The cult of Thoth was centred in the town of Khmu...
  • Thott Palace (palace, Copenhagen, Denmark)
    ...square, an old crooked shopping street leads northeast to the former centre of the city, Kongens Nytorv (“King’s New Square”), laid out in the 17th century. Buildings there include the Thott Palace (now the French Embassy) and the Charlottenborg Palace (now the Royal Academy of Fine Arts), both of the 17th century, and the Royal Theatre, built in 1874....
  • Thou, Jacques-Auguste de (French statesman and historian)
    French statesman, bibliophile, and historiographer whose detached, impartial approach to the events of his own period made him a pioneer in the scientific approach to history....
  • Thouars (France)
    ...and Rochefort, along the Châtelleraut-Poitiers-Niort corridor, in the coastal belt, and in the northern area of Bressuire-Thouars in Deux-Sèvres. Two of these towns—Niort and Thouars—rank among the oldest towns in France....
  • Thoueris (Egyptian goddess)
    goddess of ancient Egypt, the benevolent protectress of fertility and childbirth, associated also with the nursing of infants. She was depicted as having the head of a hippopotamus standing upright (sometimes with the breasts of a woman), the tail of a crocodile, and the claws of a lion. Her image often appeared in household shrines and on amulets. Another goddess, called Opet (...
  • thought
    covert symbolic responses to stimuli that are either intrinsic (arising from within) or extrinsic (arising from the environment). Thought, or thinking, is considered to mediate between inner activity and external stimuli....
  • thought experiment
    ...quantum theory, not relativity. In fact, Einstein would engage in a series of historic private debates with Niels Bohr, originator of the Bohr atomic model. Through a series of sophisticated “thought experiments,” Einstein tried to find logical inconsistencies in the quantum theory, particularly its lack of a deterministic mechanism. Einstein would often say that “God does ...
  • thought, laws of (logic)
    traditionally, the three fundamental laws of logic: (1) the law of contradiction, (2) the law of excluded middle (or third), and (3) the principle of identity. That is, (1) for all propositions p, it is impossible for both p and not p to be true, or symbolically, ∼(p · ∼p), in which ∼ means “not” and ...
  • thought process
    covert symbolic responses to stimuli that are either intrinsic (arising from within) or extrinsic (arising from the environment). Thought, or thinking, is considered to mediate between inner activity and external stimuli....
  • thought-reform campaign (Chinese history)
    ...at the capitalists themselves and brought them into line on charges of bribery, tax evasion, theft of state property and economic information, and cheating on government contracts. Finally, the thought-reform campaign humbled university professors and marked a turning point in the move from Western to Soviet influence in structuring China’s university curriculum....
  • Thoughts and Reflections on Painting (work by Braque and Reverdy)
    ...of his drawings, and in 1917 a collection of these sayings, put together by his friend the poet Pierre Reverdy, was published in the review Nord–Sud as “Thoughts and Reflections on Painting.” Even a brief sampling can suggest the quality, at once poetic and rational, of Braque’s mind and the sort of thinking that lay behind......
  • Thoughts on Government (work by Adams)
    ...debate in the Congress on July 2–4, 1776, defending Jefferson’s draft of the declaration and demanding unanimous support for a decisive break with Great Britain. Moreover, he had written Thoughts on Government, which circulated throughout the colonies as the major guidebook for the drafting of new state constitutions (see primary source document: The Foundation...
  • Thoughts on Parliamentary Reform (work by Mill)
    ...books on ethics and politics that he had meditated upon and partly written in collaboration with his wife. The essay On Liberty appeared in 1859 with a touching dedication to her and the Thoughts on Parliamentary Reform in the same year. In his Considerations on Representative Government (1861) he systematized opinions already put forward in many casual articles and......
  • Thoughts on Ray Vibrations (work by Faraday)
    ...the popularization of science, panicked at the last minute and ran out, leaving Faraday with a packed lecture hall and no lecturer. On the spur of the moment, Faraday offered Thoughts on Ray Vibrations. Specifically referring to point atoms and their infinite fields of force, he suggested that the lines of electric and magnetic force associated with these atoms......
  • Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents (pamphlet by Burke)
    ...the reigns of the first two Georges—without infringing on the limitations of the royal prerogative set by the revolution settlement of 1689. Burke’s chief comment on this issue is his pamphlet “Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents” (1770). He argued that George’s actions were against not the letter but the spirit of the constitution. The choice of ...
  • Thoughts on the Late Transactions Respecting Falkland’s Islands (work by Johnson)
    ...one of its members, the scandalous John Wilkes, who had been found guilty of libel. The pamphlet ridiculed those who thought the case precipitated a constitutional crisis. Thoughts on the Late Transactions Respecting Falkland’s Islands (1771) argued against a war with Spain over who should become “the undisputed lords of tempest-beaten barrenness....
  • Thousand Acres, A (novel by Smiley)
    ...and her children. Duplicate Keys, a mystery novel, appeared in 1984. The Greenlanders (1988) is a sweeping epic centred on a 14th-century family, the Gunnarssons. A Thousand Acres (1991; film 1997), which won a Pulitzer Prize, is Smiley’s best-known novel. Modeled on William Shakespeare’s King Lear, it focuses on the Cook family ...
  • Thousand and One Nights, The (Asian literature)
    collection of Oriental stories of uncertain date and authorship whose tales of Aladdin, Ali Baba, and Sindbad the Sailor have almost become part of Western folklore....
  • Thousand Buddhas, Cave of the (cave, China)
    ...dynasty (ad 618–907). Eighth-century remains have been found in desert oases around Turfan in the Uighur Autonomous Region of Sinkiang, China, and late T’ang fragments have been found in the Caves of the Thousand Buddhas (Ch’ien-fo-tung or Mo-kao-k’u) near the town of Tun-Huang in Kansu Province. It is thought that these weavings are probably not repres...
  • Thousand Clowns, A (film by Coe [1965])
    Other Nominees...
  • Thousand Columns, Temple of a (temple, Trincomalee, Sri Lanka)
    Trincomalee was in early times a major settlement of Indo-Aryan immigrants, who built the Temple of a Thousand Columns at the extremity of the peninsula. The first Europeans to occupy the town were the Portuguese in the 17th century; they razed the temple, using its stone to construct a fort. The port’s harbour changed hands repeatedly among the Dutch, French, and British until the British....
  • Thousand Days, The War of a (Colombian history)
    (1899–1903), Colombian civil war between Liberals and Conservatives that resulted in between 60,000 and 130,000 deaths, extensive property damage, and national economic ruin....
  • Thousand, Expedition of the (Italian campaign)
    campaign undertaken in 1860 by Giuseppe Garibaldi that overthrew the Bourbon Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Naples) and permitted the union of southern Italy and Sicily with the north. The expedition was one of the most dramatic events of the Risorgimento (movement for Italian unification) and was the archetype modern insurrection and popular ...
  • Thousand Island dressing (sauce)
    ...are often highly seasoned with crumbled blue cheese; green onions, garlic, anchovy paste, tarragon, and parsley (green goddess dressing); ketchup, minced onion, olives, onion, parsley, and egg (Thousand Island dressing); and so on. The commercial “French” dressing widely used in the United States is a sweet, pungent mixture flavoured with tomato and vinegar....
  • Thousand Islands (islands, North America)
    group of more than 1,500 small isles in the St. Lawrence River, North America, extending for a distance of 80 miles (128 km) from the Prince Edward Peninsula to Brockville, Ont., Can. Those on the west side, including Amherst, Wolfe (49 square miles [127 square km], the largest), Howe, Simcoe, and Grenadier, are mostly Canadian; those on the east, including Grindstone, Wells, and Carleton, are in...
  • Thousand Oaks (California, United States)
    city, Ventura county, southern California, U.S. Situated in the Conejo (Spanish: “Rabbit”) Valley along the Ventura–Los Angeles county line, it lies 40 miles (60 km) west of Los Angeles. Originally inhabited by Chumash Indians, the area was reached in 1542 by the Spanish explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo...
  • Thousand Pillars, Hall of a (temple, Srīrangam, India)
    ...The temple is composed of seven rectangular enclosures, one within the other, the outermost having a perimeter more than 2 miles (3 km) in length. A remarkable feature of the temple is the Hall of a Thousand Pillars with its colonnade of rearing horses. The temple and 1,000-pillared hall were constructed in the Vijayanagar period (1336–1565) on the site of an older temple. Pop.......
  • Thousand Plateaus, A (work by Deleuze and Guattari)
    Volume 2 of Capitalism and Schizophrenia, A Thousand Plateaus (1980), is characterized by a self-consciously disjointed, paratactic style of philosophical inquiry, reflecting the authors’ conviction that the “linear” organization of traditional philosophy represents an incipient form of social control. The work is presented as a study in what Deleuze ...
  • Thouvenin, Louis-Etienne de (French officer and inventor)
    ...a loosely fitting lead ball came to rest. Ramrod blows expanded the soft lead at the mouth of the chamber so that, when fired, the bullet fit the rifling tightly. In 1844 another French officer, Louis-Étienne de Thouvenin, introduced yet a better method for expanding bullets. His carabine à tige embodied a post or pillar (tige) at the breech against which the......
  • Thrace (region, Europe)
    ancient and modern region of the southeastern Balkans....
  • Thraces (gladiator class)
    ...of gladiators, distinguished by their arms or modes of fighting. The Samnites fought with the national weapons—a large oblong shield, a visor, a plumed helmet, and a short sword. The Thraces (“Thracians”) had a small round buckler and a dagger curved like a scythe; they were generally pitted against the mirmillones, who were armed in Gallic fashion with...
  • Thracia (region, Europe)
    ancient and modern region of the southeastern Balkans....
  • Thracian (ancient people)
    ...populated well before the Neolithic Period (New Stone Age; about 10,000 years ago). At the dawn of recorded history, two Indo-European peoples dominated the area: the Illyrians to the west and the Thracians to the east of the great historical divide defined by the Morava and Vardar river valleys. The Thracians were advanced in metalworking and in horsemanship. They intermingled with the Greeks....
  • Thracian language
    language spoken by the inhabitants of Thrace primarily in pre-Greek and early Greek times. Generally assumed to be an Indo-European language, Thracian is known from proper names, glosses in Greek writings, and a small number of inscriptions, some of which appear on coins; these sources date from as early as the 6th century bc. Thracian is thought by many scholars to be related to th...
  • Thraco-Illyrian language
    ...save for a few remnants, including the Welsh, the Gaelic speakers of the Scottish Highlands and western Ireland, and the Celtic-speaking Bretons of the northwestern Brittany peninsula of France. The Thraco-Illyrian branch of the Indo-European languages formerly was spoken throughout the Balkan Peninsula north of Greece. It survives solely in the Albanian language....
  • Thráki (region, Europe)
    ancient and modern region of the southeastern Balkans....
  • Thrale, Harriet Lynch (English writer)
    English writer and friend of Samuel Johnson....
  • Thrale, Mrs. (English writer)
    English writer and friend of Samuel Johnson....
  • Thrane, Marcus Møller (Norwegian journalist and socialist)
    teacher, journalist, and socialist leader who was the initiator of the Thrane movement in Norway that sought to better the condition of urban and rural labourers....
  • Thrane movement (Norwegian politics)
    teacher, journalist, and socialist leader who was the initiator of the Thrane movement in Norway that sought to better the condition of urban and rural labourers....
  • Thrapston (England, United Kingdom)
    The two parishes (towns) of Oundle and Thrapston, farther north in the Nene valley, serve as local market centres for adjacent stone-built villages in this mixed-farming area. Oundle, containing fine examples of 17th- and 18th-century town houses and 17th-century hostelries, is being preserved. Remnants of the Rockingham Forest, a former royal hunting preserve, are in the western part of the......
  • Thrasamund (king of Vandals)
    ...launched a general persecution of the Latin church, apparently from genuine religious fanaticism rather than for political reasons, but his successor adopted a milder policy. Later, under Thrasamund (496–523), there is evidence that many Vandals adopted Roman culture, but the tribe retained its identity until the Byzantine reconquest....
  • Thrasea Paetus, Publius Clodius (Roman senator)
    Roman senator who was famous for his opposition to the emperor Nero....
  • thrasher (bird)
    any of numerous New World birds with downcurved bills, noted for noisy foraging on the ground in dense thickets and for loud varied songs. The 17 species, of the family Mimidae (order Passeriformes), range from the Canadian northwest to central Mexico and east to New England and the Caribbean. Best known is the brown thrasher (Toxostoma rufum) of North America east of the Rockies—a 3...
  • Thrasybulus (Greek general)
    Athenian general and democratic leader....
  • Thrasydaeus (tyrant of Acragas)
    ...which ended in the death of Hamilcar at the Battle of Himera in 480 bc. Four years later, the citizens of Himera appealed to Hieron of Syracuse for aid against the oppressive rule of Theron’s son, Thrasydaeus, but this only led to the citizens’ massacre by Theron and a resettlement of the town with Dorians. Himera was finally destroyed in 409 by Hamilcar’s gra...
  • Thrasymachus of Chalcedon (Greek philosopher)
    ...practical affairs naturally led them to develop views about ethics. The recurrent theme in the views of the better-known Sophists, such as Protagoras, Antiphon (c. 480–411 bc), and Thrasymachus (flourished late 5th century bc), is that what is commonly called good and bad or just and unjust does not reflect any objective fact of nature but is rather a m...
  • Thraupidae (bird)
    any of numerous songbirds of New World forests and gardens, chiefly in the tropics, constituting most of the subfamily Thraupinae (formerly Tanagrinae), of the family Emberizidae. The subfamily includes 200 to 220 species, confined to the Americas....
  • Thraupinae (bird)
    any of numerous songbirds of New World forests and gardens, chiefly in the tropics, constituting most of the subfamily Thraupinae (formerly Tanagrinae), of the family Emberizidae. The subfamily includes 200 to 220 species, confined to the Americas....
  • Thraupis episcopus
    ...and purple. The euphonias (Tanagra species) are found from Mexico southward; they should not be confused with Tangara species (above). Of the eight species of Thraupis, the blue, or blue-gray, tanager (Th. episcopus, sometimes virens) is common from Mexico to Peru and is introduced in Florida....
  • Thraupis virens
    ...and purple. The euphonias (Tanagra species) are found from Mexico southward; they should not be confused with Tangara species (above). Of the eight species of Thraupis, the blue, or blue-gray, tanager (Th. episcopus, sometimes virens) is common from Mexico to Peru and is introduced in Florida....
  • Thraustochytriales (chromist order)
    ...saprobic in soil; motile cells glide on an extracellular matrix secreted by an organelle known as a sagenogenetosome; example genus is Labyrinthula.Order ThraustochytrialesFound in fresh water and salt water, as well as in saline soil; secrete ectoplasmic nets from a sagenogenetosome; monocentric thallus; example g...
  • Thrax (gladiator class)
    ...of gladiators, distinguished by their arms or modes of fighting. The Samnites fought with the national weapons—a large oblong shield, a visor, a plumed helmet, and a short sword. The Thraces (“Thracians”) had a small round buckler and a dagger curved like a scythe; they were generally pitted against the mirmillones, who were armed in Gallic fashion with...
  • thread (textile)
    tightly twisted ply yarn having a circular cross section and used in commercial and home sewing machines and for hand sewing. Thread is usually wound on spools, with thread size, or degree of fineness, indicated on the spool end....
  • thread (computer science)
    Designing software as a group of cooperating processes has been made simpler by the concept of “threads.” A single process may contain several executable programs (threads) that work together as a coherent whole. One thread might, for example, handle error signals, another might send a message about the error to the user, while a third thread is executing the actual task of the......
  • thread cross (Tibetan Buddhist object)
    object usually made of two sticks bound together in the shape of a cross, with coloured threads wound around their ends to resemble a cobweb, used in Tibetan rituals to entrap evil spirits. Similar thread crosses have been encountered in areas bordering Tibet and in South Africa, Peru, Australia, and Sweden....
  • thread-legged bug (insect)
    The thread-legged bug (Emesa brevipennis) is about 33 mm (1.3 inches) long and is usually found on trees or in old buildings. It has long, threadlike middle and hindlegs, while the shorter, thicker front legs are modified into viselike grasping organs....
  • Thread, sacred (Hinduism)
    ...dressed as an ascetic and brought before his guru (personal spiritual guide), who invests him with a deerskin to use as an upper garment, a staff, and the sacred thread (upavita, or yajnopavita). The thread, consisting of a loop made of three symbolically knotted and twisted strands of cotton cord, is replaced......
  • thread snake (reptile family)
    ...Paleocene of Texas.Superfamily Leptotyphlopoidea Family Leptotyphlopidae (worm snakes or thread snakes)105 species in 2 genera of the southwestern United States to South America, Africa, and southwestern Asia. Size very small, 7–35 cm. ...
  • thread-waisted wasp (insect)
    any of a group of large, common, solitary (nonsocial) wasps in the family Sphecidae (order Hymenoptera) that are named for the stalklike anterior (front) end of the abdomen. Thread-waisted wasps are typically more than 2.5 cm (about 1 inch) long and are parasitic on insects and spiders. The host is often numbed by malaxation, a pinching or crushing of the neck by the wasp’s pincerlike jaws,...
  • thread-winged lacewing (insect)
    ...posterior wings narrowed, elongated to twice anterior wing length. Larvae short, broad; with incurved jaws; varied in form, distinct from other neuropterans.Family Nemopteridae (thread-winged or spoon-winged lacewings)Adults delicate; head snoutlike; antennae short; posterior wings greatly elongated, ribbonlik...
  • threadfin (fish)
    any of about 24 species of marine fishes of the family Polynemidae (order Perciformes), widely distributed along warm seashores, often over sand. Threadfins have two well-separated dorsal fins and a forked tail, and are usually silvery in colour. Their name refers to their pectoral fins, each of which is divided into an upper, normally shaped fin and a lower section consisting of four to seven lo...
  • threadfish (fish)
    The African pompano, or threadfish, also of the family Carangidae, is Alectis crinitis of the Atlantic and eastern Pacific oceans. It is about 90 cm long and, especially when young, has very long, threadlike rays extending from the dorsal and anal fins....
  • Threadgill, Henry (American musician)
    African-American improviser, composer, and bandleader, an important figure in free jazz in the late 20th century....
  • Threadgill, Henry Luther (American musician)
    African-American improviser, composer, and bandleader, an important figure in free jazz in the late 20th century....
  • threadsnake (reptile family)
    ...Paleocene of Texas.Superfamily Leptotyphlopoidea Family Leptotyphlopidae (worm snakes or thread snakes)105 species in 2 genera of the southwestern United States to South America, Africa, and southwestern Asia. Size very small, 7–35 cm. ...
  • threadworm (worm)
    worm belonging to the order Oxyurida (phylum Aschelminthes). Pinworms are common human intestinal parasites, especially in children. They are also found in other vertebrates. Male pinworms are 2 to 5 mm (about 0.08 to 0.2 inch) long; females range in length from 8 to 13 mm. The long tails of the worms give them a pinlike appearance....
  • threadworm (Strongyloides stercoralis)
    (Strongyloides stercoralis), worm of the class Nematoda (phylum Aschelminthes) that is parasitic in the human intestine but is able to live freely and breed in the soil. It is especially common in the moist tropics....
  • threat (behaviour)
    ...it is easy to explain why animals fight: they do so to gain access to valuable resources. A more difficult question to answer is why conflicts are often resolved conventionally, by displays and threats, rather than by out-and-out fighting. For example, why does a stag, instead of using its antlers in an all-out bid for victory, withdraw from a fight after an exchange of roars, thus leaving......
  • threat-submission behaviour (behaviour)
    survivalist animal behaviour that includes aggression, defense, and avoidance. The term is favoured by biologists who recognize that the behavioral bases and stimuli for approach and fleeing are often the same, the actual behaviour exhibited depending on other factors, especially the distance to the stimulus....
  • threatened species
    ...in all but a few of the northernmost states. By the late 1980s, these measures had enabled the birds to replenish their numbers in the wild. The bald eagle was reclassified from endangered to threatened status in 1995, by which time there were an estimated 4,500 nesting pairs in the lower 48 states. By 2000 the population had increased to more than 6,300 pairs, and the species was being......
  • Thredbo River (river, New South Wales, Australia)
    ...on the eastern slopes of the Snowy Mountains near Mt. Kosciusko and flowing about 270 mi (435 km) southeast, then west and south to Bass Strait at Marlo. Its chief tributaries are the Eucumbene, Thredbo, and Bombala rivers in New South Wales and the Buchan in Victoria....
  • three (number)
    The number 3 is a very mystical and spiritual number featured in many folktales (three wishes, three guesses, three little pigs, three bears, three billy goats gruff). In ancient Babylon the three primary gods were Anu, Bel (Baal), and Ea, representing Heaven, Earth, and the Abyss. Similarly, there were three aspects to the Egyptian sun god: Khepri (rising), Re (midday), and Atum (setting). In......
  • three acres and a cow (British slogan)
    British politician, educational and agrarian reformer whose land policy was summarized in the slogan “three acres and a cow.”...
  • Three Affiliated Tribes (Native American tribal group)
    ...accompanied the Hidatsa to a new settlement near Fort Berthold in 1845; others followed later, as did members of the Arikara tribe. The Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara eventually became known as the Three Affiliated Tribes....
  • three-age system (archaeology)
    ...from 1836 when Christian Jürgensen Thomsen, a Danish archaeologist, was faced with the task of exhibiting an undocumented collection of clearly ancient tools and implements. Thomsen used three categories of materials—stone, bronze, and iron—to represent what he felt had been the ordered succession of technological development. The idea has since been formalized in the......
  • Three Ages of Man, The (painting by Titian)
    ...a poetic Arcadian world where nothing commonplace or sordid exists. The inspiration lies in the idyllic world of the love lyrics of the 16th-century Italian poets Jacopo Sannazzaro and Pietro Bembo. The Three Ages of Man, where the erotic relationship of the young couple is discreetly muted and a mood of tenderness and sadness prevails, is one of the most exquisite....
  • Three-Anti campaign (Chinese history)
    ...societies, religious associations, and the KMT in early 1951. In late 1951 and early 1952, three major political campaigns brought the revolutionary essence of the CCP home to key urban groups. The Three-Antis campaign targeted communist cadres who had become too close to China’s capitalists. The Five-Antis campaign was aimed at the capitalists themselves and brought them into line on ch...
  • three-arm protractor (navigation)
    A more complex form of protractor, designed for plotting the position of a ship on navigational charts, was invented in 1801 by Joseph Huddart, a U.S. naval captain. This instrument, called a three-arm protractor, or station pointer, is composed of a circular scale connected to three arms. The centre arm is fixed, while the outer two are rotatable, capable of being set at any angle relative to......
  • three-banded armadillo (mammal)
    ...species, the legs and tail. In all but one species the carapace is nearly hairless. The carapace is made of bony transverse bands covered with tough scales that are derived from skin tissue. The three-, six-, and nine-banded armadillos are named for the number of movable bands in their armour. Only one species, the nine-banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus (see photograph), is found......
  • “Three Baskets” (Buddhist canon)
    the total canon of the southern schools of Buddhism, somewhat pejoratively dubbed Hīnayāna (Lesser Vehicle) by the self-styled Mahāyāna (Greater Vehicle) schools; for the latter, the canon constitutes a preliminary body of teachings, analogous to the Old Testament in Christianity. The books of this southern canon were nearly all written in India within 500 years of the ...
  • Three Bishoprics (historical territory, France)
    ...of Charlemagne divided his empire in the Treaty of Verdun. Conquered by German invaders in the 10th century, it was later linked with Metz and Toul to form the Trois-Évêchés (Three Bishoprics) territory. In 1552 the French king Henry II took over the three bishoprics, and France’s ownership was confirmed in 1648 by the Peace of Westphalia. In 1792 Verdun was besieged...
  • Three Black Pennys, The (work by Hergesheimer)
    ...short stories, biography, history, and criticism. His work is distinguished for the Baroque lushness of its descriptive passages and its often penetrating psychological insights. Of his novels, The Three Black Pennys (1917), the story of three generations of the wealthy, mine-owning Penny family; Java Head (1919); and Balisand (1924) are considered his best. In 1921 a......
  • three-body problem (physics)
    in astronomy, the problem of determining the motion of three celestial bodies moving under no influence other than that of their mutual gravitation. No general solution of this problem (or the more general problem involving more than three bodies) is possible....
  • Three Books of Testimonies to Quirinus (work by Cyprian)
    ...but his style is more classical, though much less brilliant and individual. Cyprian’s letters are a mine of information about a fascinating juncture in church history. His collections of Three Books of Testimonies to Quirinus, or authoritative scripture texts, illustrate the church’s reliance on these in defending its theological and ethical positions. A work that has been ...
  • Three Books on the Law of War (work by Gentili)
    ...1598 Italian jurist Alberico Gentili (1552–1608), considered the originator of the secular school of thought in international law, published De jure belli libri tres (1598; Three Books on the Law of War), which contained a comprehensive discussion of the laws of war and treaties. Gentili’s work initiated a transformation of the law of nature from a theolo...
  • three-carbon cycle (chemistry)
    ...synthesize all their cell constituents using carbon dioxide as the carbon source. The most common pathways for synthesizing organic compounds from carbon dioxide are the reductive pentose phosphate (Calvin) cycle, the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the acetyl-CoA pathway (see photosynthesis: The process of photosynthesis: carbon fixation and reduction). The Calvin cycle, elucida...
  • three-card poker (card game)
    Three-card poker is a house-banked stud game in which three cards are dealt facedown to each player and the dealer. Each player makes two initial bets, one bet placed on a centre circle and the other placed on an ante square. The centre circle bet can be won if the player’s three cards show certain values—e.g., the player wins 2 to 1 for a pair or 5 to 1 for a three-card straight. Th...
  • three-centre, two-electron bond (chemistry)
    ...an MO treatment of the molecule deals with it as a whole, chemists find it helpful to focus on this novel feature and to consider each B−H−B moiety as an example of a three-centre, two-electron bond (a 3c,2e bond, as shown in Figure 19). They regard diborane as three atoms held together by a pair of electrons delocalized over three atoms but are aware that this......
  • Three Chancelleries (Korean administrative body)
    The central government consisted of two supreme organs: the Three Chancelleries (Samsŏng) and the Royal Secretariat (Chungch’uwŏn). These two formed the Supreme Council of State. Koryŏ politics was thus centred in the aristocratic council. Officials above the fifth grade were given land for permanent possession. Even the land supposed to be returned was actually handed ...
  • Three Chapters Controversy (Christianity)
    ...formula) offended Rome by suggesting that Monophysite criticism of Chalcedon might be justified; (2) under the emperor Justinian the Chalcedonian definition was glossed by condemning the “Three Chapters,” which includes the writings of Theodore of Mopsuestia, Theodoret, and Ibas, all strong critics of Cyril of Alexandria’s theology and of Monophysitism; the Syrian Monophysi...
  • “Three Character Classics” (Chinese catechism)
    ...history in a short version full of moralistic judgments, prepared other extensive writings and sayings of his own, and opened the way for an elementary catechism, titled the Sanzijing (“Three Character Classics”), that conveyed the entire value system of this school in simple language for what approximated mass education....
  • Three Cities, The (work by Zola)
    Zola’s final series of novels, Les Trois Villes (1894–98; The Three Cities) and Les Quatre Évangiles (1899–1903; The Four Gospels) are generally conceded to be far less forceful than his earlier work. However, the titles of the novels in the latter series reveal the value...
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